Education Research

PART3

The spirit of agency

The spirit of agency is believing at the molecular, spiritual level that you can make a difference in the world, not by changing others, people and things, but by opening your spirit enough so that the light of others can shine through you.

-Real World Dialogue

Service to others

matters

by Debby Wynne Kelly

' ' aclcl) vvl1)r ,1rc )·c)tl \·isit ir1g tl1c J)risc)r1crs? ).1c)tl-1cr, )·c)tt arc sta)'- ir1g UJ) so late l),1l ir1g fc)r tl1c r1t1r1s. Hc)vv co111c? \ \111)·car1't I J)la)i

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,·i tl1 tl1c tC>) ·s l)cforc )i<)t1 clcli\·cr tl1crr1 tc> tl1c cl1ilclrc11, D a cie!).-

\ \111)· clcH1'L tl1c>s c fc>lks y·c>t i' rc taki11g g rc>c c r ics le> l1a\·c a11y clcctricit) l'vlc)tl1cr?

\ \.111)· clc) tl1c cl1ilclrc11 l1avc '·o t1Ll1c)t1sc·s" a11cl 11c) 1J,1vccl streets i11 Plt111kctl tc)vv11, D,1clclv?'' 1

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i\.i1 i11cc1t1it)' i11 tl1c 11.:t\'CS a11cl l1a\·c 11c)ts 111adc 111·)}),1rc11ts re el , a11c.l sc) tl1cy cicciicatcd tl1cn1scl\'CS tc) l1clJ)ir1g C)tlt i11 tl1cir cl1t1rcl1 a11d st1rrc)t111clir1g cc)1n­ rr1t111it)'· It cliclr1't n1attcr tl1,1t, at ti111cs, tllC)' s tr t1gg lc cl fir1ar1cia ll)· to n1akc cr1cls 111cct; tl1c)· s till rcacl1ccl <)Lil tc> C)tl1crs i11 r1cccl a11ci sl1arccl ,,vl1at tl1c)r l1a.cl.

111 tl1c 5()s a11cl (1()s, lil) c r a l tl1i11kcrs ,vcrc 11c>t a ciirr1c a cic>zc11 i11 Gcc)rgia! l\1l ay·l)c , c\·c11 still scarce. Bt1t, tl1at cltH) 111aclc LI)) fc>r tl1c lac! c>f st1cl1 tl1i11kcrs. S ilc11cc i11 tl1c 111iclst c)f racist cc)111111c11ts vvc1s 11c>L g o lclc11. N<), it 111cc111t r c)11-

sc 11t l<> c, tr r , · c>11 ,vitl1 st1c l1 cc>11\1 c r s a tic>11. ).,,f, JJctrc11ts \\·e re 11c\·cr silc11L. T l1c \1

' ' '

sc c111ccl tc> c lc a rl) · u11clcr s t,1r1cl tvl LI( , J r 's 111css,1gc tl1,1t " I r1 tl1c c11cl, , vc ,vill

rcn1cml)cr r1c>t tl1c \.VC)rcis c>f C>ttr c r1c111ic,s i:)ttt tl1c silcr1cc c>f C)ttr fricr1cls"

(1967). 1\ r1clso 111) · ).1c)tl1cr a,r1cl D a.cl scc111ccl to li\'C ,,·l1at I rca.li7,c 110,.v ,·as a

fc>r 1r1 c>f 111i11istrv; a11cl c i\ rics.

i\ t sc>111c J)C>i11t I stC>J)J)cci aski11g '', vll)'" a11cl cicciclccl tc> fc)llc),v tl1cir cxa1111)lc

c>f " clo i11·g.'' Sc,r, icc , it , v;-1s all al)ot1t sc r,·icc, I rcalizccl, a11cl tl1c11 clltc1111)tccl tc>

c111t1latc tl1cir ;:1ctic>11s. l.;'i r s t, slt1clc11t cc)tt11cil i11 scl1c )c)l, (;irl Scc)ttl tri JJS le) l1c)s­ l)it,-1ls, 11L1rsi11g l1c)n1c s, a11cl \' c>t 1r1g Dc111c)cr,1ts i11 cc)llcgc tc) lcar11 l1c)vV tl1c

1 ,<\11• .\ frica11-1-\i11 e r ica n 11e igl1l)o rl1oocl i11 s c)t1tl1er n ,.\tla11ta, called a "slt1111" ir1 " G l1eLL<H s: a cl1angc in lht>ir outlook,"' T l'i nrl1.or .\'tar, 19G 9; clescril>t>cl also in Be11jan1i11 l·:lija h \ la ys, /Jor11 lo ll flhf'I: 1111 1111toh,io$!.ra/1! r , .--\( ht' ns, (;,,-\: ' J'hc lJnivcrsity of' (;corgia

)J r c ss . 19 7 1 , ]>. :279.

79

80 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

J)C)litical J) rc1c c ss \VC)rks. ,.:\11cl. tl1c11, I l1cc;:1111c a y·c1t111g 11arc11t a11cl ,va11tccl tc> 11ass tl1c torcl1 c)r scr\·icc t<) 111y c l1ilclr c11 as it l1acl l)cc11 11ass<·cl le) 111y fot1r sis te rs a11cl 111c. Lcac.l l))' cxcll11]Jlc, I tl1c)t1gl1t. 111 tl1c cities ,,·l1crc \•Ve l1cl\'C li\1cc.l,

J,:1cksc)r1. T N , H c)LlSl<)ll, TX, Bc)st<)ll, 1\1..:\, i \ tl,,111tcl, GA, ,-111c.i,

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sl1ir1gt<)11,

D C, I l1a\'C s c)t1gl1t n1c,1r1ir1gf11l s cr\·icc ir1 n1:' ciivcrsc cc)n1111t1r1itics. \ \111ctl1c r it

, va s ir1 1i 1y cl1ilclrcr1's scl1c)ols, cl111rcl1 p rc)jcc ts, cc111catio11 r)rc)gr,1111s, or clclcrl)'

care, I l1,a,

c trice! tr> f<>llc>vv 111')

]),,1rc11ts' cxarr11)lcs. l':;cn·, 111)' D a.cl, a l1t1g c

a ch11ir c r c>f' i\1;-1r t i11 Lt1t l1cr K i11g,.Jr. i11 a scgrcgatccl ..:\tl ;:111ta, 111a1l)' a 11igl1t at tl1c c.li1111c·r tal.)lc C!Ll<)lccl lLl('s vv<)r cls : " E,·cr)'l)<)CI)' ca11 l)c g reat ... l)CCclLtsc a11yl)<)cly ca11 se r\1c. Yc)Ll d c)11't l1avc t<) l1a \1 C a C<)llcg·cc.lc g·rec t<) sc r \1 C. \ 'c) t l

c!c)11't l1a\1 C l<) 111akc )'C)tlr sttl)jcct a11c.,i , c r l) ,1grcc tc) ser\·c.... \'c)t l C)11ly r1ecc.i ,1

l1c,1rt full c)f gr,-1cc. 1\ S<)t 1l gcr1cratccl l)y lc),·c '· (K ir1g, l 9()t3) . Lo\·c ar1cl gr,1cc a.r1cl s cr\1icc scc111 ccl to )c tl1c lcssc)11s 1i1y 11,1rcr1ts li\·ccl. ; \ s 111y cl1ilcirc11 l1a,·c grc>vv11. T l1a\·c ,vatcl1cci tl1c111 take 111) tl1c tc>rcl1 c>r scr\·icc C>\·cr tl1c )'Ca r s. K <1\,·, tile)' arc 1)assi11g tl1c tc>rcl1 tc> 111y g r a11clcl1ilclrc11 11)' tl1cir cxa11111lc.

()11 a rccc11t S tu1cla ) ' 111or11i11·,gl listc11ccl i11tc11tly to tl1c l1c)111ily <)f' 111y rcctc>r, R e \·. jc)l111 Bcclcli11·fgi clcl ('.2() l :)). I t- , vas all al.)c)11t sc r \·icc a11cl ,,vays t<) s cr,·c. He SJ.)C)kc c)f Q11c:tker c:111tl1c)1; Ricl1,1rc.l Fc)stc r, ,vl1c) talks alJC)Ltt se r \1icc c:lS c:l s 1)ir i­ t11al disci1)lir1c (1 )88). i\ 11d Fc)stcr crc,1tcd 11,1mcs fc)r ciiffcrcr1t l.;.i11cls c)f scr­

,·icc. Orie l.;.ir1cl; r1c calls " l1idclc r1scr, ·icc/ ' ,.vl1crc tl1crc is c)rll)' C)rlc pcrsc)rl ,rl1c) k110, ,·s or )'C)t1r scr,·icc. Bccatisc it is l1iclclcr1, Bcclclir1gf'iclcl cx11lair1ccl, "Ov·cr ti111c, tl1crc vvill grc>,,. \vitl1i11 )"C>ll a c1 ua lit)· tl1at C>tl1crs , ,·ill l) cgi11 tc> sc1 1sc, a c1Ltc1lity <11' a clc c1 ) cr love, a 11c,v co111J)a s s io11, ;-1h11<)Sl a sligl1t a L1r;.-1. J>co1)lc , \·ill 11c)ticc tl1at ,..<)LI ,-lrc clif1'crc11t" (Bcdcli11gficl c.L '.2() 1:7>) .

.A.11cl i11 l1is l.)<)<)k c:1l><)lll s11ir i tLlc:ll c.lisci1)li11e, Fc)s tc r, L1si11g· ;.-1 j.)Crsc)11.-1l s tc)r)·, f11r­ tl1cr cx1)lc:1ir1s tr1is kir1cl <)f s erv·i11g. H e dcscril)cs a11 cvcr1t frc)111 tl1e n1c)st r1cctic a.rid fi11al ,reek C)f fir1isl1ir1g l1is doctc)ral clisscrtatic)r1, ,,·l1cr1 a call fro111 a fric11ci

,vl10 11ccclccl tr ,,11s11orta tio r1 f<)r crr,1r1ds, t)rc)11gl1t l1i1i1 a11 u11forcsccr1 clarit)··

\ \!o rryi11g al)C>t1t tl1c J)rccic>t1s ti111c lie ,\·as lc">s i11g I)) ' l1clr)i11g tl1is f1·ic11cl, Fc>s tc r

rcl t1ct;.-111tly agrcccl tc) S'<

J'\iC ;.-1s clr i\''(

r. i.\s l•c' )s tc r ,, a itccl i11 tl1c c;.-1r, lie J)tdlccl OL1t

Dictricl1 Bc)11lc1)ci1c.:r 's little l)<)c)k, Lifl1 ' fo.f!e. lhe,: \ \!c all k11c)\V tc> l1cl\·e .-l l)<)<)k

l1a11c.l:· , ,·l1ile ,,·c:litir1g! Oj.)C11i11g tl1c l.)c)c)k, Fc)stcr vv,-ts strl1ck l.)) tl1e , vc)r d s ,

:'Tl1c ... scr\'icc <)r1c sl1<)Ltlcl pcrfc)r111 fc)r c:111c)tl1cr ir1 ;:1 C l1risti,111cc)111n111r1ity is

,1cti,·c l1cl1)f11lr1ssc. Tl1is 111c,1r1s, ir1itia ll)'; si1111)lc .-1ss i s ta r1cc ir1 trifli11g, cxtcrr1al 111,,1ttc r s....N"ol)oCi)· is too go<)Ci for tr1c 111ca11cst sc r \·icc. 011c vvl10 \ VOr r ics a!)C)l lt tl1c lc>SS ()r ti111c ... is llSUa ll) ' ta ki11g tl1c 1111J)C)rta11cc ()r l1is ()\\")) c;-1rccr

t<)<) sc) lc 11111yl" (l·ostc r, lS)8t1). \1\'l1ilc listc11i11gtc) ;l os tc r· s ,vorcls a11cl cx1) cri­

c11cc, a11 ac.l111<)11itic)11 c)f Pcc:lrl S. BL1ck Ccl111c tc) 111i11cl. S l1c sa icl, " 'le) sc r\·c is l)ea11tift1l, l)tll C)11l·, if it is c.lc)11e , vi tl1jc)y a11d ,-t ,vl1c)lc l1eart a11cl a free 111i11c.i.''

Orie c)f 111' ) s isters st1ggcsts tl1at sl1c l1as vvit11essccl C i\·il R igl1ts icc)11, Bc)I.)

l\ ! c)sc s, r1C\'Cr tC)C) t)tlS)' tc) 11crfc)rm tl1c " tr iflir1g, 111c,1r1cs t sc r,·icc'' tc) , rl1c)111- ('\1cr is ir1 11cccl, cl1ilclrcr1) 11arcr1ts, tca.cl1crs, C)r collcag11cs. I ) ' J)a rc1 1ts

SERVICE TO OTHERS MATTERS 81

cicli\·crccl 111ccli c i11c a11cl fc><1cl tc> 11cc>11lc ]1L1s l1ccl tc> tl1c 1,111rg i11s c>f' a co 11i' t cic r a tc sc)r icty. iy r l1ilclr c11scr\·c i11 tl1cir 11cigl1l)c1r l1c)o cls, scl1c1c1ls, a 11cl

cc>111111L111itics a1 1cl s c>111cti111sc m ,-1ttc rs.

g·lc>l.>a l \1 illag·cs.

·r cs, sc r\·icc i11 s111lal \\"cl)'S

, Vl1ctl1cr )1 <>l l c.trc Cl1ristic111, c>f a11c>tl1cr r c li g ic>r1 <>r r1c> rcligic>r1, I clc> l.>clic, ·c ,

)·c)tl c.-1r1 fi11d n1ca11i11g i11 Bcdcli11fgi clcl's l1c>1nil)': ir1 C>tl1crs' n1c)clcli11g as vvcll a.s ir1 <)tl1cr f) C'C>f) lc 's vVC)rcls. Bt1t it is tl1c s111all sc r,·ic c tl1.-1t car1 IL1cl ,1 gr.-1ssroc>ts

111C>\ ' C111c11l; vvl1ic l1 ca11 cl1a.11gc lavvs, a.11cl, t l1c r c fc>rc , c l1a.11gc ,li\ cs. I t cic>cs 11c>t

l1a1 ) J) Cll i11 cl year C)l" (' \ ' (" I } ,-1 clc c a clc, !)LIl ir VV(' kcCJ) ta ki11g tll()S(' SlC J) S ()r scr­

\·icc, \\'C lllcl\·, i11clcccl. ()\'Cl'C() lll C.

'

1 11a11k)1<>u, l\1<>tl1cr a11d D a cie!)' ic>r tc,-lc l1i1g 111c at a11 c a rl)1 age tl1al sc r, 1 icc l<> <>ll1crs m a tte rs.

