psy 210
deefer
Pastorino_Psychology_5e_PPT_Ch05.pptxWhat is Psychology? Foundation, Application and Integration, 5e
Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
1
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Icebreaker: Can You Guess the Emotion?
How easy is it to identify an emotion from only observing a facial expression?
The class should be divided into pairs of students.
One student from each pair should think of two emotions (for example, happiness or worried), then make a facial expression to convey that emotion. The other member of the pair should try to identify the emotion.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
05.01 Describe how psychologists define motivation.
05.02 Describe the different theoretical ways of conceptualizing motivation.
05.03 Describe the feedback our bodies use to regulate hunger.
05.04 Explain what is known about why some people become obese.
05.05 Describe the prevalence of weight-based prejudice and the factors that affect it.
05.06 Describe bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating disorder and explain their possible causes.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
3
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)
05.07 Explain the biological and psychological components of sexual desire.
05.08 Describe the phases of the sexual response cycle in men and women.
05.09 Distinguish between sexual orientation and sexual behavior, and describe the research investigating the causes of sexual orientation.
05.10 Describe the various theoretical perspectives on emotion.
05.11 Describe how we express our emotional states through facial expressions.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.1
Theories of Motivation
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theories of Motivation
A motive is a tendency to desire and seek out positive incentives or rewards and to avoid negative outcomes.
We are motivated to avoid adverse situations to seek more pleasant ones.
We are motivated to study for the positive feelings associated with success and to avoid the feelings associated with failure.
We are motivated to avoid pain to protect ourselves.
We are motivated to eat to avoid malnutrition and even starvation.
Without motivation we cannot engage in many activities that are necessary for our good health and survival.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
6
©2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Describe The Different Theoretical Ways Of Conceptualizing Motivation
Motivation as an instinct.
Motivation as drive.
Arousal theories of motivation.
Self-determination theory of motivation.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Motivation As Instinct
According to American psychologist William James motives are, in fact, genetically determined instincts that have evolved in humans because they support survival and procreation.
Instincts are impulses arising from within us, that motivate our behavior.
This theory gradually fell out of favor with psychologists as the lists of instincts got longer, and it became impossible to determine whether a specific instinct is truly inborn or acquired from learning.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Motivation as a Drive
According to the drive reduction approach, motivation stems from the desire to reduce an uncomfortable, internal state, called a drive, when our needs are not fulfilled.
Our drive states ensure we are kept motivated to meet our biological needs.
Primary drives motivate us to maintain our bodily processes at an internal state of equilibrium, or homeostasis.
Secondary drives motivate us to perform behaviors that are not directly related to biological needs.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Arousal Theories Of Motivation (1 of 2)
Richard Yerkes and John Dodson proposed that performance on a task is affected by the amount of physiological arousal in the body.
The relationship between arousal and performance is captured in the Yerkes-Dodson curve.
Too much or too little arousal generally weakens performance. We tend to perform best on tasks when we are moderately aroused.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Arousal Theories Of Motivation (2 of 2)
Each of us is motivated to seek out arousal when we find ourselves underaroused and to reduce our arousal level when we are overaroused.
Some are motivated to seek situations that elicit low arousal.
Some are sensation seekers who crave high levels of arousal.
Situational factors determine our performance levels.
Performance on tasks of high complexity also suffers when we are aroused.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Self-Determination Theory of Motivation
According to self-determination theory, humans need to feel competent (skilled), autonomous (in control of our own behavior), and related (or connected) to others.
Whenever we experience autonomously motivation, we are self-motivated to engage in a certain behavior.
When we experience controlled motivation, we feel compelled to engage in a behavior.
The power of incentives motivates us into action.
Incentives can be either intrinsic or extrinsic in nature.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Discussion Activity 1
Companies motivate their employees to engage with their work in a variety of ways. Employees value benefits and compensation, opportunities for advancement, and leadership from senior management. Some major companies now offer additional perks such as free food, free transportation to work, on-site fitness, and being able to bring pets to work.
