Integrative Learning Project
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PastorBUSI650AnnotatedBibliography.docRunning head: ILP ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ILP ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
Integrative Learning Project: Annotated Bibliography
Chamisi Pastor
Liberty University
BUSI650
November 24, 2017
Annotated Bibliography
Horwitz, P. (2014). The Hobby Lobby Moment.
http://cdn.harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/vol128_horwitz_comment.pdf
This article focuses on religion and social issues surrounding Hobby Lobby. There are controversies related to Religious freedom restoration Act and reproduction rights. This article looks at Hobby Lobby and how it tries to change the commercial nature of the marketplace. The company operates on the grounds and laws laid down by religion and in the process of the state laws, a great controversy arises. The article will explore more on religion and business and some of the aspects that may not align business with religious practices. The main focus of the article consists of the contraception mandate, religious freedom restoration Act, religious accommodation, corporations and religion and much more. All these aspects affect the performance of the company.
Meese, A. J., & Oman, N. B. (2013). Hobby Lobby, Corporate Law, and the Theory of the Firm: Why For-Profit Corporations Are RFRA Persons. Harv. L. Rev. F., 127, 273. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2717&context=facpubs
This article considers the corporate law and how it affects the operations of the firm. The Patient Protection and Affordable Act of 2010 require companies with more than 50 employees to provide the workers with health insurance and include preventive care and screening in women. The requirements of the corporate law influenced the operations of some companies due to the values, culture, and beliefs that they hold and therefore some companies decided to challenge the mandate the requirements under the Religious Freedom and Restoration Act. Hobby Lobby is one of the companies that challenged such mandate using religious background. From the author’s point of view, it is evident that corporate laws affect the culture, values, and structure of the company because companies must comply with them.
Greenawalt, K. (2015). Hobby Lobby: Its Flawed Interpretive Techniques and Standards of Application. Colum. L. Rev. Sidebar, 115, 153. http://columbialawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Greenawalt_Final.pdf
This article focuses on the rights that Hobby Lobby demand by using religious grounds. To maximize profits, the company is viewed to evade providing beneficial services to its employees as per the requirements of the corporate laws. Hobby Lobby utilizes religious interpretive techniques to evade the benefits that are provided in Patient Protection and Affordable Act of 2010. The insurance that should cover women’s preventive services is an additional expense that the company should incur but since they perceive the organization as religious based, they are trying to minimize expenses as much as possible. This article focuses on the value and benefits of employees and how they can be affected by religion and organizational values. From the author’s perspective, biblical integration is used to justify why the organization should not be part of certain corporate laws and the defense mechanisms used. Although the company values its customers and employees, it does not provide full benefits to the employees.
Kuzma, A., Kuzma, A., & Kuzma, J. (2009). How religion has embraced marketing and the implications for business. Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 2, 1. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ann_Kuzma/publication/237305422_How_Religion_has_Embraced_Marketing_and_the_Implications_for_Business/links/5551f9a308ae6943a86d67ff.pdf
According to the author of this article, religion is an industry that has experienced growth, and some business is using religion-based marketing to attract more customers. This paper focuses on big religious gatherings with regard to marketing. The use of religion as a marketing strategy can be successful but sometimes affected by some aspects such as the law, beliefs, value, and practices. Religion can be used as a target market by use of religion and biblical interpretive techniques. According to the author’s perspective, religion can be a target market, and companies like Hobby Lobby are utilizing such strategies and win the market. The aspects considered by the author include the marketing mix and faith-based marketing. The author argues that embracing religion in marketing can be costly or beneficial depending on how it is applied.
Meese, A. (2014). Hobby Lobby and Corporate Social Responsibility: A View from The Right. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1327&context=popular_media
This article review emphasizes that apart from “profit maximization” Hobby Lobby has a corporate responsibility to practice. Organizations are not only in the market to earn profits also offer beneficial services and projects to the members of the community. The author claims that the company won on the grounds of religious freedom but failed regarding the purpose of the organization. In the literature review, it is also argued that shareholders can decide on the social responsibility to engage in. There are various strategies that companies can use to improve the welfare of the society and should not be judged by some of their policies. This article includes contradicting opinions about corporate social responsibility and how corporates can effectively serve the market without violation of some critical policies and elements.