References

Bcclcli11g iic lcL .J. (2()I :1). l l o111i{ J'. \ Vas l1i11glc>1)1 E11is cc )11a l C l1t1rcl1, 1l a rcl1 8.

D .( .: All Sot1ls l\1 l c111c1ri ,.1l

Btick, PS. (1S)1'. l). 'T he goorlearth. Ne,,· \ '<>r k, \ ': Si111<>11 & Scl1t1stcr.

t<>s tc r, R. J. (198[3). C',elebration c!f disc,j;/ine: The jJallz to .\jJiritual groluflt. Sctr1 Fra11ciscc>: H a r11cr Cc>llir1s.

IZi11g, I. L . J r. (1967). The tru1n/Jet rif co11scie1zce, Steeler Lccttirc. :'\ <>,·cml)cr. 11t t11: / / for tis a . <) r g / !)1C> gs/ i ,, .-111- )C> o t 11c / 111.-1 rt i 11-1tit 11C' r- ki11 g-j r-11is - C>vv11-vvo r cls - r a clic a l- r c, :c>lti tio11ar)'-O})J)Osc cl-vv.-1r / 8+'.)5

I( i11g, l\ f. I,.. Jr. (I )(18). Dr1" n 1nr?for i ns/i ncl. Gcc>rgia: Scr111cH1 a t El1c11czcr B,.11t ist ( _'.l1L1rc l1 i11 ,;\ tla11ta. l'•c l1r t1a r·y- 4, IS)(>8.

Where are the women?

by Joan T. Wynne

t's Sc) clear tl1at VC)ll l1a\'C' tC) cl1crisl1 C\1 Cr \·c)11c.I tl1ir1k tl1,1t's ,vl1,1t I g·ct fro111 tl1csc c)lclcr !)la.cl._ ,vc)n1cr1, , tl1at c\·cr,/ · SOlll is to l)c cl1crisl1cc,l, tl1at (''\ Cr \/ n()\\'Cr is t() 111<)( )111. 1\ l icc v\\1lkcr

, I

, ·

\ \1l1c11 J J) Cr ttsc ei tl1c list ()r cssa')'S fc)r tl1is \) ( )()k (() o rg a11izc tl1c111 clJ'C)l l llel ])()S­

s il)lc tl1c111cs ()r " \ 1\'!1() Sj)caks ic>r_iusticc,'' l sat St ll lllli11;l)· silc11t. l Sc1 \'\ ll ()t ()!}('

cssct)i, i11 tl1c lc)11glist c)f titles, ,,·l1icl1s11<)kc SJ.1c c i fi c .-tll)1 tc) tl1c \"C)iccs c)f vvc)111c11. H c), v l1ad I 11c)t 11c)tic ccl tl1,tt al)sc11ce l1r1til tl1c last 111c)1nc11t c)f rcaclir1g ,1, 11cl

arrct11gi11g tl1csc csS,l)·s? I l1ad ir1\·itecl st l1de r1ts, cc)llc agt1c: s

a c ti\' ists tc) cc)r1trii)­

lltC tl1cir pcrse)r1al stc)rics al)e)llt jlisticc, ir1cll1clir1g tl1c )'C)u11g, tl1c clclcr, tl1c 111a I c, t11c rcn1aIc, tl1c 11011-gcr1clcreel. )'' c t u11tiI t11is 111c)111cr1t, clicl I C\1c1111o tice tl1at ll()t C)Jl(' ])iccc CX])licitl)' CXJ) ic1rc cl _ jus tice rc>r \\'Cll11Cll ()r tl1c reality C)r vvo111c11's silc11cccl ,·<1iccs.

l ;-t111 a ,vc)111a11; i11 i tct, I a111 a11 <)lei ,vc>111a11. \ \! l1crc vvas 111y l1cael? 'l 'l1crc

scc111s 11c) rcclc11111tic)11 fc)r 111c l1crc. ·r

e t I cc)11ti11l1e tc) scr;-1tcl1 111·) IJ r ,-ti11fc>r rc,,1-

sc)11s fc)r tl1is C)111issci)r1. Bl1t vvl1)· l)c)tl1cr': I gl1css \Jccal1sc it's SC) excrl1ci"1ti11gl-y 1)ai11fl1l tc) acl111it tl1c 11eglcct. f\ r1clit dc)cs s11c,1k lc)l1clly al)C)llt tl1c clilc-11111"1 C)f ir1tcrr1alizccl scxis111 tl1,1t ,1 ,von1,111 ,vl10 l1as rcsc a rc l1ccl, ,,·rittc-11, ,111clSJ)c)],_c11 a l) c>t tt issues c>r jt1sticc; tat1gl1t stt1elc11ts a\)c>t1t Ella Ba ke r F,11111ic T,c>tt H ,1111cr, D ia11cl'\ asl1, .L\1111c Br,,1elc1 1, etc. a11cl a lvv;-1ys rc111c111\)crs tc1 talk al1c>ut I-lclc11 l( c llc r ;-ts cl sc)ci,1list ;-111cl a c ti,·ist, 11c·,cr 11c)ticccl tl1c cxclt1s ic)11 i11 tl1is text c>f ..-l s tc)r)· ,1l)C)l1t l1er c>,,v11ge11clcr. c>11ctl1clcss, tl1is l)c)c)k c,,11111c>t a r r i, ·c ell tl1c J1lll)­ lisl1cr's clc)c>r, \"1i tl1c)ll t, at tl1c , ·e r )· least, c)r1c e ss <'l) ' tl1,1t sr>eaks d ir ec t!)· al)C)lll tl1c , vc>n1ar1s' \'C)icc for jlisticc.

or1ctl1clcssi vvl1ilc tl1ir1kir1g al)Ollt 111y g rc)SS C)\'Cr sig l1t, C)rlc i11ciclcr1t fro1i1 111') 11ast ciiei l)td)l)lc tlJ) ir1sieic 1ll)i I)S)·c l1c ar1cl scernccl to 111t1eiely tl1c vvatcrs c>r 111y

ll llCClllSCiClllS ciisrc g a.rcl c1f' t]1c ])articttlar SlClJ')! Clf' \VCllllCll.r - l J1aL fc-irgctfi.ti11css,

l i.)c li,c\ c , 111igl1t l1c1,·c l)cgltll- \vl1c11I vvas tca cl1i11gi11 l1igl1 scl1<><1l i11 tl1c S<>L1tl1

83

84 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

i11 I Y72.. A, ,. ·!1itc f<· 1111i1ist ca111c tc> S])Ca k tc> c>ur f 1culty a l)c>ut scxis111, a11cl 1

t()lc.l 111y i'< Illcl.lc c c)llc;-1g L1C tl1at l ,, ;-ts11't i11tcrcstccl i11 l1ca ri11g tl1c SJJCclkcr. ()f

C<)Ltrsc, 111·) C<)llc,-tg Ltc a s ked, '' \'\711)1 11c)t?' ' ,..\11cl I ;-1ttc111 1) tc c.l t<) cx1) la i11 tl1at L1r1til ,,vl1itc ,vc)111cr1 s t<)!)l)cc l r)a: 'ir1g !.>lack ,,·c)11c111s-b1,·c- , vagcs t<> clc a 11 tl1cir l1c)L1scs a.r1cl ta l.;.c c,:trc C)f tl1cir cl1ilcl rc r1;s tC)}1I)cci ir1sistir1g tl1,1t l)l,1ck ,vc>111c11 s i t ir1 l.;.itcl1cr1s ir1stca.cl c)f cii r1ir1g rc)o111s tc> c a.t alc>11c as trlC')' 11ausccl for lL1r1cl1;

L1r1t,il

vhit,e

v(>111e11 i11 111a ss r1it tl1e str ee ts a11cl tl1c lcg isla tL1rcs t<) figl1t f(n· tl1c

rigl1ts c>f' ))l a c!.;. vvc>111<·11 a11cl c l1ilclr c11; a11el L111t,il ,·l1itc vvc>111<·11 Cjltit f1<'c i11g t<>

tl1c SLd) Ltrl )s so tllC)i CC)Ltlcl avc)i c.l sc11cli11gtl1cir stL1clc11ts le) s c l1c)ol ,vitl1 '' tl1osc

J1C<)}Jlc 's c l1ild rc1,.1,

I \\·,-ts11' t rca li)' i11tcrcslccl i11 ,111)·tl1i1g1

cl ,vl1itc vV<>11;1-111 i11

tl1c S<)lttl1 l1ad t<) Sa )· ;-1l>c>l ll vV<>111c11's rigl1ts. Sc) l1crc I <111, still stl1ck., rcckc>r1- ir1g , vi tl1 n1)· sc c n1ir1g rcsistar1cc tc) tl1c sr)ccific })ligl1t c)f ,vc)mc11.

B11t it is tl1c 111iclr1igl1t l10L1r, a11cl vvl1at clc) I clc)? T l1c r c is SC) 11111cl1 tc> l)c s,1icl s11c­ c ifica ll)· a l1C)l lt ,von1cr1 lc a ch11g fc) r j L1s ticc; \vo111cr1 fig h ti r1g for j11sticc; \VC)111c11

Sl1fl't ri11g acrc>ss tl1c glc>l)c l)eca t1sc c>f i11_justice. \1\ '<) 111a11is111,·ersus Fc111i11is111.

'l 'l1c sL111g a11cl Lt1lsL111g s l1c-rc>cs , vl1<> f<) r 1l1<>L1Sc111cls c> r y<'ars l1a,:c ;-1cl,·c111cccl tl1c CclLtsc <>f l)CclCC, clc111c)cr;;tc)·, SJ)ir i l Lta l ,-t11cl l1Lu11;-t11 rigl1ts, 111L1sic cl11c.l tl1c arts,

J)l1ilc)S<1) ) l11), c1.>i s tc111c)lc>g ) r, scic 11cc, tccl11c1)l<)g)1, ;-111c.l fa111·i'l)C cr tair1l)·, ell lc>11g

las,t , c>l 11111csc)f l)<)<)k.s ,:trc r1c)\'\' l)cir1g read ;:1r1cla11t1lc)r ccl l)y a11d ,1l)<>1 1-t , vom c11

, vl1c_) 11,1 , ·c s 1 ) c)kcr1forjL1sticc dc)\v11 tl1c ages; tl1011gl1, tc>o o ftcr1, tl1c iclcas l)cl1ir1d

tr1csc l)c)c>ks arc 11c)t i11 tl1c })lil)lic cliscc>L1rsc·. S till, , vh) · a111 I, a11 c clL1c a tc)1 h,a, ­ i11g tc> ccH11c tc> tcr111s at tl1is la te elate \vitl1 111') c>, v11 c>l)livic>us sliJ) ?

\ \ !el l , tl l)i J)crs<>11al 11cglect i11 tl1is l)c><) k 111a y illu111i11<' tl1e c c>11L111clr L1111 <>f' a 11()tl1cr C.jL1cs tic)11, '·\ \'itl1 sc) 111clll)' \VC)1111c1 tcacl1crs i11 J1 Lti)lic scl1c)c)ls, ,,vl1c rc

arc tl1c lives <)f \VC)1111c1i11 <)Ltr l1istc)ry,

l)<)<)ks c111cl ;-tll c)f tl1c <)tl1cr tc x tl)<><)ks?''

\'Vl1),· ,vl1cr1 tl1crc arc 84 C\-'o c)f 11s i11 }-)t tlJli c sc l1<><)ls (2()12), clc) t <)<> 111al l)' c)f 11s

igr1c)rc tl1c pc),vcr ir1 <)11r 1111ml)crs tC> c,l1 tllc11gc tl1c sca.rc i ty c)f C)t lr stc)rics ir1

tl1c l) o o ks \VC 11sc tc> tc a c l1 Ol tr c l1ildrcr1? Ne) 111a ttc r tl1c rcsc a rc l1 s t11cl y cited,

t l1e sta tistics c>f t l1c 1) rCJ)C n1clcr a.11ce c>f 111;1-.le ,:c>icc s ,·c rs l tS tl1c>s c c>,f' v(> 11c11 i11

c clL1ca ti<>11a l texts is still <>\'<' r \vl1<'l11111ig. :\ l a a11,1 i S i11gl1 at Nl.)lZ i11 .'\1) r il 2() I

r CJ) <)rtccl tl1,1l '· ( ; c11clc r Bias Pcr\iclc.lc s· ·1 c x tl.>c>c)ks v\·c>rl cl,,·iclc .' ' \''cs , a11c)tl1cr

rcasc)11, IJ c s ic.lc ID ) ' 11;-1rcissistic 11c c c.l l<) ctssu;-tgc 11)' g L1ilt , fc>r tl1c r1cccssit)' t<) ir1cl11clc ir1 tl1is IJ<)<>k ;:1 stc)r)· al)<)llt , ,·c)111,rc1- vl1c) s1:>c a k fc)r j L1s ticc.

C lc,1rl)' r1c>t c r1<>L1gl1 ti1n c r c m a ir1s l)cfc)rc 111y d c a cllir1c tC) cl,c, c lc)}) ;-1 l c>r1gc r

, vc ll-rcsca.rcl1ccl l1istorical saga al)o11t ,vo111cr1 arid j11st ic c. Sc), i11 a tt c11111tir1g to

, vr i te 111);sc lf C)l l t c>f tl1is l) IL1r1clc r ,,·itl1 a11).- ser1sc (>f r CSJ)Cc ta l) ilit)', I ' ,·c clcc iciecl

tc> s l1a re C)ll'< , ,·c)l11a11's st<)r)·, tl1c st<) I")' c>f' a yc>u11g fi g l1Lc r fc) r j L1s tic e, <'Xlra­

<)r cli11,-1r c! H e r 11a11c is :\1l a isl1a :\,lc)scs.

Bc)r11 i11 i \ li·ic a . l)L1t r a isccl i11 Bc>s l c>11, sl1c is a grctCIL1a tc <>f H ctr va rcl v,d1c) c.licl

r1c)l lc c1,·c <>11r c l1ilclrc11 l)c l1i11d. v\"i tl1 H a,r, a r c:l's d iJ)lc)11;-t c1r1lc lier l;-1tcr 1 1,ts­

tcr 's clcg rcc i11 111;-1tl1c111,1tsic, sl1c cc)uld 11<>vv l)c n1akir1g six fig1,1rcs i11 1,111111)

WHERE ARE THE WOMEN? 85

,-1r c 11as i11 tl1is cc>t 111tr)·- Bt1t s l1c l1as cl1c>s c 11 a11>ct l1cr rc>utc. Sl1c kcc J) S i11tcllcct u­ all)' a li,·c, yet fi1i,t1icially slra1) )) <'CL tlirot1gli lier \\"<)rk lc,-lcli1ig tlic Yc>t11ig Pc o ­ J)lc's Pr<)jecl, cl1i <)rg ,-t1iiz a tic)1i tlial c.le, .-c l c)J) S ) "<)Lttli as 111;-ttl1litc ra C)' ,,vc)rkcrs.