What are ways that companies can increase employee motivation?
Do you think companies should focus on internal or external motivation? Explain.
What do you think makes a great place to work? What motivates you?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Discussion Activity 1: Debrief
What are some of the ideas your group had as to how companies can increase employee motivation?
Did your group decide companies should use external or internal motivation to increase employee motivation?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check Activity 1
Which type of motivation is associated with activities that are rewarding or satisfying in themselves?
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
Trait
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check Activity 1: Answer
Which type of motivation is associated with activities that are rewarding or satisfying in themselves?
Answer: b. Intrinsic
Intrinsic motivation refers to a behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is naturally satisfying to an individual.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs (1 of 2)
Abraham Maslow conceptualized our physical and physiological motives as different classes of needs and assigned different levels of priority.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is usually presented as a pyramid.
Different classes form a hierarchy of needs.
The lower level of the hierarchy of needs has the highest priority.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs (2 of 2)
The lowest level of Maslow’s hierarchy—the base of the pyramid—is our physiological needs.
If our physiological needs are met, then our next level of concern is satisfying safety needs.
At the next level, Maslow identified belongingness and love needs.
At the next levels we seek to successively satisfy our esteem needs, cognitive needs, and aesthetic needs.
If we meet our aesthetic needs, we may seek to move to even higher levels, toward self-fulfillment and self-actualization needs.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check Activity 2
Meeting all of Maslow’s (1970) needs should result in which of the following?
Self-actualization
Self-esteem
Self-efficacy
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check Activity 2: Answer
Meeting all of Maslow’s (1970) needs should result in which of the following?
a. Self-actualization
Self-actualization is the final stage in the linear growth of an individual. Maslow believed that in order to achieve this state of personal fulfilment, the person must first satisfy the preceding needs (i.e., physiological, safety, love/belonging, and esteem, in that order).
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.2
Hunger and Eating
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Origins Of Hunger
Hunger motive is one of the primary drives that helps us maintain homeostasis in the body.
Hunger works on a negative feedback loop in the body that allows us to maintain homeostasis in the body.
When the body loses weight, the person’s hunger increases, the person eats more, and the weight is regained.
Even though this makes dieting difficult, it protects us from starvation.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hunger Feedback From Body (1 of 3)
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hunger Feedback From Body (2 of 3)
One of the first places psychologists looked for clues to hunger was the stomach.
When stomach gets empty, the walls of the stomach contracts, and stimulates hunger.
The stomach releases a hormone called ghrelin that sends strong hunger signals to the brain.
Just as the stomach signals hunger, it may also play a role in telling the brain when it is time to stop eating.
Ghrelin may also play a role in emotional eating.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hunger Feedback From Body (3 of 3)
The liver helps regulate hunger by monitoring levels of glucose and glycogen in the body.
Insulin can increase feelings of hunger.
Foods that tend to cause a rapid increase in blood sugar, called high glycemic foods, do not keep our hunger satisfied for very long.
The small intestines release the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) into the
Leptin secreted by fat cells may provide another source of feedback for hunger regulation.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Hunger Regulation in the Brain
The brain processes signals from the stomach about contractions and distention, from the liver about the glucose-glycogen balance, and from leptin.
The brain may also directly monitor our energy supplies.
Evidence suggests that the brain also monitors the level of glucose in the blood.
The lateral hypothalamus (LH), functions as an “on switch” for hunger.
The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), plays a role in creating a feeling of satiety.
Sleep deprivation may affect the functioning of the hypothalamus in ways that increase likelihood of overeating.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Discussion Activity 2
Have you ever been dining with friends, and continued to eat even though you were full? Or have you ever consumed chips or popcorn while watching a movie, even though you weren’t hungry?
What factors do you think contribute to eating behavior in these circumstances?
Why is eating more than satisfying biological needs and maintaining homeostasis?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Discussion Activity 2: Debrief
What answers did your group come up with for questions a and b?