Gedicks, F. M. (2015). One Cheer for Hobby Lobby: Improbably Alternatives, Truly Strict Scrutiny, and Third-Party Employee Burdens. Harv. Women's LJ, 38, 153. http://harvardjlg.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/One-Cheer-for-Hobby-Lobby.pdf
This article focuses on the rights of employees, equality and the treats involved in the approaches that are embraced by Hobby Lobby. The company claims to be protecting the rights of its employees and providing them with social benefits, but their neglect regarding RFRA shows that there are some elements lacking in employee benefits and protection. Literature suggests that the company has many employees and they should not avoid providing them with protection and benefits in the name of maximizing profits. This article recognizes that the role of employees is critical to the organization and they should be insured and provided with all the legal benefits as per the requirements of corporate law. The author views religious cleansing as ignorance rather than upholding religious principles.
Brammer, S., Williams, G., & Zinkin, J. (2007). Religion and attitudes to corporate social responsibility in a large cross-country sample. Journal of business ethics, 71(3), 229-243. http://195.130.87.21:8080/dspace/bitstream/123456789/1191/1/Religion%20and%20attitudes%20to%20corporate%20social%20responsibility%20in%20a%20large%20cross-country%20sample.pdf
This paper considers the integration or relationship between corporate responsibility, individual attitudes, and religious denomination. This paper suggests that organizations ought to operate in a manner that is ethically responsible and should develop standards, behaviors, and policies that are accepted by the organization’s stakeholders. In the aspect integration, the paper highlights that social and environmental concerns should be integrated into the interactions of business. Hobby Lobby tries to integrate religious principles with their business operations, and therefore this paper reflects on the appropriate methods that should be used. The paper also emphasizes the social good that is beyond organization’s interest and the need to comply with the law.
Cash, K. C., & Gray, G. R. (2000). A framework for accommodating religion and spirituality in the workplace. The Academy of Management Executive, 14(3), 124-133. http://amp.aom.org/content/14/3/124.full
This article considers laws related to equal employment opportunities, employees’ rights as well as their needs at the workplace. Employees are a critical and asset to the organization, and their rights should be protected to enhance greater good as well as a good image of the organization. The article review focuses on how religion should be integrated into business to enhance mission, vision, value and biblical integration. In the article, religion and spirituality should not be used as a mentality of “power for profit” but rather a source of achievement and support for the organization. The article also emphasizes that legal interpretation and religious requirements should undergo certain tests so that controversies are avoided. According to the article, religious interpretation should offer inclusiveness and address accommodation concerns at the workplace.
Luchenister, A. J. (2015). A New Era of Inequality: Hobby Lobby and Religious Exemptions from Anti-Discrimination Laws. Harv. L. & Poly Rev., 9, 63. https://au.org/files/Luchenitser,%20A%20New%20Era%20of%20Inequality,%209%20Harv.%20L.%20%26%20Pol'y%20Rev.%2063%20(2015)(1).pdf
This article focuses on inequality and lack of sustainability in business due to weak policies and protection of religious freedom. The aspect of equality is crucial in business, and this article emphasizes that religion should not force their faith into believers. Business and religions can only merge when all the policies and regulations are considered. Companies such as Hobby Lobby use constitutional protection to threaten the rights of employees. According to the author, the decisions and religious objections may override the law and enhance employment discrimination rather than equality. A company with a good culture, value, and structure embraces equality and respects the rights of all stakeholders. This article explores more on inequality and religious exemptions that may affect business.