I first 111et lier ,,·l1c1iLisa. DelJ)il a1ic.l I cre;-1tcd cl s i te iii :\Iia111i fc)r tl1c Yc)t uig Pe<)J)lc 's P rc)jec t, a SJ)i11-c)ff c)f tl1c 1\ lgcl)r,-1 P r c)j c c t. 1-\ t tlial tin1c lie r l)r<)tl1cr, O rne) l\Ic)se s, vvas 11rcsicier1t c)f tl1e Yc)t111g Pec)J) le 's Prc) je c t (\ t P P ) , ar1ci :\ '1a is l1a

,vas \\-c) r kir1g vvitl1 YPP l1clp ir1g to i1111 lc111cr1t a co1111c tc11c):-l1a s c c1 T ra.ir1i11g

c>f' T r a i11c r s ])rograr11 tl1a.t s l1c J)rc,·ic>t1sl)· !1acl i-1]) ])1-c·11ticccl f<-ir

,fi ,

c years vvitl1

.Ji111 Bt1r r t1ss, a r <'Jl <>vv11<'cl )) r <>i'< ss i<>11a l clc, :c l<>)) l1ic 1it C<>1is t1lta1i t. Sl1c ,1, ls<> S].) Ccl r lie,-l c.le c1 a 1ia ti<)llcll 111;,t1iag·e111c11ttc,:t111 l<) l)ttilcl tl1c lc;,tc.lcrsli1i ) <)f y<)t111g J)e<)11le as ,-1gc11Ls <)f cli,.111gc (Prc)filcs).

Tli,-tt ,,vas tl1c IJ egi 1111ri1g c)f 111·) \Jci11g clra,,v11t<) tlic ,1c)ice c)f :\ l c1isl1,.1,1. 11cl t<) lier

,vc)rl . I c)ftc ri accc)11J1),111iccl lier tc) scl1c)c)ls ir1 l\ Iian1i vvl1crc sl1c ir1tc r a c tcd ,vitl1

C)ur c l1ilclrc r1 a r1cl c,:a l t1,1tcd OL1r 11rc)g ra rr1, sl1,1rir1g lier ,1cl,·ic c a ) C)tlt l,1c) v to

C>J)Cr,,tc c11cl st1s ta i11C>ttr :\ l ia111i 'i'PP site. D t1r i11g tl1c>sc ti1,1cs, l1cr scrc11it y, l1c r l1t1111ilit y, l1<'r cl<'cj) list<'11i11g c1ualitics, a11cl !1c r c1ui<'t l<'a cl<'r s l1ir> st illccl a 11 <>v·cr­ a 1ix io t1s, o vcr-<'11crgctic 111c. Her g c11tlc1 1 rcsc 1ir c- , villi c,1cryo1ic iii tlic rc)<>111 vva s c11c)t1g l1 t<) ca l11 111y cl1igs t ctl)<)Lll tl1e elc n1e1itar y· c liilc.lr e11, tl1c l1igli scl1c)c)l 11c1i­ l<)rs , tl1e clis c)rclcr tl1,1. t sc)111cti11c1s cc)n1es ,,vitl1 )"C)t1r1gs ters tt1tc)ririg ,-·c)t111gsters, arid tl1c scl1c>c)ls ' t1r1cc>r1sciot1s <)p p r ess i c)rl c)f C>ur cl1ilci rc r1. i\f tc r e,·er)' m ce tir1g·

vvitl1 lie r, I ,vc11t l1011c1

ar1c1 tolcl 111·)sclf tl1a.t,I

va11ct cl to t)cco111c :\ I a is l1a.

Sl1c cc)111cs f'rc)111 a l ir1cagc c)f s tr o11g lc a .clc r s a 11cl l1ig h-c"tcl1ic, iir1g sit) li11gs. 'i 'c t, t l1crc is a c1ua li t)' tc> l1cr tl1<1.t scc111s a li11c>s t s t1r r c a l )·cs, s l1c's J) r c1ctic 1l , sc 11si­

l)lc, lc>g ic c1l- a li.<'r a l)l slic is a 111a tlic11ia ticia11- l)t1l i t is clilli c t dt LC> c a )) l ttr <' <)11

J)clJ)er lier ca1 ) ;-1c i t y' l <) cst;,tl)lis li tr ,.111c1 t 1ilil )' iii tlic 111ic.ls t C)f c:li;-tc)s.

H e r acc1de111ic c rc c.lc11ti,tls, lier tcacl1i1g1 cl11c1 fi11el')l1c)11c c.l listc11i1ig ;;t11cllca cl­

ersl1ir) s kills arc all stcrli11g. Bt1l it is lier cc>r1tir1t1<)tts cla )·- tc>-d ct)· str t1g·glc l<> '· r a is e tl1c flc)c)r" ( Ic)sc s a r1ci C c>t)I), 2()()1) c)f a c a clc11ic a cl1ie,·cn1cr1t fc>r tl1c ciisc r1fra r1cl1isccl; t<) r1ct, \·ork vvitr1 pco11lc across tl1c cc)ur1tr)1 to st1111o1r t tl1c

ccH1stitt1 ticH1al r ig·l1ts c>f c l1ilcirc11 tc> rc cc , i, c a c11t a lity· c clu ca ti<) 11; a11cl tc> tisc

l<) c>ls <)f' g r a c c f i.tl y<'t fir111 J) r i11ciJ) l<' tr> l) r i11g J)<'<>J)l<' i11tc> a c ircle fi·c>111 all cttl­ lt1rcs, )J<)litic;,tl )) Cr s t1a s i c)1is. ,-111cl ;,tgcs, rcg·a rcllcss <>f tlic lc\·cl c)f tlic ir cc)11- sci<>t 1s11ess, l<> s t;,11c1.l fc)r j t1s tice. Sl1c l1as cl \ \"ct)' <>f L111leasl1i1g1·tlic l1t1111,-t1i SJ) i ri t

l<> SJ)e a k fc>r tl1e g <><>ci , tl1e r ig·l1t, ,1.

I ,vill e11cl n1y stc>r)· ;-1l )<>l lt 1a isl11,

r1cl tl1c j lts t .

:\1c)scs \\'itl1 lier <>vvr1 vV<>rcis a lJ<)Llt lier , vc>r k,

,1\) c>t 1t l1, c.) , sl1c cicdic,1tcs lier life ,1r1lc" sr)c,1l s for jL1s ticc" :

\,\'(' ask you11gJ )('O]>I<' l<> giv(' tli<'ir a ll('ll(i o 11 to c-ult i,·,ttin g a11cl g ro , ,·in g th<'ir in herent a bilities to lea rn, lca <I, teach, ancl <)rg a n izc in <)rclc r to , ,·c>r k , ,·itli cacti other ar1cl tl1cir C<)111111ut1itics to i111pro,·c tl1cir n1a tl1c111taical literacy a11d to a clclrcss tl1c i11s tit11t<i)11al o l)staclcs to tl1cir s11cccss.

86 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

Sl1c fi.1rtl1cr cx1)lai11s Ll1aL tl1c , ,·clrk elf YPI"> i11Lc11cls tel C,l ]) l urc tl1c i111;:1g i11a ticJ11 c)f tl1c yc)L1Ll1 i11 clccc1)ti11g tl1cir L111ci1L1c J)C>s itio11s21s cl1a11gc agc11ls i11 sc >l,·i11g tl1c J)rc)\Jlc111stl1at tl1C)' 2111cl tl1cir cc)11111L111ities face. acts <)ft e11 r cs L1lti11·g i11 r)ersc)11al ,.111c1 cc)1nn1L111,1l lr,1r1sfc)rmatic)r1s. i\ 11c1, ,ls i111) c)rta11ll) tl1rc)Ltgl1 tl1c YPP prc)ccss, sl1c discc)\' Cr s tl1at )'C)utt1 c)ftcr1 " g r c),,· r1c,.v a11prc);.1cl1cs tC) tl1c c)l cl a.r1cl sc c11i11gl') i r1tr,1ctaJ)lc 11rc)l1l c1T1stllc)· face ir1 tl1cir scl1oc)ls" ( P r c)filcs).

References

l\,Ic)sc s, R. P & Cc)i.)\J, D. (2 ()() l). Raclica/ equations:Civil Rightsfro,n1.\l i ss1:\'s1j,JJi Lo

Lite r llgehrctProejct. Bc)stc)r1: Bcacc)rl Press.

Prc)filcs: l\1I,1isl1a l\.Ic)sc s. ( 2 () ()( j) . T /1e Joung Peoj1le\· Prq ej ct. R c tr ic,·ccl frc)111: 11t t1): / / t)1)}1- org/})rcyfilc / 151

Sir1gl1, l\f. (?()15). Sec P riya c:ool,: Gc11clcr l1 ias J)c r, : ,1d c s tcx tt)C)o ks

, vc>r lcl, viclc . ..\ PR i11 .AJ)ril. l{ c tr i,c, c ci frc1111 l1tt1):/ / \v, v,,·.11 ) r . c) rg / l) lc>gs /

g c) a l s a 11cls <1 cl a / '.2 () 15/()4/ 1Y/ 4 () () 4 8 C>'.-37 '.-3/ s cc-1 ) r i ya - c <>< J k- g c 11cl c r ­

l)i 21s1-)c

,r,

a clcs-lextl)c)c)ks-vvc)rlclvvicle

Calm down, relax; it

isn't that big a deal

by Sarah Schultz

\•vas sc,.:cr1. I l1carcl tl1ltr1dcrir1g a11d tl1c r1c)i sc C)f large cl rc)J)lc ts C)f r,:1ir1 s lasl1ir1g tl1c vvir1clc),,·s. ::\iI).- 111c)tl1cr l1acl gor1c to tl1c store tc) t)t t) · grc)ccrics.

U11li kc 111.): ! ) rc>t l1cr a11cl sislc r, , r l10 , rcrc })reo cc tJt

) ic ci , ,·i tl1 tl1c tcl,c,

isic) 11

en· CC>Jl l j) tt tc r, I J) c c rc cl <>tit t l1c , ,·i11lcc) \ V a , v,,1iti11g 111') 111c>li1cr's rc l t1r11.

'l 'l1c)t 1g l1ts IJcg,-t11 to r,1cc tl1rc)t1g·l1 111,,1 111i1c1l. I·11 /z p isn·1 size hacl-.· J1 e!? J-loze·. 111ru 1 )1

(._ I.. \; - - -

ff

nzinutes does it ta/.;,e to gel groceries? TI' ha! .1-/ze ,got into a car accident? T 1/ lza! zcould I do

if 11?,J' nzother jJassed awq J'? 1\ { r fitt!ter can't coo/,.. TI'ould he re1nar1r? \.\\ tl1 C)' CS glLtc c.i tc) tl1c , r ir1dc)\•V, I CC)ttl clr1' t l1cl11 t)tlt J)rc)c css tl1c , ,·c)rs t 1,c)ssii) lc C)lttcc)111cs. l\I )' storr1acl1 cl1tirr1cd a,11cl 111)· t)rc a tl1i11g t)cca111c s l1a llovv a r1cl ).:Ct tl1is ,vas jt1s t a rc>t1ti11c tr i]) 111y 111c>tl1cr n1aclc tc> t he g rc) CCr )' stc>rc, c;-1c l1 ,vcck.

l3ttl , ,vl1c11c,·cr I l)cca111c a11x ic>t1s a 11cl , ,·c>r r iccl, ])CC>J) lc clc>sc tc> 111csa ici I ,vas

l)ci11g "tc)c) sc11siti\·c·. ' ' ()r " I t 's _jt 1s l 11c) t tl1,,1ll)ig of a clc a l." 'l 'o 111c·, it ,vas ,1- ·· t)ig

clcc1l.'' Ye t I k11,c,v sc)11c tl1i1g1

, ,·;-1s 11c)t rigl1t. v·\

11,1 ,vcrc <)tl1cr kicls 111·) ,1gc cll)lc

tc) !Jc t111c1ffcctcd IJ)' si 111ila r sit t1cttic)11s, ,,vl1ilc I cc)ttlc!.11't j)Ltr g c a 11xict)' frc)111 11)'

l) r a i11? I ,,va r1tccl tc) tell n1)· f,111il)' l1c)\ \',I vas fcelir1g,·iJllt I !tad tc) \)c tl1c l1c,:1ltll)'

c)r1c. ::\1I ). olclc r t)rC)tl1cr l1ad l)ccr1 cliag11c)sccl ,vitl1 Crc)l1r1's clisc,1sc, a.r1cl11)· sis­

ter I1- acl a r,1rc fc) r 111 c)f ca 11cc r. Sc> 111)· 11;-1r c 11ts tl1ot1g l1t thC)' l1a cl , r c>11 ll1c

gc11ctic lc) tlc r)i ,vl1c11 I , va s l)c)r11. Ne> , ,.isi\) lc J) r c>i) lc111s. l xCCJ) t tl1,-1t I clich1't vvc a r 111y J) l'C)l.)lc 111scx tcr11a ll)·, l.)ttl i11ct r11a ll y. I vvas clc ,1l i11g ,vitl1 111y o , v11 r;-1g ­ i11g stc)r111.Tl1at stc)r111vvas 11c,·cr aclclrc ss c cl t111itl 111L1cl1 later i11 111·) li fe.

· A.s I c11lerccl 111') fir s t y·c,.1r c)f tcc1cl1i11g i11 2()11, I felt a11 i1111c111sc lc,1 cl c)[ J)rcs­

sttrc frc)111 111·) ,1cln1i1is tra tic)11, 11)'1

tc;-1111111c1tcs, ar1ci 111')stt1d c11ts l)c c a l tsc I r1clcl

1111s)clf tc) sticl1 l1igl1 s t,1r1cl,1rds. D ltC tc) f,1n1ily cxp cc tat ic) r1s, I tl1c)ttgl1t I l1acl tc)

l-) c f) Cr fcct. I oftc11 fot111cl 111)·sc lf , vo r1")'ir1g a t)o t1,t ,l1a t J)co 11lc tl1o tig l1t of 111c

a11,cl

vc>11clc ri11g if ,I

,·ere tca c l1i11g tl1c cc>r rc c t r11atcrial. I , vc>u lci rcrt111 scc11a r­

ic)s c),·c r ,-111clc), ·c r i11 111y l1c,-1cl a 11cl 111akc 111·)sc·lf' f< c l g t1ill)' if sc)111cc)11c , va s clis­

a1 1l 1 c)i11ct cl i11 111')

a c tic)11s. B')

l\I,,1rc l1 c)f '.2() 1 2. I l1acl 111acle 111ysclf sc) 111c11;t-1ll)1

a11cl J)l1ysicctll)· ex l1c1t1stcc.l, tl1a t I fi11all)' clcciclccl t<) seek a1 )rc )fe ss ic)r1al.

