Reflective Learning Journal

Participation in Politics

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“We must uphold Marxism, firm up

and further build the ideal of

Communism and a shared ideal of

socialism with Chinese

characteristics, and nurture and

practice core socialist values”,

Xi told the opening of the 19 th

National Party Congress (NPC)

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“Any drifting away from or

betraying Marxism will lead to

the Party's losing its soul and

direction as it moves forward”

- Xi 2017

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‘Rule by Virtue’

“We should strengthen persistently the

construction of a socialist legal system and

govern the country according to law in the

course of building socialism with Chinese

characteristics and developing a socialist

market economy; meanwhile we should

strengthen persistently the construction of a

socialist ethics and govern the country by

virtue”

- Jiang Zemin 2001

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Political legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority

A recognition that something is right and proper

For Max Weber there are three types of legitimacy:

Traditional

Charismatic

Rational-Legal

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Traditional Legitimacy

Derives from societal custom and habit that

emphasis the authority of tradition

Monarchy or Tribalism

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Charismatic Legitimacy

Ideas and Personal Charisma of the

leader charms and psychologically

dominates the people of society

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Rational-Legal Legitimacy

Derives from a system of institutional

procedure – government institutions establish

and enforce law and order in the public

interest – relies on trust

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Charismatic, traditional or legal?

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Legal or traditional?

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Ways of Legitimising Government

Monarch – the Divine Right of Kings

establishes the political Legitimacy

In China – The Mandate of Heaven

天命 tian ming

Sizong,

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Constitutionalism

The Law as supreme over the

private will - Checks and

Balances

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Fascism

Fascism based its political legitimacy on

arguments of traditional authority and

philosophically denying the political

legitimacy of elected governments

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Communism

Legacy derives from having won a civil war or

revolution

Communist parties base their legitimacy of their

rule and government upon the scientific nature

of Marxism

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Leninism

The democratic organisation of a

revolutionary vanguard party, and the

achievement of a dictatorship of the

proletariat, as political prelude to the

establishment of socialism

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Socialism

The social relations of socialism are

characterized by the working-class

effectively owning the means of

production and the means of their

livelihood, either through

cooperative enterprises or by public

ownership and self management,

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Market Socialism

Market socialism differs from non-

market socialism in that the market

mechanism is utilized for the allocation

of capital goods and the means of

production

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Democracy in China

According to the Carter Institute by

2008 more than 900 million

Chinese citizens had exercised the

right to vote

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‘Multi - Party Co-operation’

China's constitution enshrines

the Communist Party's long-

term "leading" role in

government, though it allows

the existence of various other

political parties under what is

calls a "multi-party

cooperation system".

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“The CPC is the sole party exercising political leadership in this system of multi-party

cooperation.

“Organizationally independent, the CPC and the democratic parties are totally equal

under the Constitution, but politically, the latter are subject to the leadership of the

former.

“The leading role of the CPC has been generally accepted by various parties and people

across the country after decades of practice.

“The CPC's leadership over other parties features political leadership focusing on

political principles, political orientation and major policy decisions.”

Source China Daily September 29 2007

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“Second, under the leadership of the CPC, the democratic

parties maintain close cooperative ties with the CPC

politically.

“Though a ruling party, the CPC does not arrogate political

power to itself. In a general sense, the democratic parties

exist neither as political opposition forces nor as parties out

of office that pit their wits against the ruling party like those

in multi-party countries.

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The relationship between these parties and the

CPC is based on political cooperation rather than

political competition aimed at assuming State

power.

In this cooperative political relationship, the CPC

is at the helm of the State while the other parties

jointly participate in the administration of State

affairs.

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“In a democratic system with parties that

alternate in power, there is no assurance that

promising new ventures will be maintained or

expanded, which in turn means less incentive

to experiment and innovate in the policy

arena”

- Daniel A Bell The Atlantic May 2015

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China's eight non-Communist parties had more

than 600,000 members.

Approx. 140, 000 of those members had been elected as deputies to people's congresses at

various levels.

More than 8, 000 of them held leading posts in

governmental and judicial departments above

county-level.

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Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese

Kuomintang

Left-leaning

The party claims to be the true heir of Sun Yat-Sen's

legacy.

It has approx 100,000 members

Has second highest number of seats in the People's

Political Consultative Conference (30%).

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China Democratic League

Originally a league of pro-democracy parties.

Approx. 130,000 members, mainly middle-

level and senior intellectuals.

Prof Fei Xiaotong

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China Democratic National

Construction Association

Entrepreneurs from the

manufacturing, financial or

commercial industries, in both

private and state sectors

Approx 70,000 members

Prof Zhou Hanmin, Vice

Chairman

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China Association for Promoting

Democracy

Intellectuals, mostly in the education,

technology and publishing sectors.

Approx 65,000 members Yang Junqi

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Chinese Peasants' and Workers'

Democratic Party

Approx 65,00 mmebers

Mostly work work in the fields of

public health, culture and education,

science and technology Sang Guowei

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Zhigongdang of China

Returned overseas Chinese, relatives of overseas

Chinese, and noted figures and scholars who have

overseas ties

Approx 15,000 members.

Focus on ‘re-unification of China’

Wang Gang

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Jiusan Society

Mostly intellectuals in the fields of science,

technology, education, culture and medicine.

Approx 68,000 members Han Qide

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Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League

Approx 1,500 members

Mostly from Taiwan but who now reside on the

mainland

Favours ‘One Country-Two Ststems’

Lin Wenyi

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Illegal Parties

China Democratic Party

Generally recognized to have been formed by former student

leaders from 1989 protests

"If a group is designed to negate the leadership of the Communist Party,

then it will not be allowed to exist.” Li Peng

Declared illegal in 1998

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Union of Chinese Nationalists

Supports the aims of the original KMT

Banned in 2006

Zhi Xian Party

Founded by supporters of Bo Xilai

Banned in 2013

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"Constitutional monarchy, imperial restoration, parliamentarism, a multi-party system

and a presidential system, we considered them, tried them, but none worked,“ Xi

Jinping April 2014 in a speech to the College of Europe

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China could not copy a political system or

development model from other countries "because it

would not fit us and it might even lead to catastrophic

consequences", Xi added.

"The fruit may look the same, but the taste is quite

different," he said.

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“Over 2,000 years ago, there was an era of great intellectual accomplishments in China,

which is referred to as "the period of one hundred masters and schools of thought,"

“Great thinkers such as Laozi, Confucius and Mozi, to name just a few, explored a wide

range of topics from the universe to the Earth, and from relations between man and

nature to those amongst human beings and between individuals and society, Xi said.

"These values and teachings still carry a profound impact on Chinese people's way of

life today, underpinning the unique value system in the Chinese outlook of the world, of

society, and of life itself.”

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The Communist Party's influential weekly journal Qiushi (Seeking

Truth) wrote in 2014 recent that there was no such thing as "universal values“.

“The West has been harping on about freedom, democracy and human

rights for some 200 years, and has nothing new to add, the magazine

wrote in an editorial.

"You know if the shoe fits only if you try it on for yourself.

Only the Chinese people have the right to say whether China's

development path is correct," it wrote.

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Mill Locke Kant

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