Dodd, S. D., & Gotsis, G. (2007). The interrelationships between entrepreneurship and religion. The international journal of entrepreneurship and innovation, 8(2), 93-104. https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/8493766/Interrelations.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1511445905&Signature=jQEV2CgdfH7lhAGV4Ao2O%2F5d8oI%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_interrelationships_between_entrepren.pdf
This paper focuses on the relationship between entrepreneurship and religion. Some businesses opt to integrate religion into their operations due to various reasons. Companies like Hobby Lobby utilize religion in their decision-making process while considering biblical integration. According to the paper, religion influences the operations of business regarding the social setting, ideologies and religious symbolism. Businesses utilize religion criteria to obtain an informed decision even if it affects their commercial interests. The paper considers how organizations like Hobby Lobby use religion as a form of entrepreneurial social capital. In the paper, there are more elements of value, culture, symbolism and biblical integration that affects the operation of companies.
Weaver, G. R., & Agle, B. R. (2002). Religiosity and ethical behavior in organizations: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Academy of management review, 27(1), 77-97. http://amr.aom.org/content/27/1/77.full
This article claims that ethical behaviors in an organization can be influenced by religion and it can be problematic based on evidence from research. Ethical behaviors bring about religious self-identity as well as religious expectations that should be embraced. In this article, an organization that integrates religion will result to change in the organizational setting because of influence in the organizational context, religious identity, and ethical behaviors. The article, therefore, states that religion can affect ethical considerations and operations of the organization on various grounds. Ethical behaviors do not only affect employees but all the stakeholders including the customers. The author argues that ethical behavior is a paramount element that can be affected by religion and can affect the various stakeholders of the organization.
Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of customer-company identification: expanding the role of relationship marketing. Journal of applied psychology, 90(3), 574. https://questrompublish.bu.edu/cb/JAP2005.pdf
This article focuses on the relationship between customer and the company based on identity. The characteristics of the company, image, and perception influence the way in which customers utilize products. This article relates to the organizational setting of Hobby Lobby because of the way it identifies itself with customers. This article considers how companies value their customers while considering the utilization of products and behaviors. From empirical research, it is evident that customers identify themselves with the positive impacts of the product as well as value, mission, believes and practices of the organization. The author suggests that customer-company identification is critical.
Homburg, C., & Pflesser, C. (2000). A multiple-layer model of market-oriented organizational culture: Measurement issues and performance outcomes. Journal of marketing research, 37(4), 449-462. Retrieved from:
http://cyb.ox.or.kr/lms_board/bbs_upload/(%B1%B9%BF%DC%B3%ED%B9%AE)%20%C1%B6%C1%F7%B9%AE%C8%AD.pdf
This article contemplates multi-Layer model of organizational culture that is market oriented as well as performance outcomes. The article review explains more about market orientation norms, supportive values for market orientation and behaviors that are market-oriented. In the article, the author develops a measuring scale on the aspects of the market culture and how it relates to the various components of the market. A market culture of an organization influences performance because of relationships and market dynamics. This article states that the organizational culture in the market influences its performance because of their norms, values, beliefs, and practices.
Ogbonna, E., & Harris, L. C. (2000). Leadership style, organizational culture, and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 11(4), 766-788. Retrieved from:
This article reviews the relationship between organizational leadership, organizational culture, and its performance. From the article, the author argues that leadership and culture of an organization are linked to its performance. He also argues that leadership style is affected by organizations culture which in turn affects performance. The author suggests that the culture practiced by an organization while considering effective leadership style will improve the performance of the organization. Organizations culture encompasses the integration of various beliefs, norms, religion, and practice that influence the organization. This article, therefore, explored more on organizational culture and the effects that it has on the organization.
McMurrian, R. C., & Matulich, E. (2016). Building customer value and profitability with business ethics. Journal of Business & Economics Research (Online), 14(3), 83. Retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/DBaba/Downloads/9748-1-36220-2-10-20160712%20(1).pdf
The article reviews new methods that organizations are using to meet the competitive changes in the business environment. As opposed to traditional methods of competition, organizations are currently developing collaborative relationships with their clients so that they can protect their market and remain competitive. According to the author, organizations would strive to do right for both clients and customers, but that has not been the norm. Some challenges force organizations to adopt certain mechanisms so that they can retain maximum profits and expand. The author argues that ethics that organizational ethics of the organization can sometimes be a constraint to profitability. As the organization is striving to improve customer value and profitability, some ethical requirements and considerations can affect their financial outcome.
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