87

88 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

l11it i,,1ll)', I l1acl rc s is tc cl s c c i11g a J) r c>fc' ss ic))1a l l)c c a t1sc I cl icl 11<1l , va 11t le> l)c

lal) c lc cl as a '' c r clz y J) Crso 1,1..

l "ro111)) rc \·ic)Lts )) Crs c>11al t·x11c r ic 11cc s, I , f<

ll t l1at I

,vc)t1lcl !Jc jt1clgccl i11cc)1111c tc11ll)') C)ll1crs if I askccl fc)r l1c1l1. I felt I , ,·c)Ltl cl l1a,·c

tc) kcc1) tl1is a secret, SC) 11c) C)l lC , ,·c)ttlcl sec 111!)" crazir1css.'' O ,·c r time, 1·c1 r1c>ti c c d tl11, t tl1crc , ,·as a. stig111,1attc1cl1ccl tc> r cc c i, ·i r1g n1cr1tc1l l1c a l tl1 scr,·iccs, a.r1cl tl1at J)COJ)lc vvl1c) st1ffcrccl n1c11t,1l ill11css t}1)ic a ll)' clicl riot scc111 tc) sl1arc

t he ir J)r c>l) lc 111. ;\ ccorcli11g tc> P a tr ic k ,v. C c>r r iga11 a11cl 1\111)' c:, ., \ 'a tsc)11, t,vc>

rcs c ,,1rc l1c rs vvl1<1 l1a \1 c s Lucliccl 111c11t;.:1[ stig111a, "Stigr11as al)<>Lll 111c11tal ill11css scc111l t) l)c ,,·iclc l y c11clc)rs c cl l))' Ll1c \1\'cslc r11vVC)r l cl'· ('.2()()2). la11y ti111c,s111y C)vv11 1: l111l)i! 111c111IJcrs a11cl fi· ic 11cls ' " ' C)t tlcl tell 11c tl1a t I ,vas l.>c i11g clr a 111,,1tic,

c111d tl1;-1t I j t1st 11ccclcc:l tc) cal111 clc)vvr1 ;1: r1c.i relax. :\ s if it ,vcrc tl1;:1t c aS)· '

zt·anted t<) feel a11xic)us.

. \ s if I

, \ Tl1c r1 I t)CCc1111c diagr1c)scc, l ,·itl1 g·cr1crc1l 1\ r1xict)· D iso r clcr (C1\ D), I felt like I

t1acl fir1a ll)' crackcci tl1c cc)dc as tc> , vll )' I IJcg a11 cacl-1 clcl )' fccli11g a11xio t1s a 11cl

11c r, ,.c>t1s . I t111clcrst<">C>cl ,vl1)· I vva s11't cll)lc le> le t a si1111)lc 111si ta kc gc>, c>, r , -11)' I

f <· lt a 11cccl l<> a 1) <>l<">g izc 11r c>f1'.1sc ly if I l)clicvccl l l1,,1cl <>fl

'< 11clc cl S<>111cc>11c. l'\, t>

,·,

tl1c)L1gl1, life slarlccl le) 111akc sc 11sc. I vvas t;,1t1g·l1t IJ)1 a tl1cra11ist le) C\ 'cll L1;1,

tc 1111)

c irc t1n1sl a11ccs. If I felt ;-111xic)t1s al)C)Ltl s c)11ctl1ir1g,,I ,·c)t1lcl ;-1s k tll )'Sc lf, " ' \lc)t tld

tl1is 11,1t tcr ir1 1() 1n ir1t1tc s? v·\ c)t1lcl tl1is 111attcr ir1 ;:1r1 l1c)t1r; i11 a cla)'; ir1 a 111c>r1tl-1; ir1 ,1 )' C,1r ?" I l c ,1r r1ccl to J) r a.ctice clcc1J l-)rc a.tl-1i r1gexercises tc> l1 c l1) a.llc­

,·ia te tl1c J)fl),.s ic a l a s1Jects <)f tl1c a11xicty. I vv,1s s t1r1)r ise ci l)y l1c)vv 1n t1cl1 tr1csc

sec111i11gly si 111) lc tl1i1g1s t111c<1 111) lica tccl Il l) ' vvc>rlci.

Bci11g i11 Ll1craJ)Y l1<- lr:Jc cl 111c tr> t111clcrsta11cl lll )i tl1i11ki11g )) l'C>c <·ss , lo !)c, a va rc

c)f , ,·l1c11I, ,,

a s l1a\·i11g cl J1cl11ic ;.1tta ck, a11cl tc) clc vclc:JJ1 sc)111c s kills !c)r l1c)vV le)

rc111,.1i11 c a l11 i11 strcssfttl sitt1;1, tic)11s. It frcccl 111')111i11d a11cl <)11c11ccl 111c LIJ.) LC) cl

r1c,v ,.vc)rl cl c)f rc1tic)r1al C)J)J)C)rtt111itics. I fe l t tl1;-1 t 111)' s lc)r111 l1acl fi11;:1ll:1 le t LlJ.),

a.rid ,I ,·as a l)lc tc) cc)rltr ol 111)· a r1xic)t1s tl1c)t1gl1ts. I felt as tl1c)t1g l1 ffi)/ l)rair1

cc>t dcl fir1all)· figt1t 111y i)a .ttle c>f ,1r1xic t)· a11cl co t dcl c c)111b a t tl1c fear ar1cl ,,vc)r­

r ics, sc> I c c>tdcl, fc)]· tl1e first ti111c , l)c 111ysclr. :\.1f) tr t1e se lf'. I c c>tdcl gc> tc> the

l)<·,,1cl1 <>11 a c lo t1cl)i cla )i, vvitl1<>L1t vv<1rryi11g if tl1c ra i11., , tl1at if tl1c rai11 c;,t111c, I cc)ttlcl c111IJ r a cc it.

<>t 1lcl co111c. I lc,,1r11ccl

A gia11t lcclJ.1 ,vas 111)' l)CCC)11i11g· t111;,tsl1a111cccl)f sc c i11g ;.1 tl1cra1)ist. Yet,, , vl1c11I sl1arcd 111)' r1c, ,· fc)u11d c11ligl1tc11111c11t ,,vitl1 fa111i·l)a11d fricr1cls, I 11c)ticccl tl1c rcactic)r1 tl1,1t I ac tt1all)· c1l,v;:1)·s l1c1d l)ecr1 cxpcctir1g. Pcc) J)lc 111acle n1c feel a.s if

I vvcrc 111ak.ir1g 111')

s yn11JtC>11s1

tC)C> l)ig a deal. T llC)' k.CJ) t ir1sistir1g tl1,1t if I

, vc>t dcl jt1st i)c J) <)s i,ti, c, ,I

vc>t dcl l1a,·c the sa111c rcstdts as tl1c ra J.))

!)rC>t1gl1t.

\ \ !itl1 tl1c ir 11cga ti,·c rcactic))lS tc> 111).: a111) rc c ia ti<">11 fc) r t l1cra11y, I vvas 11c> l<>11gcr clisa111)c)i11tccl i11 Ill )'Scl f 1.) t tl sc>rc ly clis,11.11)o i11tccl i11 tl1c rcactio11s c)f tl1c J)COJ11<' I l1acl 111c)sl lr t1s tc cl.

, \ Tl 1c11 <)tl1crs tc11d le) 111akc ;-tssu111.1tic)11s,tl)c)ttt isst1cs st1cl1 els a11xict)·, clc1 ) r c s­

s i c)r: 1 sc l 1izc)J)l1rc11i;:1, a r1cl l>i J)C)l,tr dis<)rclc1 it c;:t11 111;:1kc a J)crsc)r1 ,vl1<> is

CALM DOWN, RELAX; IT ISN'T THAT BIG A DEAL 89

s tr t1g g li11g \,·i tl1 t l1csc cc>11clit ic)11s rcfi.1sc <) r resist gc tt i11g l1c1l ) . )l r c>fcssc>r c>f

P s) ·c l1iatr y, c; rcgory 1(. 1-'r ilz ('.2()()7), i11clir ,-1tccl tllcl l " l o st co 11cc r11i11g fc)r cl1ilclr c11is tl1c f,ict tllcll il lca cls J) a rc 11ls t<> a \i()id sccki11g J) S;lc l1i1,t ric trca t11c111l

tl1at c<>Lil d clra11.1: tic.1: ll y i111Jr<>\ ·c tl1cir cl1ilci's c<>11cliti<>r1'' (p. 8). Fritz f<>ur1ci

tl1at " I r1 a rcccr1t stucl)· c>f I, 134 /\ 11c1rica.r1 f),1rcr1ts, fc>r c xa11111lc, ,l l)<) Ltt 3()( 1 o

saici tl1C'{, \,· o t1lcl r1c>t \ra11t tl1cir cl1ilci to l)eco111c fricr1cls \\'itl1 a cl1ilcl \vl1c> l1acl

cic11r ess io r1 a11cl 2 51 saici tl1c s;-111c aJ)c>t1t a cl1ilci \vitl1 1\ D H D. r\ h11c>s t 2 ()( ¼>

} 1

c)f t l1c sa1111) lc c \·c11 sa icl tl1cy vvc>Ldcl 11c>L vva11l a c l1ilcl \,·itl1 citl1cr clisc>r clc r (<> l i\iC 11cx t clo o r. lZcs1)<>11scs l<> ll1c sa111c c1L1' cs tio11rcg;.lrcli11g cl c l1ilcl \,·itl1 a j)ll)'Si­ cal ill11css SL1cl1 as clstl111a1vvcrc 111Licl1 111<>rc g c 11cr<>Lts '' (JJ. 8).

i-\cc <>r cli r1i.2: l<> ll1c rcsc,1rcl1 c<>11ciLic tccl l>\ i I r c 11c C <>\ ' c1r r L1,l>i :1s c111cl l\Icck\·L111i.2:

L 1 ,, I L 1

H .:111 (2()11), J)C<>JJlc vvi tl1 scri<>LlS mcr1tal ill11csscs ,:tls<> CXJ)c r ic r1cc clcc rcasccl q Li,1lit)· <)f l ife, fcvvc r jc>t) O})J1C>rtLir1itics, clccrca.scd Of)})<)rtLir1ities for C> )ta .ir1ir1g r1<)L1si11g, cle c rc a.sccl c1L1a lit)· of l1caltl1 cc1r c, a 11cl ciecrcasccl sclf-estccn1 (J). '.-3 1 7 ) . C)t1r c tilt ur c tc>C> c>ftc11 cic>cs 11c>t tc11cl tc> sec 111c11ta l ilh 1css ,-1s a 11 a cc <'J) ta l)lc ill- 11c-ss; ;.-111cl, tl1L1s, \·icti11s c>f tl1is ill11css arc cc>11sta11tl)· cx1) c r ic11c i11g· J) f ( jL1clicc a11cl s tc rc <>ty7) i11g·. I t is 111L1cl1 111<>rc accc1)tccl l>)1 <>Llr CL1ll L1r c l<> l1a\1c s<>111c tl1i1g1· 1>ll)iSiCclll)· c r ir>1>l i11g·tllclll S()l11Ctl1i r1g tllcll is 111c11ltla)' c r i1) r>li 11g.

T<><> <>ftc 11, tl1c 111cclia l1,1s iclc11tificd 1>r <>l>l c 111s <>f 111cr1tal l1ca ltl1 \,·itl1 })S)1cl1<>- 11atl1s a11cl c r i1n i11a ls. O tl1c rs <>ftcr1 assLimc tl1at issLics vvitl1 n1cr1t,1l l1ca.ltl1 ,1rc cittc tc> c l1ilcllil,_e J)Crcc 1)tior1s. Or tl1at tl1c 111cr1ta.ll)1 IUST l1a\iC' vvca!,_ cl1arac­

tc rs (C c>r r ig a11 a11,cl 1\' a tsc) 11, 2()()2). T l1c>sc })Crcc1)tic>11s rci11fc>rcc tl1c stc rcc>t)·I)C

tl1al J)<' C>J) i<' s l1c) Lticl l)c afi·a icl c)f a 11yc>1-1c \,·itl111-1c 11ta l ilh1css. i\ cco rcli11g tr> Sc>ci,-1!

L c ,-l r 11u1g tl1c<>r y, 11c<>11lc , , ,

J1c> 11;.-1, · c 11,c,

c r cx1 Jcric11cccl c>r k11c>,..1, 11 a11)1<>11c \vl1c>

,l1 1s a 111c11ltaill11css Lise tl1c tclc\·isi<>11,11c\YSJ) clJ.)C 1:. ;-111d <>tl1cr 11c clicl s<>t 1rc cs l<>

ir1f<>r111 tl1c n1scl,·cs ;-111cl create JJcrccr)ti<)11s acc<>rcli11g t<> tl1<>sc i111ag cs (S t<>Llt ct al., 2()()4). U r1f<>r tL1r1atcly, J1C<) J1 l c vvitl1 111cr1t,1l illr1csscs l1a\'C' l) c c r1 J1C>rtraycd ir1 tl1c 111ccli,1 as vic>lcr1t a.rid arc, ir1 fact, rarcl)i rC'J)resc11tccl \.vell. Ir1 or1c s tt1Cl); P a tr ici;.-1 ,-\. Stc>t1t a 11cl l1cr cc>llc ,-1g t1cs r CJ ) C>r t tl1a t ·' ( ; tdti\·;.-1ti c)1 1 tl1c c>r ) 1 s t 1g g cs ts

tl1at l1c ;.-1\ 1 ) · C'X))<>st1rc le> C<>11sistC'11l a11cl r cc L1r r c 11l 111C'ssa g cs <>11 l <,'ic ·isic>11 \,·ill

·reiterate, cc>11fi r 111, a11cl 11c>t1risl1, ' ·;.-ll Ltcs a 11cl sl1a1)c J.) Cr c c1J ti<)11s <>f s <>c i a l r c a l il)'

l() C()llfc>r111 l() lll()SC1 >rc s c 11tccl ()11lclc, ·isi<)Il" (S t()Lll Cl ell., 2 ()() 4 ) .