Did you identify emotional or situational cues that motivate eating?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Obesity Epidemic
One way to define overweight and obesity is to look at the body mass index.
A BMI of 25–29.9 indicates overweight, and a BMI of 30 or more indicates obesity.
BMIs over 30 are correlated with higher incidences of many diseases, including type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and some cancers.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Battle Of The Bulge: Why Is Losing Weight So Hard?
Depriving oneself of food is one of the reasons that most diets fail. When we begin to draw on our fat reserves while dieting, our body takes steps to avoid “starvation.”
Biological factors also may play a role in some people’s problems with weight. Our circadian rhythms may influence how our body uses the energy we take in during eating.
When we eat, as well as what we eat, may influence our waistline. Evening persons as opposed to morning persons are more likely to eat later in the day and skip breakfast.
Another biological factor that contributes to obesity is having a low resting metabolic rate.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Culture and Weight-Based Prejudice
People who are overweight are often ridiculed, socially isolated, and discriminated against.
Social media has created a platform for fat shaming and body shaming.
People who hold anti-fat prejudices may have a fear of negative appearance evaluation, a tendency to compare their appearance to that of others, have a poorer body image, or place greater importance on physical appearance.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Eating Disorders
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder with alternating episodes of bingeing followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that is characterized by self-starvation, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image.
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating disorder with recurrent episodes of binge eating, but without regular use of the inappropriate compensatory measures that people with bulimia employ to avoid weight gain.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.3
Sexual Motivation
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sexual Desire (1 of 2)
Sexual desire is our motivation and interest in engaging in sexual activity, and is influenced by our biology as well as our learning experiences and cultural expectations.
Sexual arousal is a heightened state of sexual interest and excitement.
The physical desire to have sex, called libido, is influenced by both the hypothalamus and certain hormones of the endocrine system.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sexual Desire (2 of 2)
In mammals estrogens regulate the female’s desire to mate. Estrogen levels increase dramatically during estrus, the period in which the female is receptive to a male’s attempt to mate.
Humans are different from other mammals, in that a female has no defined period of estrus. Human females can mate at any time during the menstrual cycle, and estrogen is not closely related to human female libido.
In humans, testosterone plays a major role in regulating libido. Testosterone is produced by the testes in males, and by the adrenal glands in females.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Sexual Response Cycle (1 of 2)
William Masters, a gynecologist, and Virginia Johnson, a nurse, were the first researchers to directly observe and measure the sexual responses of men and women engaged in sexual activities.
Electronic sensors were used to measure physical responses. Interviews were conducted to understand psychological experiences.
Their model of the sexual response cycle includes four successive phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Sexual Response Cycle (2 of 2)
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sexual Orientation
There are individual differences in sexuality. Some people experience higher levels of sexual desire than others, and there is also great variability in whom we desire to have sex with.
Sexual orientation refers to one’s sexual attraction for members of the same and/or other sex.
Sexual orientation may change over time, with women reporting greater change in orientation than men.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Personal Reflection Activity
How open are you about your sexual orientation?
Does this change depending upon your environment, that is whether you are at school, work, at home, or with new acquaintances?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Think-Pair-Share Activity 1
Students pair up to discuss the following questions.
All major national mental health organizations, including the American Psychological Association, have expressed concerns about therapies that are intended to modify sexual orientation. There is no reliable scientific evidence that gay conversion therapy is safe or effective.
If you were a therapist working with a client who was troubled about their sexual orientation, what responses could you provide that would be helpful?
Student pairs then share their answers with the class.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Think- Pair-Share Activity 1: Debrief
Were your responses focused on helping the individual cope with societal prejudices or were they focused on issues associated with possible internal conflicts?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
5.4
Emotions
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
‹#›
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Theories And Expression Of Emotion
An emotion is a complex reaction to internal or external event involving physiological reactions, behavioral reactions, facial expressions, cognition, and affective responses.