111 tl1c JJ,1sl, T \ cl1ar;-1clcrs, tl1c 11c \,·s s t<>r ic s i11 tl1c 111ccii;-1, a11d <>flc11111<>v·ic s l1a\'C f) <>r tr a)iCd J)C<>f)lc \ritl1 111cr1tal ill r1css as \·ic>lc r1t, Lli l ,l J)J)r <)acl1al:>lc , ,1 r1cl t1r1trca tal)lc. U rl>a.11 ccit1c a t<) r L is,1 D c l11it (Delp it, I 5) SLiggcsts ir1 lier rcscarcl1 al)()t1t J)C)\\'Cr a 11cl 11 ri\·ilc g c th,1t " ' 1\'c clc> 11()t really sec tr1r c) t1g l1 c>ur

C)' C'S ( ) )' l1car tl1rC)ltgl1 C)l ll' C'a r s, l) ul tl1rC>Ltg l1 C)lll' !)c!ic fs, " rr tl1c 111cclia is tile

()llly SOLlfCC \ "II (' LISC l() fc1r 111OLtr j L1clg111c11lso r iclcas ;.-111cl S<>c ial isSLICS, tl1c11 \ \' C

arc cl<><>11ccl l<> l <>11sid c cl J) CrCC J) l i <>11s <>f rcality.

N c\·cr tl1clcss, l>csidcs fccli11g d iscr i111i1cl1li <>11 fr<>111 tl 1c gc11crc1l J><)}>t 1la li <>11, tl1crc is als<> a sclf-s tig111c:1 tl 1c1t l<><>11s. R csc a rc l1cr s D. L. S tL1c11kcl a11cl \ 1i\·ia 11

90 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

\ \ !c)l1g, i11clica tc ll1c1t "Stig111atizcci i11cli\·iclL1a ls r11a y rcs1)<111cl tc> t l1c rcactic>11s

or ()lll('rs i11 a \ 1 a r ic t v,,; or \ \' cl VS . ' l' l 1C\i arc ()ft.c11 llllSLlJ'(' ,ll)C)Lll ll1c a Ll i l Lt( l c s ()r

; ' ; '

<)tl1crs ct11cl, tl1crcfc)rc. 111ct)· feel a cc)11slct11t11cccl tc) 111akc a g c)c)cl i11111rcssic)11. I11cli\·idt1als li\ 1 i r1!.?: ,vitl1 sti:<::,>111a c c1cl1 a11c{ c, ·c r , r d a , r c l1c><>s c l<> c.tccc1Jt sc>c ic L\ r's C>r <)tl1cr·s \'iC\\'S c)f t l1c111, <)r cl1c><>SC tc> reject <)tl1crs' cliscrcditir1g \1icw1)c>ir1ts''

L J \ ; ; ;

(2 () () 9 , 11. 4 9). l\f a rl') f)C'Of)lc ,vl1c> feel sclf-cc)r1scic>t 1s a l1ot1t tl1cir n1cr1t,11 ill11css

tisc str a teg ics st1cl1 as J)assi11g; CC>\ 1 c r i11g, clisrcga.rcli11g, rcsistir1g, r <: jc c ti11g, a11cl isc>lati11g t l1c111scl\1c s tc> clc f1cct tl1cir i1111cr f< c li11g,·s l l)C>Ltl tl1cir 111c11tal ill11<·ss

(S LL1c11kcl & \1\0'

11g. 2 ()() S ) . ' l 'l1csc i1111cr i'<

c l i11·gs Ccltl li111il a 11 c r s <> tl fro111 sc c k­

ir1g l1cl1) <)r Lrcc1L111c11l. \ \111c11\VC lctl)cl a11cl calcgc)rizc 11cc)1)lc vvitl1111c11tal ill­

r1csscs: it c.1iscc)ttrc1gcs a11d c)ftc11 tl1,rarts tl1cir sc r1sc <)f l>ci11g c111 ;1: ccc11tcc1.

l1t1111ar1 l)cir1g ir1 tl1cir S<) CiCt·) ' St1cl1 l)c l1,1\·ic)rs ir1cr ca.sc J)COJ)lc's scr1sc c)f

sl1,1111cS. c)cictics a.r1cl tl1c n1c clia. create tl1esc so cia l co11str t1cts, ar1d too oftc11 i11l1il)it J)e<111le frc>111 re c c i\1 i11g tl1e care tl1a t tl1c)· 11c c cl.

l\f)' rcscarcl1 l1c l1)c cl r11c u11clc r s tc1.11cl tl1at C\1C r )· l) ra i11 clc>cs 11c>t fL111cticn1 tl1c

sa111<· \Va·)· H L1111a11s arc 11ot a "cc1okic CLtt tc r" Sj) Cc ics. 111 tl1is vvo rlc l, tl1crc c1rc

cli11:crc r1t i11tcllig·c11ccs, clilTc rc11l 11l1ysica l ,1l)ilitics, cli11c:rc 11t 1 c rsc )11;:1li tics, clif­ fi:rc11tgc11ctic 1nakcu11, etc. Pcc)1)lc <)ftc11 c.lc) 11c)t t111clcrslc111cl tl1;:1t , ,·c l1a,1 c dif­ fcrc11t , v,1)'S c)f t1sir1g <)ltr l>r a i r1s. NC) t,vc) l)r;:1ir1s c>pcra tc tl1c sarnc. NC)t c,·cr1 t,\·ir1s ,(l\I c c lir1a, 2() 14).

l\ Icr1tal illr1css stig111as kcc1111cor)lc 111isir1for111cci abotit tl1c 11re11or1clcra11c c c>f

tl1is ilh1css 111 <1ttr \ VC>rlcl. () ftc11, fc>r 11a rc11ts , it is l1(1rcl tc> a cli11it \vl1c11 a cl1ilcl

111a·y 11cccl l1<·l1). l.)a r <'llls 111ay· tl1i11k it 111<'a11s tl1at tl1cy 11, 1,c f 1 ilccl. Ho,,·<'\'<'r,

rcscctrcl1crs like (;rcgc)ry; l r itz SL1gg·cs t tl1al 1)arc11ts sl1c) L1lcl l)c J) ra i sc cl ic)r l1clj.)­

ir1g tl1cir cl1ilcl l)uilcl sclf-cs lcc111 IJ)1 ctch11illi11g tl1crc is a 1)rc)l)lc111, a11cl tl1al tl1crc is trc"1t111c11t fc)r tl1at J)rc)l)lcn1. O tl1cr"visc, el s tl1c J)arc11ts cl r c tl1c C)11cs

,vl1c> 111ak.c ,111 c)f tl1c leg a l clccisio r1s, cl1ild rc r1 ,vill r1c>t rccci,:c tl1c r1ccclcd sc)cial scr,·ices if th cir r)arer1ts i)c lic'\ C i11 so c ic t)·'s 111c11tal st ig111a a 11cl ig r1c)rc t l1cir cl1ilcl's c c>11cliticn1.

1;1r tcacl1crs a11cl J)arc11ts, j)Cr CC J) t icH1 c>C 111c11tal l1ca lt l1 scr,1icc is kc)·· It is i1111)orlc111l tc> LL11clc rs ta11cl tl1at 111a11y c l1ilclrc11 ell' <' 11c>t g c t t i11g tl1c 111c11ct1l

l1cclltl1 relief tl1at tllC')

11cccl a11cl clcsc r,·c l)cC,lLtsc c)f tl1csc stig111as. I k11c)\,v

tl1at I- \VC)ttld l1a,·c l>c11cfittcd frc)111 tl1is k11C)\\·lc clgc a11cl trcctt1nc11t clt a y<>t 111g

age ...-\s a tcacl1cr, I vv,1r1t tC) J)rc>tcct cl1ilclrcr1,vl1c) CXJ)Cr ic r1cc tl1c sa111c frt1stra­ tic)r1. 1\l tl1c)t1gl1 tl1csc cl1ildrcr1 111,1y· rlc)t CXJ)rcss tl1cir rr1er1t,1l l1ealtl1 issL1cs C>f)e 11ly; ti le)· arc i11 r11,1r1y C)f C)ttr cl,1ssrc>CH11s s ilc11tl) · l)cggi11g fc>r l1cl1). .t\ s cl1al­

l<'11gi11g as it \Vc1S f<1r 111c tc> clcal ,vitl1 111y C>vv11 c111xic l y fi"<Hll c1: 0 11ly i111,1gi11c 110 \·V clifl ic Ltll it lllLLSl l)c ic>r ll1is g·c11cr c1tio11.

)·c>u11g age, I cc1: 11

· A..s cl C L1ltL1r c , \·V C scc111 tc) l1a, 1 c l)cc11 sc11t tl1c vvrc)11g 111cssclgc. 1l c11tal ill11css is r1c)t s c)111ctl1i11gtc) l)c asl1;:1111ccl c>f P L1sl1i11g a,,v;:ty <)Ltr 111c11lctl l1calll1 11cccls , \·ill

r1c)t 111c1kc lts l:>cttc1; r1c)r l1,11JJ)icr. Bccc>n1i r1g 111c>rc <>J)cr1, , , itl 1 cx1)rcssi11g <)Llr

CALM DOWN, RELAX; IT ISN'T THAT BIG A DEAL 91

f<-·c l i11gs a11cl 11c>t f'<

c li11g asl1a111ccl tc> SJ)cak a i) C>ttl tl1,c

v<1)' c1ur 1111i1cl,s

vc>r k

111gi l1t a11cl1c>r OLtr i111a g·i11a lio11s i11 !1c a ltl1y co11lcxts. 'l 'l1crc arc sc1 111,1111)l)cclLt­

tifLtl ll1i11g·sc:t l><>L tt l1L1111a11l.>c i11gs ct11cls<> 111L1c:l1 cacl1 1)crs<>11 l1,1s t<> <>11'<:r tl1is

vV<>rl c,l. Vl1)· vV<>Ltld, - v,c, va11t clll )' 1><>J.>L1lali<>r1 t<> l>c silc r1c:c cl i11 <>rclcr t<> c<>r1-

fc>rm t<> tl1c social r1c>r111? F c c li r1g sl1,1111,c 1l><>L1t ,t cl1cn1ica.l i111IJc1 la r1cc ir1 <>Ltr

t)odics sccrr1s like ,1 tl1ro,vl),1cl to Ltr1c11ligl1tcr1cd ti n1cs . 1\ s 1\ risto tlc 011cc saicl,

" l t is the 111ar k c>r a 11 c clt1ca tcci 111i11cl t<) l) c al)lc tc> c1 1tc r tc1i11 a tl1c)t1g l1, t ,·itl1c>t 1t

;,1c cc 1) ti11g it" ()l }1ilc>s<1 l) lc>g , 2()1 2). S c1c ic ty 11c·c·cls lC> c l1;,1llc11gc tl1c vic, vs tl1a t

tl1c 111cclic:t ! ) <>r l ra ys ,tl)<>Ltl 111c11t;,tl il l11css, vvitl1c>L1t l)li11<l accc11t;,t11cc. ,l orc­

<)\icr, i11 scl1<><>l s, s l 1<>L1lcb1' t \ '\ C l>c c r c a li11g S}Jaccs , vl1crc all cl1ilclrc11s' 111c11la l

states ,1rc accc1Jlccl a11ci gi,,e11 l1c;-1l tl1)· ;-1ttc11ti<>r1, s<> tl1;-1t t!1C') mcr1t,1l frccclc>n1 a r1cl a relief fr<>m ,1CLttc s t1ffcrir1g.

References

cc:111 c x1>c r i c 11cc cl

C: <>r r i g ·,1 11, P &, \ \ :';:tts<>11, ,.\. C. (2()()2). l.lnrler1·t.anrlinglite inzjJacl qf stignla 01z jJeojJl e

z.cith n1('1ztal ill nes,s,. \ 'c>rlc l P s)'Cl1iatr)·: l ( I), I (5- 2 () .

C <>'\

;-1r r L1l.>ic:1s, I. & Hc1r1 ).11

. ('.2()11 ). ).11c11tc1lH c a l tl1 Stig111,1 ctl><>Ltt sc r i <>Lts

mc11t,1l ill r1css a111c>r1g ).'IS,r\

5() (4)) 31 /+.

s tt1clcr1ts: so cia l cc>r1tc1c t ar1ci a ttitticlc. Soci(t! TI rJ1k

D eIJ) i t , T.,. ( I ) )5). Other Peoj)/es (:hilrlre1z: (iultural ( /o f!fl.icl in the ( i/a.1sroo1n. N c,v Yc>rk: Kc,,· Press.

l ·itz, c;. I( . ( 2 ()( )7 , l\'c) \! Cllll)c r ).

Stig111a a11cl c l1ilcll1c>c>cl 111c11lal illt1css: C c111

a,c.I,

o c a lcs l L1r 11 ll1c ticlc? 'l '!1c

Brc>,,v11 L11i,·c·rsil\ i C!1ilcl a 11cl ,\clolcscc11t

Bcl1a,·i<>r Letter 23 (11), f1.

i

, 1 c cii11a ,J. ('.2()14 ) Brain Ru Les: T 1/irin,,g.

\ Ta s l1i11gt<> r1,D.C .: Peer Press.

Pl1il<>S<>l> l <>g . ('.2()12). I t is tl1c n1c1rk <>f a11 ec lLtCcttccl111ir1cl t<> l >c c:tl>l c t<> c r1tcr t,1i11 a tll()ltgl1t ,,vit rl()Ut acccptir1g it. Rctr ic\-C: ci fr<>m r1tt11:/ / 1)l1il<>Sil>l c)g. co111 / 2() 12 / () 3 / () 7 I it-is-t l1c-111a rl-c-c>f-ar1-cclLtca tccl-1nir1cl-tc)-t)c-a i) lc ­ to -c11tc r ta i11-a - t l1c>t1g l1t-,,·itl1<)t 1t-,1CCC'J) tir1g-it/

S tc>u t, P ,.\ ., \ ' illcg a s, .J., &.Jc1111i11gs ' . ,.\ . (2()()4). I111agcs c>r 111c11ta l ilh1css i11

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Creating paradise

by Martha Barantovich

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93

94 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

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CREATING PARADISE 95

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96 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

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at anythin g other than a l >a s ic / rc 111c dia l lc·, ·('I. '!' lie sch<H>i, your tc ac li('rs,

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c111esti<)r1ir1g tl1c I)ra.ctice s c)f trackir1g a r1cl l1cgc110111)' arid clitis111 a r1cl

CREATING PARADISE 97

css c11t ia lis111a11cl tl1c s tr t1Cl L1re c>r tl1c s t.a tt1s c1t1c>. I fc>L111ci 111ysclr clisl1ca r tc11c cl a11cl isoL-1tccl i11 till' scl1c)o l a11cl rcacly to 111akc rc,11 cl1;,111gc. So I left .

I tell tl1is stc)1..y 11c)t l)ccaL1sc l 11,l\ 'C c!c)11c grc;,1t ,vc)rk. I tell tl1is stc)ry l)cCaL1sc IlC)\·V I sec, ,ls a cc)llcgc }-)rc)fessc)r i11 tl1c J.)rc-scr\·ice tcacl1cr J.)rei-) cc>urscs ell cl la rg e t1rl:>,111 t1r1i1\crsity, l1c>,v cas)· it is tc) Lt11cc>11scic)Ltsly mis-cclLtCclle c>tlr tcacl1- crs i11tc> asst1111i11g tr1c false 11otior1 tr1at tl1crc is a rigl1t/ ,,vr c>r1g t)irl.:lr)· set c)f c x1)cricr1ccs tl1.:1t s l1o ulcl n1akc ttf) cclt1c.:-1tio11 ,1r1cl classrc>o111 practices. /\ r1ci if tl1at's tl1c l)clicf. t l1e11 tl1crc arc ri tl1t/vvrc>112· st uclc 11ts vvl1c> vvill cc>11ti11uc CHl tl1cir cl1c>sc11 1) a tl1 a11cl sc r \1c· tl1c S)'Sll'111tl1aL l1as \)cc·11 crl'atccl. l\1)i ,vc1rk 11c>vv is aclclrcssi11g tl1c stattts c1 t 1c) l)y tc,-1c l1i1g1· 111·ystL1clc11ts tc> cle \.:c lc)J) ct ])l1ilc)SCl) ) ll)1 c>f cclucatic>11 tl1at clc>es11't l.>cgi11 ,vitl1, " I l.>clic, ·c ,-111 cl 1ilclr c11 ca11 le ,-1r 11 .. .''; r,1tl1cr, iclc11tifies ,,vl1at tlic)· l.>c li c,·c al>c>ut tl1cir J.)cclagc>g·)· a11ci f)l1ilc>sc>1)l1y·. 111 a clcircssir1g i11cc1t1itics .:1r1cl justice i11 c ciL1ca tic)r1, 111y· t.:1sk. r1as l)ccc>n1c r1arrc>,v­ ir1g tl1c O})J)c)rtt111ity· fc>r cssc r1tia lisn1 tc) gair1 rc)c)ts. I also ,va11t to CXJ)ar1cl tl1c la 11g·1ta g c tl1.:-1t tl1csc )'C>t111g tea.cl1c rs ,,·ill l)c usi11g tc> t111clcrsta11ci vvl1at is l1a1)­

/ ( , ( ,

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st1cl1. i\ 11cl vvl1ilc I cl})}-Jrcciatc tl1cir cffc>rl i11 tl1cir l>clicf tl1at acstl1ctics 111attcr,

! '111\VC>rk.i11g i11 c,1r11cst tc> acldrcss tl1cir t111clcrstar1dir1g a11cl a, va rc r1css c>f jLts­ ticc .:111cl to i r1crcasc tl1cir ,1l)ilit)1 to l1a\-C' a \·oicc. If I c.:1r1 l1cl1) tr1c111 get

g ro t111clc cl c11c)t1g l1 SC) tl1,1t tl1c)· ca11 SJ)Cak tip for tl1c111scl\·cs, it is 111·: l1C)J)C tl1at

t l1C)' c a 11 tra11sfc'r tl1at sa111c g rc>t 111cii11g tc> tl1cir stL1clc11ts. ' l l1is vvay. vvc c a 11 l1a\'C ,l collccti\•c 11;,1rrati\'C' tl1at is ai) C>Ltt c l1a11gc a11cl!) ro g rc ss ;,111cl jL1sticc a11cl a d \1 a11ci11gtl1c C>J.)J.)CJr tL111ity· c>f all stL1clc11ts. It ,,va s11·l u11til )·c a r s la te r, \\·l1c11I

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tl1at I r,1r1 across tl1is c1t1otc frc)111 l)c!l l1c>ok.s, ·'I cr1tcrccl tl1c classroo11,1 ,vi tl1 tl1c

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....cclL1c a t ic>11 tl1aL cc>1111ccts tl1c- , vill to k11c>,, · , , · itl1 tl1c- , vi ll le) l.)c c c)111.cLca r11-

i11g is c.l l)lctcc , vl1crc })c.tr,1clisc ca11 \Jc crcateer· (J.). 14). Herc's tc> clc1ssrc>c>111s tl1at rcsc111l>lc 1->ar,1clisc.

A sample of texts, '' must-r e ads: ' for pre-service teachers, along with suggested videos

Dcl1-)it, Lisct. (l9S):1). Other Peo/Jfe \ C/zildren. :-Jc,v \''c)rk. NY: :( c ,.v P re ss. Iclr1tc>sl1, P " ' 1\711itc Pri\·ilcgc: C111Jacki11g tl1c i11,·isil.>lc l.>a c k.J.)ctck'' (l 98S)).

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98 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

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, l o se s, J o a 11 \ \1y1111,c

Er11cstc) C(Jrlcs, Jr. cl11cl L is a D cl1) il (Eels). Q3,ali{r

Eclucation as a ( ',ivil Riglzt: C'reating a grassroot.\° ,novenzen! to trcn.ifornz jJublic sclzoo/s

(I) }) . 4 9 - (19). B<>sl <>11: Bcc1c<>11 P r ess.

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Pa r i & Irar1 Sl1or (Eels). Erlucation is Politics: c·ritical teaclzin/; across rl_ifferences.

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References

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Poetry school

by Alex Salinas

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cr;-1tc. "If ycJu s l1cJvv ti)), y<Jll g·ct tc111 ) cJi11ts," a1111c) u11cc·s , :\ I r. i·\ clc 11vvall,.1, i11

vvl1al l1c tl1i11sk <Jf as l1is ri11g111aster \iC)i cc. ''If yc)Lt l)r i11g a c;-1111c1cl g c)c)c! as ;-1 ic)c)c! l)ct11k c!c)11atic)11, )'C)tt get 2() 11c)i11ts." :\ 1l r.• .\ clc11,\·ctlla ;-tsks s l L1clc11ts tc) 111a ke

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99

100 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

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()11e else Cct11 ,-tsk l1it11 L111vvelc<)111c c1L1estic)11s <)r 111akc L111,,·elcc)11c1 C) 'C cc)11tact.

H e ,,val ks tl1rc)L1gl1 tl1e C<)lleg·e c;-1111r)L1s, ,-1 c <>Il\1ertcd c>fficc c<>1111>lcx c)f r1i11c l)<)X)' l)uilclir1gs co111r cc tccl l)). a vvcl) c>f ,,·all vv,1y·s. H e 's lc)<) kir1g at tl1c tl1c>t1gl1ts ir1 l1is l1cacl risir1g lik.c tl1c S})t1n1c of acicl or1 111ctal. ·'I car1't l)clie\•C tl1is is tl1c

first cssa)·,· \! l1(1t a11 iclic>tic a ss ig11111c11,t. \111)• clc> ,,·c l1a\r(' l<1 clc> t l1is? \r\ r1a t a

J)ai11. \ Vl1a L a 1)ai11. \ Vl1<> clc>cs tl1is g·L1y tl1i11k l1c is? He is sc>ft.. sc> 1'111 Jl<>l cl<>i11g it. \.\' l1al is lie tryi11g tc> clc)':"

l g11acic) secs l1i11s1clf i11 1.l1c cl c1: ssrc)c)11 ag,1i11. lc)<)ki11·gat l1is c),,v11eyes \va11clcr­

ir1g ;-1r <)L111ci, l1is C)·c s sl 1rt111ck11 g rc)tcsc1t1cl)' s111;-1ll, dice rc)lli11g l)ctck a11cl f<)rtl1 ir1 tl1c so ckets. H e secs l1i111sclf ,1 l>lc:1stccl ,,v<)<>c.le r1 clc>ll, j<)i11ts l>r <>kcr1, f)LIJ.)f)Ct stri11gs sr1i1)1)ccl, arid al)a.r1clc)r1cl. He feels ar1gcr ar1cl feels tl1c ,v<)rd i{/iot. l o·u·re

an irliol. H e secs a11 axis acrc>ss tl1c classrc:>c)1T1, ,vitl1,l\

[ r. 1\ clc-11\\'a ll,1 at c)r1c J)C>lc

a11cl l1i111sclf i11 C>J)J)C>sitic>11. frliol'. l' l1c ,vc>rcl a11cl its cc l1c>i11g ccH11c fi·cH11 , ,·it l1i11

like ti1111itL1s, at ti111c·s l)a r c l)i a L1clil)lc, al Li111cs risi11g tc) a screccl1.

lg11acic) fi11cls l1i111sclf i11 111ci lcllc c)f tl1c c;;11111)L1s. He is clisc)ric11tccl, tr yi11g· le) get C)Llt l )Lll, as it 11,-ts tL1r11ecl <)ttt, 1>ullccl i11t<) tl1e cc11tcr. ' i\11 Y<>L1r D r e c1111s Start Herc'' reads a lc:1rgc J.)lacard ,vitl1 red lcttcrir1g. f\ r r<),,vs }l<)ir1t ir1t<> tl1e t)L1ildir1g tl1at l1c>L1scs rcgistratior1, fir1,1r1cial a icl, ar1cl acl\·iscn1cr1t.

POETRY SCHOOL 1 01

·,·J

,n sor1 )', hill I /{fl /0.1/ fa.1i {,y·,

hf lfll.1 an ad,ninislralor .1La11rl,:,!n!, behinr/ an

il?Jhr,naLion table.

' ·l es. I /-.,nozu. ,.she .1·r{J's. "IL can be a little ove11.u/1ebning at_firs!. Big /1/ace. ·,

" I can· 1 A·eejJ all tltese bui/din,gs straight in ll J' hea{/," h.e SC{J'S. ((It all loo/cs the sarne.··

H e ,J) 1sscs tl1rc)tig}1 a cc)tirt)·,1rd lir1cci ,vit}1 tl1c f1.:1gs c)f rn a il)' r1atic)r1s ir1tc) tl1e r1oisy cit)·· H e })icrccs tr1c 1nc111l)r ,:1r1c l)ct,\·ccr1 tl1c ar1cstl1ctic C)rclcr C)f tl1c can1J)t1s ir1to tl1c 1TlCSS)' arclc>r of tl1c cit)·· J\ car hor11 I)icrccs l1is l)t tl)l) li11g t l1c>t1g l1ts as l1c arri,·cs at a ])us l)c 11cl1. ()11 tl1c l)t1s , l1c fi11cis a sca.t i11 tl1c l)a ck. i\ 11 (>lei , v<)111a11sits 11cxt t<) l1i11,1;:1ski11g ir lie k110 , ,·s tl1c st<>]) f<>r tl1c fi ·(·c c li11ic.

lg11clc ic) 11c>ticcs tl1c l)lastic rc)sar)· clr c)t111cl lie r 11cck. '·I clc)11t'

"G C)cl IJlcss ) 'C) t l."

k11c),,v: ' lie Scl)1 S .

I {lln here

to be

1uilh jJeoj,/e.

f·1//{y ar f )'Oll lltakill!,!, ll.\' rlo this?

***

r 1 ·;?Y should lcr1 J er1 d the /1oor zt·hen the /Joor zuanl lo .1/ r{-v /Joor?

T l /{J1 r/o the /Joor leave so rnuch garbage on their .1/reets?

Ir tftis.fiJr a grade?

T 17 l J1 {/o tlzose jJeople:\' hurtg7J' children wall.{lround their neig/1borlioorl1· all alone. u1zrarer.lfo1;2·1tlnerable to their Ol t 7l bullets?

r'I 7 /{y rlo ) ' OIi turn us IOl('(/ /'d evil?

i 1 1,/9

lt'oulrl zu f .1/Jar•f

.:J.riaJ11 L anza ajir1 r zt•hal h f rlirl?

I I 'l{Y does he deserve a1 J1 co111f1a.1sion cifter lchaL he dirf?

T l // J1 c/oesn'!_ )'ou-r J·llabusnzenli.01z e.v:tra credit?

T11710 {/o..rou thinf vou are a1i }'le: av?

..,, - ...

***

Ig11acic> H t1r ta clc>

1/ 6 / 14

I:.::\' C I ! (J I

P re )( ,-\cic11\.Vc1la

D ia g r1c>s tic Ess,1.)-: C r ca tio r1S to rie s

E x t rc111cl y l111) c)r ta11tNote: 'l 'l1is is l.)asccljL1st (>tl 111' )i111gai11atic)11, ,111cl l c!c)11' t 111c,1r1 it to l)c tl1c trt1tl1: I .:1111 tt1rr1ir1g tl1is ir1 as ar1 exe rc ise ir1 c rc a ti,·c ,vritir1g

acc<> r cli11g <>J) t ic>tl #?, i11 y<>t tr i11str L1c t i(>t1s, l J) rc l'< r tl <> t t<> c c>tl l j) a rc Il l) ' " tr;.-1cli­

tic)rlcll'. crcatior1 stc)r)' tc) a11c)tl1cr (<)11ti c)r1 # 1) C)r t<) ,111,l l)' ZC ,rl1.:1t it n1c.:1r1s tc)

111c (c>J) l iclll # 2) i11 tl1is c11\·irc>11111c11t ;.-1s I f'<

) 'C) l l a 11cl c11cj-))·

cl tl1at is lc>La ll)· t111ca llc cl f<) r.' l' l1a11k

102 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

Re visin g Salvation

111 tl1is css;-1)·, I ,viii Lcll ;-1 s tc>r ) i tl1aL i<)<> ks at a 11c·\ v ,,.c rs i<>ll c>f' tl1c ( l1risti;-111 c rc ­ a tic)11 St()r y kll()\·\'11as c; c11csis, \Vl1icl1 is cl rcl,1ti()llSl1i1) i.)Cl \VC Cll c;()Cl ;-111cl l1is

S<)rl cx1) la i11i1g1 tl1e 11alLire <)f l1Li111a11 IJ c i11gs, I , vill attc1111)t l<) i11tc r1)rct tl1c

Bil>l c as vvcll ::1s n1!) k11c>,\·lecige <>f C l1ris, ti 1 r1it)' tl1aL 111akcs Ll}) n1y SJJiritLi::1li t)··

Fi r s t <,)f

1:1

ir1 tl1c l)cgi.11r1ri1g, tl1c Lc)r d aln1igl1ty , r,:1s f1c)a tir1g i11 tl1c , r,1st c111J)­

tir1css <)f s11acc. H e f<)L1r1cl tl1e c1111t1ir1ess L1r1l)caral)lc sc> fir1all)· sc1L1c e z c cl it i11to the llrst , \·c>r ci, , ,·l1ic l1 ,,vas 1<1,: c. /\ II l1c \v;,111t c ci \Vc:'lS l<)\:c , S<) l1c 111a.clc his sc)11

tc>g c tl1cr til e),·

vc>r kc ci CHl c rc c1ti11g tl1c 1: a r Ll1 like a

,j c

,·cl f1c) c1ti11g 111 tl1c cc11tcr

()r ll1c Llll i,·crsc .