The affective component of emotion is the subjective experience of what you are feeling that fills your consciousness during the emotion.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The James-Lange Theory Of Emotion
James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotion is equal to the pattern of physiological arousal that the person experiences during an emotion.
In short, emotion is a physiological response to a certain stimulus.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Cannon’s Criticisms of the James-Lange Theory
1. The physiological experience of emotion does not appear to vary from emotion to emotion to the degree that would be necessary to distinguish one emotion from another based purely on our physiological reaction.
2. The physiological, bodily aspect of emotion sometimes follows our subjective experience of the emotion. According to the James-Lange view there can be no emotion before there is a physiological response.
3. Artificially created physiological responses do not give rise to emotions.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Cannon-Bard Theory Of Emotion
Cannon proposed that emotion does not originate in the body; it originates in the brain.
Cannon’s explanation of emotion was later extended by Philip Bard, and today this theory is called the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Modern Support For The James-Lange Theory
Of Cannon’s three criticisms, the most problematic one was that physiological responses are too similar to allow us to adequately discriminate among the many emotions we feel.
Psychologists now have new tools to study bodily reactions, allowing them to examine the physiological response that accompanies emotions in greater detail than what was possible in Cannon’s time.
Researchers are now able to show that some emotions do indeed involve different bodily reactions.
However, these results do not support the entire theory as they do not address Cannon’s other two criticisms.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that our experience of an emotion is affected by the feedback our brain gets from our facial muscles.
Thus, according to this hypothesis smiling can make us happy, and frowning can make us feel bad.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
The Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
The two-factor theory of emotion states that emotions are a product of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of this arousal. Schachter and Singer agreed with Cannon that:
we do not have a separate pattern of physiological arousal for each emotion we experience;
when we experience an emotion, we experience a non-distinct, general physiological arousal;
we are then using the situational context to help us cognitively interpret the meaning of this arousal; and
it is this cognitive interpretation that is leading to the experience of an emotion.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory of Emotion
Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory of emotion states that our initial cognitive appraisal of a situation determines what emotion we will feel in the situation.
Your appraisal of the situation determines your specific emotion.
The best way to control our emotions is by controlling how we perceive situations in life.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Think-Pair-Share Activity 2
Students form pairs to discuss the following questions, and then share their answers with the class.
How might emotions affect your decision-making?
Imagine you are going to your psychology class and you are either angry, happy, or fearful. When you enter the classroom the professor hands you a recent test, on which you earned a D. How do you respond in each case?
Devise your own decision-making scenario for any typical decision you make on a daily basis. Then describe how you would respond when you are angry, when you are happy, and when you are fearful.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Think-Pair-Share Activity 2: Debrief
How would you characterize the effects of different emotions on decision-making?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Self-Assessment
Can you describe and differentiate the theoretical concepts of motivation?
Can you discuss the biological and social influences on how hunger is regulated?
Can you summarize the sexual response cycle?
How do the different theories of emotion explain the relationships between the event, physiological arousal, and behavioral reactions?
Do humans have universal facial expressions?
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary (1 of 2)
Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to:
Describe how psychologists define motivation.
Describe the different theoretical ways of conceptualizing motivation.
Describe the feedback our bodies use to regulate hunger.
Explain what is known about why some people become obese.
Describe the prevalence of weight-based prejudice and the factors that affect it.
Describe bulimia, anorexia, and binge eating disorder and explain their possible causes.
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary (2 of 2)
Now that the lesson has ended, you have learned how to:
Explain the biological and psychological components of sexual desire.
Describe the phases of the sexual response cycle in men and women.
Distinguish between sexual orientation and sexual behavior, and describe the research investigating the causes of sexual orientation.
Describe the various theoretical perspectives on emotion.
Describe how we express our emotional states through facial expressions
‹#›
Pastorino/Doyle, What is Psychology, 5th Edition. ©2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