Sccc)11c,

ll1,,

tc) 111akc tl1c sk,

\1 ll1c L c)rcl a s kccl l1is SC)ll le) rL111 as fast cl11cl as f:lr els

l1c C<)Lild S<) ll1e l)lLlC field s , ,·e r e l1is <)}Je11 l1ea rl, ll1c sky ,,·cts ll1e first la L1g-l1tcr. Tc) 1nakc ll1e <)cea11, tl1c Lc)rci l.>r<>ugl1t l1is S<)Il i11to cieeJ) slec11, S<) tl1c , ra te rs

, rcrc tl1c>sc d r c a11s1 tl1cr1 tl1cy 11air1tcc1 tl1e gr,1sscs ar1c1 trees. T l1c)·m,1dc tl1e

a.r1i111,1ls OL1t of tl1c 111t1cl. TI-1c I,1r1,ci ,·a s ra tl1er a11d so 1111I c1yi11g.

Or1 the C>thcr l1,1r1cl,

,it

ras C>r1 the

,sc

·cr1tl1cia)· tl1at ,vc c;-1n1c ,1l0 11g. Tl1c T,c>rcl

, v,'u1tc cl tc> res, t !)tit tl1c sc)11 \vas restle ss, !1c vva 11tcc l tc> kc CJ) J) ia )·i11g, !1c vva 11tc cl

le) 111akc Ll1c vvl1c)! c s il L1a l io11 a s i1111) lc g;-1111c, l1c ,,·a11tc cl le) ll1ro,v clicc, i11 cl fit

<)f crazi11css lie CC)l)ied l1i11s1clf: l1c),,·c, ·e r, i t , vas a IJ;,1cl C<l) )) ' fc)r <> rll) r g<)cl is

g <)cl, HE is SLIJJre111,cl.)Llt lie - , vas a f<)<)lisl1 s <>Il.

FL1rtl1er111<>re, tl1is <)L1tr,1ge<)L1s acti<>r1 e r1ragecl tl1e L c)rcl S<) li e J)L1r1isl1ccl l1is so r1. ·'\ \)ti ,1rc a l)<)r t cc l, tl1c C>r1e , r l1c> n1a .k.cs tl1c fat,tl crrc>r." Lik e a ,vratl1fL1l 11s t the I.,o r cl's \V<)rc ls J1Ln1cr1ccl the sc>rl. H is !)rol cr1 tee th, tr1e l) lo o cl fro111 his

111c>t 1tl 1, !1is Lcar,s ,·2ttc rc cl tl1c Ea r t h, l1c la)· 111c)ti c) 11lc ss 0 11 tl1c g rc>t111cl vvit l1 tl1c

J) c1i11f t.1l c111gc r i11siclc l1is tc1111)lcs. ' l 'l1c Lcars fl· ll i11t<) t l1c g rc, L111cl, all tl1c J) C)iso11 l1as l)cc11 sc)clki11g ll1c g rc>L111cl c,·cr si11cc, ,,·c tr)i le) c lc a11 <)Ltrselvcs SC) Ll1at , ,·c

::trc })Lire.

111 C<)11clLisic)11, tl1is is tl1e l)ig secre t. Tl1erc , v,1s 11<) 111agic r il) <)r frLiit tree ir1

J) a r a d is c. I t's LIS, ,vc ,1rc tl1c sir1, tl1c sc>r1, tl1c s,1111e sc>r1, l1as l)ecr1 c tcr r1,1lli)

, va lk.ir1g tl1c c,1rtl1 t<) stiffer to srl<),v tis ot1r sir1 ar1cl ,,·asl1 l1is ovvr1 fro111 l1is

l1a11cis.0 111)1 sc>111c <)f tl1csc 111c11 l1,a, c l)cc-11 r c111c111l)erecl, ,ve ;1-rc the 111si ta kc

tl1at cc>111cs fi ·cH11 lc>, ·c , tl1at's l1c-) \ v I sc·c it \Vitl1 111v i111a2·1i1atic, 11 111 tl1is s tc>r \ '.

.. ( / ,I

***

l'\ ;-1tl1cl11icl G ree11ficlcl-Ba1 )tis te l.)Ltrsts tl1r<)Lig-l1 tl1c cl<><)r <)f tl1e cl;-1ssr<)<)111 al) <>L1t l1alf,,vc1).: tl1r<)L1gl1 tl1c J)cri<)cl. .1-\ll tl1e dcsk.s l1a,1c l)cer1 J)L1sl1cd t<) tl1e

, va lls, clissc>l, ·i r1g tl1c fa11i1liar fc>r, va rd -f,1cir1g gricl ir1grair1ccl l)y l 2 yc,1rs c>f

sc l1c>o lir1g.1\ ror)c is s11iralecl 011 tl1c c)1 c r1eci Sf)c1cc <)f tl1c gra)· tile n<) Or 11·0 111

tl1c cc11tcr C>t1t, va rcL l\,fr. f\ clc11vva lla ca111c tc> c- L1ss I :1 111i11utcs c a.rly· tc>cla.1) tc>

a r r a 11gc ')2 L111lit ca11cllcs ell r c g Lda r i11tc,r, a ls c1lc) 11g· tl1c lc11gtl1 c,r tl1c s1 ) ira l.

POETRY SCHOOL 103

"'( ) 11 Ill )' gcicl, J)lc,,1S(' tell 111c I clicli1't 111iss it!" atl1a11icl says. I-le fi11cls tvvc> g i r ls ,,vll () l1av·c !1('CC)111c l1is clcsk 11cigl1l)c1rs, J)('Cks c;.;1cl1 011c 011 tl1c cl1cck, ;:c111cl

c l1c)r tlcs i11 G r i11·g,c>-

tccc11tccl S ]Jc111ils1: "Esta11 111Lt) ' 111Lt)' li11cla s 11(>·) '

Tc CJ Lticrc)

mL1cl1c>!'' £\ ·c r vc>11c, i11clL1dir1!! 11Ir. ,-\clcr1,vallct, rcs1J<>11ds , ,·i tl1 c1r1 ur1cctS\' s111ilc.

I \... ,

''.Jt1st i11 ti1ne, clcc1r fric11d,'' 111r. ,-\ c1er1,.v;:1ll,1. sc.rys tc> Natl1,1r1icl.

1 1I r. l\ clc11\,·alla sta11ds clt <>r1c cr1ci c>f tl1c rc>c>111 \\·itl1 l1is s tL1clcr1ts, all , vasl1cd ir1 tl1c ligl1t c>f a.11in·1,1gc projcctccl 011 tl1c ,vl1itcl)c>arcl. Grccr1 ar1cl red 11cl)ula.s risi11g i11 C<)s 111ic i) la c k11css softc11 i11tc> tl1c l)ackgrc>Lt11ci for a J)Ocr11:

E vf l) 'Onf

11 (;or/.1/Jr)akill/!-,

1 · 1 ;?Y not be jJoLite anrl Listen lo Hi,n?

Tl1c g11c>stl)· digit,.11 le tte rs sec111 tc> n1clt ir1tc> tl1e i1111->crfcct letters tl1c stL1der1ts l1a\'C l>r;:1ir1stc>rmcd <>rite> tl1c l>c>ard lc><>1>ir1g c>r j,:1ggcd le t te rs, son1c strctcl1ec1 ir1to l1icrogl)1)l1ic t)caL1ty tl1,1t car1 c,1rry ir1cic1)cr1cicr1t 111car1ir1g l)C')'<)r1cl tl1c cri\)s of tl1cir 11a ti\:e ,vclrcls, <)r sl1rL111k i11to s l,1 r1ti11g illegil)lc tracks <)f tcxtL1al crL1111l)s, tl1ickcts criss -c rc>ssc cl ,, ·itl1 J) a tl1s i11 a vvilclcr11('SS.

J.,,rzr!lt lr )arns hozt' lo_/ J' + rotk knozcs hou· Lu sr!J1 I /ovr_you lo his rhi/rlrrn

.-lzue?nzirarlts? ?aliens? rzgua astiroirls alonzs

.Set "i,zvented''??? Q--ue? D\J jl

T he ji1st celll 0 1e/ leg 1\ f JSTERJ.

ashes to a.sizes rlust lo rlusl

.Veolo11v

hal2r 111on/-. J1 s LPal'e !hf lrff.1

.,-ij·ira - - - - - a/L the races

His face in dark projector light, Mr. Adenwalla reads from his smartphone

Grace 1\'fcH11c11l I: Great E111cr2:e11cc. Ot1t ()f tr1c 111\:stc ric>t 1s c l1a os sc)111c l '.-3.8 l)illicH1 \·c a r s a12:c> ti111c. SJ)c1cc, a11cl c11cr2:\' stal)ilizc i11t() tl1c 2.ift ()r cxistc11cc. ()L1r C 11i\·c rsc is l)c>r 11l1c)l a11cl ti11,v ...

< ' ;

1,J ( / <.J

i\ \VC)111a11 i11 lier sixties, tl1c c>lclc s l s tL1c.lc11t i11 ,I r. ,-\clc11,va lla 's classes tl1is sc111estcr, flits <>Llt c>f tl1c clt1s te r. " Lista!'' sl1e sa )1s, lctki11g lier JJlacc al tl1c C>Ltl -

er111<>st ca11clle. H e r s1n c1. ll, sn1ilir1g face J)L1lsc s ,vitl1 e11crg, ·) tl1crc. 111 Cul>a: sl1e

,vc>rl"cd ,1s a I(i11clcrg,1rtcr1 tcacl1cr fc>r 2:) )·ca rs r)cfc>rc i111111igratir1g to tl1c C11iteci S ta tes, ar1ci s l1c r c lisl1cs l1cr role i11 tl1is stagecraft. She's ,,vca ri11g ,1 s111art l)luc SL1it fc)r tl1c SJ)cci,,11 c>ccasic>11. ·' I l)clic\1 C it 111 tl1c Bil)lc, tcacl1c1 " sl1c Scl)·s g rc1\'('l)', "l)L1t I tl1i11k tl1at ca11 l1c tl1c sa111(' vvitl1 tl1c l.1ig l)a11g. ()k?:'

104 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

Sl1c slc) vVI) · ! )c1 1cls clc>,v11 Le> lig l1L tl1e ca11clle. i\ 11 C>J) e 11 fla111(' i11 Ll1c c la ss rc>Cllll

a viola ti(>11 (>f c,11111)Lts1) o licy Ll1 ,.1t lr. Aclc1-1v, a ll,.1k11c>,,·s ca11 r('SLtll i11 SL1s1 )c 11- si()11()r e\iCll ler111i11ati()11, j Lts l like la)·i11g )'C)Ltr l1eacl clc)vv11 l() take a 11c111 i11

)' ()Ltr ()ffice. l()a11i11g c-111 ()fficc kC)i l() a st L1cle11t, ()r sr1ea ki11·g()Ut clL1rir1g tl1e des­ igr1atcd (>fficc l1c>t1rs J)(>stccl C>rl l1is dc)c>r fc>r ,1 CL1t),-1r1 C( )ffcc l)CJ()St .-lt tl1c cafe­ teria <lcross tl1c street.

Tl1e st11lcc r1t lifts a J) ()Ster of a l)lack cr()Ss e11ge11clc r ir1g a s ky of stars, ar1

<)ra.11gc s t111, a gray 111c>c>11. ··Jr tl1e t)ig l);-111g is tl1e trt1c; tl1c11 vvl1c> cl icl it?" Sl1c

1)aL1scs, sc,-111s { 1ccs, 111akcs a11 i11ter rc1g ,1- ti,·e '·aaaaaaaaa!t?"

-- 1l y ))iClLtf(' s l01 , vs it tl1a l 111ayl)c it is tl1c Cl1ristia11 gc)cl ,vll() 111aclc tl1c !)ig

l>a11g. It ca11 l>c. 11(>?"

O rie c,-111cile f1,:t111e al cl tin1c, tl1c s tL1c.lc11ts lrc1cc tl1e l1istc)r,

v (>f tl1e 1111i·,crse.. :\s

tl1c di11()saurs gi,,c ,,·a)' t(> 111a111m.-1ls, it is Igr1,-1c i c> H L1rt,1cl(>·s tur11 l(> ill11strate

<l crcati,,c grace n1c)111cr1t: tl1c e\i()lt1tic)r1 c)f flc)vvcrs 11.:.l n1illic>r1 )·cars age). He st <1r1cls l1e forc tl1e illicit J)Oi11ts ()f light. 1Ir. /\ clc11,,·alla sc r1ses a11 ir1frarccl c rc>vv11 a rc>u11cl I g11;-1c ic> 1111tc l1 !)rig·l1tc r tl1a11 tl1e J) l lll ),- na111c.s'·I ,vc>tt!cl like tc> say Le> tl1is vvl1c>lc c lass l1erc, 11(> tl1,.111k yoLt l<) tl1is acti,·it)i.·, 111 l g·11a c ic>'s )) Ul.)l ic

c lassrc)c>111, ·c)ic c , tl1c ,,·c>r cls cc)111c C>Ltl at ,-1 lc),verccl c>c t,a, e , J.)L 1sl1cc.l tl1r()t1g l1 a

st rc1ir1er. '·r\ c>Lt k11c>,, ·, 1 '111rc .-111·) tr yir1g, l>Ltl I c.lc>11't agree ,,·itl1 tl1is. I'll jLtSl tc1kc

tl1c C()r1sc1c uer1ccs." H e st,-111cls \Jack ,,·itl1 l1is .-1rn1s c r (>sse cL face lc11sc. H is r1cigl1l)c>rs ir1cl1 .-1, r a ) ' tc> 111a kc a l)ttffcr.

l\Ir. 1\ clcr1,,v<1l la ar1r101111ccs tl1at if Igr1acio ()r a r1),-0 r1c else is ir1tcrcstccl ir1 a r1 a l te r11a ti,·c assig1111c111t; lie clc>csr1't 111i11cl ·'r11aki11g cl clcc1I." 111 rCSJ) CH1sc, Ig11a ­

cic,>

v,.1lks tc> c>tl1cr c11cl c>f tl1c rc>cH11, 11c>isil·y clt·a g·gi11g a clcs k, a11cl s its tc,>

,·rite.

He scr,-1lclies avvay al a ft.1rioL1s )) a ce. l1cacl ,-ll111cJsl ! ) r c ssc cl clc>,v11 t c> tl1c clcsk­ l(>J).. -\t tl1e e11cl c>f tl1c cl;,1ss, lie i11lcrr t111tsa gr()LlJ) c>f s l t1clc11ls aski11g· Ir. 1-\ d c11,,valla c111cstic)r1s L<> drC)f) a fc>l clccl )'Cil()\,v lc g .-11-1>.-.tJ)e r r1c>tc c>11 tl1c clcsk.

''T l1at's f()r' '()Lt; ," lie sa \J·.s t)l.-1r1kl\I·. '· I felt I l1acl to ,,·rite it ir1stcacl c>[ clc>ir1g_, cos111i,c- valk tl1i11g."

tl1c

Fc>r tl1c fir s t ti n1c, f()r a SJ)iit-SCC()r1cl, l\ fr. 1\ d c11,va lla l1<1s a cl()SC lc>o k at tl1c ta tt()O Clll Ig11a.cio's 11eck. ,-\ J)i11k !) ul)! )! cg t1111l1ea.r t ,vitl1 t.vv<) claggcrs crc>ss i11g it, l)i c>c>cl clr1i) 1 ) i11g fi·o111 tl1c l) c>ll<> 111, lake c>f lire lick.i11g Ll))\varcl.· l 'l1c u111)crilccl l1c,-1rl

crc)sscs ever sc> slig l1tly' c)11tc) l g11;1: cic>'s ja,,· a11cl c l1cck. St1cl1 a slc>J)J1)1 at1lc)gra11l1,

tl1i11ks Ir. i-\d c1-1,valla. ()fl a c a11,·as tl1c.tt c c-111111;,1kc s11cl1 J) r cc is e J)C>clry tl1r(>t 1gl1 mir1isc11lc gestt1res. H (>vv 111ucl1 tl1at 11cccllc 11111st l1c1:,c l1L1rt (>r1 sucl1 tl1ir1 flcsl1!

l\Ir. 1\ dcr1vva ll,1 1111ts I g r1c1. cic>' s r1c>tc ir1 l1is J)()Cl c t .-1r1cl \\'alks tc) l1is c>ffice, J)ay­

ir1g attcr1tior1 tc) tl1e cor1t<1ct <)f c<1cl1 stc11 011 tl1c g ro1111d, S()L1r1clir1g tl1e ,,vc>r cls

f ·'f /.jusl take the ron.1equence1. i11 l1is arl)c)rec1l 111i11cl C>v·cr a 11cl c>,·cr. r l1c \VC)rcls rt1s­

tlc like lca \''( S, flc)al c,l,c>

rC)()lS.

·11 tl1rc>ugl1 Ll1c ca 11<>J)) 1, a11cl fall a, va )' i11Lc> gr<>L111clless

POETRY SCHOOL 105

i \ t l1is c1flicc l1c lc)c>ks tl1rr>L1g l1 vvl1a.t l1c tells v·isitc>rs is !1is l1ack,,·arcl , vi11clr>,, -,

lc)r it <>11c1 1s. i11co11rgL1c>L1s l):1 i11tc> tll<' l)L1ilcli11g ratl1cr tl1a11 C>L tl lo tl1c l.) L1s y

s tre e ts a11cl s tr i1) 11c1tlls ell tl1c cclgc c>f tl1c ca1111 L1s. H e C>CC L111ics ,-t11 i11tc ric>r

c>fficc tl1.-1t c>, ·c r lc>c>ks a ,·,1.

st cc>111>1L1tcr l,11> ,,vit l-1 a ca tl1cd r,1. l - li ke ceili11g.·

He secs

tl1c to11s of clc>zcr1s c)f l1c;1csi. S tL1cler1ts a.re vvriti11g sc l1c)c)l a ss igr1111c11ts, cic>ir1g l)oc>l._ r e p o r ts 011 classic 1\111crica11r10,·els, cioi11g jc>1 1r r1,1lsC)ll \.vl1,1t tllc)· lca r11ecl tc>cla ) cic>i11g Povvcr J)C>i11ts fc>r c>ra l J)r cse1 1ta ticH1s C>Jl c t1rr e11t c, 1 e11ts, cio i11g vvl1a t tll c) i' rc tc>lcl, , ,·r it.i11gCHl l 1'rtcf1 hook, c -111aili11g clista11t f 1 111il)· 111c111l)e rs , vV,-lSl i11·gSlcllC J'('S()Llrc cs , a11 1 1 l)'i11·gi<)r g c)\'('l'lllllCll t a ss istclllCC, ! ) ()Ltr i11g ()Lil !C)\" C le tte rs, l1a tc 11,-1il, 11c1>,, i11g ,-1,·c1lars i11 \iir tL1a l r cc1litics,11a ) 1 i 11g l>ill s . 11lag·ic1rizi11g

a11d 1)rc>se l) · tizi11g,mc>,·i11g tl1rc>L1gl1 clin1 c11si c>r1s c>f c c>11ft1sic>11 a11d d iscc>, 1 Cr )·, reaclir1g tl1e 1\l ia nzi Herald, reaciir1g Si{/dhartlza, reacli11g Fifi_)· Sha{/e.1· qf Gr{ V, rc a clir1g T 1:i kiperfia.

1\ t tl1e tOJ) c)f tl1c c c1tl1cclr a l, tl1rc)t1gl1 t he l)t1l)l ) le of c c)1111)11tc r 11c) ise a r1cl s ta tic

ele c t r ic ity a sccr>11cl vvi11c!c) \ v rc,·cals tl1c s k·)' l\'fr. i\ clc11,,·a, ll1 111t1st c r,111c l1is

11cck le> get j L1st tl1e rigl1t a11glc . He l1as l)cc·11 fi:cli11g tl1e sky-like lc>11gi11g LC>Clc1y. H e l1as l)cc11 s11c11cil11g c>11c c>f !1is 11cric>cls i11 tl1e ctirlcss 11lc1c,c, ·itl1i11.H e

k1,1c> vs ,vcll ,-1 ri111)ec:l l1iclcle11 l.)leecli11g. J 11st l.>e fc>rc lie reacl1es tl1e e111>1ti11ess,

tl1e c n111ti11es,s 1l>c>11t tc> cc>111c ag·ai11: lie l>11r11s a \\'cl)' c>11t, c11gL1l[s tl1e c>L1ter

\.vo rlcl, cla r1cc s fire ,1rc)11r1cl tl1c rr1assivc glass a11ci steel str11c t11r cs sc,1lir1g l1i111 ir1. Tl1is is l1is d e,iC)tic>11, tc) l)t1r11i11g.

H e rcacl1cs i11tc> l1is I)C>ckct fc">r I gi1a.cic>'s 11c>tc, feels 111c>ist ccH1tac,t vit l1 tl1c

11a11c r, l1is, s ,·ca t c111cl l1is st11clc11t's. lg11a c ic>'s l1ig a11g1da r lc tt<'r s , tll<' s ic kl<'cl

s11i11cs, tl1c sci L1arc se r ifs feel sl1ar11-cclg c cl i11 l1is e)re s .. \ f t.e r li e r cc tcls it., l1c feels

a grea t ilc>,vi11,g, ·itl1i11.H e feels s11c11t., J)arts c>f l1i111 l >r, c -1ki11g c>ff like l>rittlc

f>c.lJ:>e r . \;\'c>rd s c 111crge. "I 11ecc.i tc> cic> s c>111ctl1ir1g·else,'' lie Sc.l);S ,-1lc>ucl. H e clc>sc s l1is C)'CS fc)r a. fc, r 111ir111tcs: secs l1in1sclf as tl1c>11gl1 lc) C)lzir1gtl1rC>L1gI-1 a vvir1clo,\: O r1}1is c o r1111tc1; he clicks c1 !) o x i11clic;:1tir1g tl1a.t lg r1ac ic> H 1 1r t;:1clo co1111lc)tecl

l1is assi 2:1111c 1,1t vit l1 2:rc-a t 111erit tc>cl,a \ .

<. } <. , ,

1 ru11 here lo be

zui!lt jJeojJ/e.

· 4re u..Je allou:ed lo use I?

· 1lrelUe allolced to use outsi{le soztrces?

***

.'lre1ue allolced lo listen lo raJJ 1nu.\ic in class u.1itlt jJrostitules tlte_fzC'orrl, the n-lt'orrl, tlte h-lU01tl?

r ·1l / J1 arf_rou conlrar/icti.n/!, zuha! !h J1 lau,5!,hl 111f in h !!,lt srhoo/

11 ·1zere 1 allt.J{l_)l.1' lzookerf 7J !V rear/er zui!h a question?

.4re zue aLLolced lo talk about scie1zce vs. religion? Do le;/zi!e jJeoJ1le rertlfp co,ztrol tfze world?

106 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

!1 it I/LO.\/ [P Lit(),]elos?

,S'o zu!to is l,fu racist here·,-vou or nie?

,s·oare_J'Oll sC{J'in.s; n J' jJe1:yonaL 4,nerican D rea!ll i.l' barf and dead?

-T· l rzo clo_J'Oll Lhi1zA·_J·o1t' re calling a slate?

Do corporations control the zt•or/c/?

,f1'f,e n anrl zt'here rlo these secret Icings ,nee! to rig this ganze qf chess?

1c ): Pre)! Aclc11\•Va l la. Fro111: I g11acio Hurt<1cio

Tl1is cc)111111ttr1ic,:1tic)11 is le> i11fc)r111 )'C)lt tl1at tl1c tC)JJics yc)tt discttss ir1 )' <)Ltr cl,1ss arc \tCr )· C<'>ll l r c)v·cr s ia l, vvcll, it is c>11c 111c)11tl1 i11Lc> tl1c sc111cstcr, a11cl I cir> 11c>t tl1ir1k vvc sl1c)Ltlcl l>c t,.1lki11g al>c)Ltl gc)cl ir1 class, \•Ve l1ct'\ C l>ccr1 lc1lkir1g al.>c>ttl gc>cl c>r iclcas .-1l) <)t 1t g c>cl at least a fcvv ti111cs .-1 vvcck ,.1t least a11cl I tl1i11k it is cc)11lrc)\·crsial, 11,1'\C )'<)Lt l1carcl al.)C)ttl tl1c sc1)aratic)11 c>f c l1ttr c l1 ct11cl slate? I de)

l:) c li,c \

c i11 g<)Ci l:)t1t I clo 11ot \ vis \1 to s l1arc 111')

goci ,ritl1 otl1cr })C'O})lc. I , ,·r c) tC'

tl1c csscl)' ,.1!.)C)L1l Jestis. I Ltsc cl a ll 1111)crc,1ti\·it)' fc)r it. It vvas like I ,vas 11c)l t l1ir1kir1g vvr1er1 I ,vrotc it. Tr1c essay al111c)st vvrotc itself. To l)c r1011cst I felt like l clicl sc)111ctl1i11g vvrc)11g ,1it.c r ,,va r cl. ()11 l<)J) c)f ,111 tl1al )' C)L1 g a \·c 111c cl C+!!! I kr10,,· tl1is is riot tl1c real gra.clc )·ct si11cc tl1is is jttst ,1 p r a c t ice , ar1ci , ,·e l1,1\1C <1

cl1a11cc lo kccjJ vvc)rki11g 011 tl1c essay to get a rc,11 g·ra.clc; l)Ltt l clc) 11ot i'< c i

CC)111fc)r t<ll) lc cloir1g it <111 C)\·cr agai11. \' cs I l rlC)\\ I l1a\·c f) rc) l) lcn1s vvitl1111y lc)gi­ ca l l.) r i clg c s l)Lll l a111 i.)cgi1111i11g l<> l1a \·c 11ry SL1s1) icic)11s tl1at )l<)LI ;,1rc a l\1L1sli111, tl1crcfc)rc )'<>l t 11,1\·c I)rc)!)lcms vvitt1 111') Cl1ristia11 f,1itl1 tl1at is tl1c rc,:11 r)rc>l)lc111!

i\ r c yc>u a 11 L1sli111? I k11c>vv I l1a,·'( LC> vvc>rk C>ll 111y J)t111clt1atic>11, l)Llt a ( +?

Tl1,1t's cxtrcn1cl)· ridicLtlc)t ts a11d i11sLtlti11g.

1\ lsc>, I still clc> r1c>t tl1i11k it is rair t l1,.1t \VC l1a\·c tc) l)rir1g yc)t1r ca11s ,1s J)art c>f C)L1r ttra,clc c)r IJc s l1c:t111cclif vvc clc)11't. T l1al 111a kcs 111c \·e r \ ' a11:gi·\1 a11cl frL1s- tratcd <ts )''Ot1 k.110\.v tl1at 111c a11d 1T1y n1c)111 <trc strtigglir1g tc) gctjc)l)s right rlc>,,·. Yc)tt sec tl1c sitLtctLic )11 is I clc c iclccl frc)111 tl1c first fc\,· clc, t\·s c)f tl1is class tl1at \, 'C)LI tr)' to t1r1clcrstar1cl )'C)L1r s tt 1clcr1ts; )' C)lt trc<tt tl1c111 as J)co r)lc, l)ttt tl1c tl1ir1g is, 11c>vv l ,va11l tc) clc) \'11c ll 11c)t ! ikc i.)ci<)rc so as yc)LI 11c)ticc 1'111tr y·i11·gt1l)i !.)CSL. 1 '111 t r)1 i r1g tc) follc),,· tl1c rules )'C)lt 11a\'C ,tl)c)Ltt OJ)Crl clialc)gttC'. I kr1c),,v I car1 <tgrcc t<) clis;.-1g r c c , a11cl l k11<>vv all 111y c111c)tio11s arc ok; it's al.)(>Lll cx1)r<'ssi11g tl1c111. l

._ , I , _ , ,

l1c) J)C )'C)lt Ltr1dcrst,1r1cl tl1at I a111 j t tst tr)1 ir1g tc) clc) \\'l1;:1t I t1a\'C tc) clc) i11 c)rclcr tc) get cl clcgrC'c c111clstart 111)· l)usi11css. Sir vvitl1 all clLt(' l'('SJ)CCt yc>L1r jc>l) is just l<> tc,.1cl1 Lts tc) vvritc. \ \ )Ltr jc)l> is jttst tc) g i\1 c Lts tr1c ,vc)rk. I c1111, ,·illi r1g t<> 111akc

POETRY SCHOOL 107

tl1a t sacrifice. l)t1l I a111 N ( )' l' ,villi112· tc> c c>rllJ) J'CH11isc 111·\ !)e!ic fs . De> 11c>l 2·.c t

) ( } (J

me , ,·rc)11g:, I tl1irik \'C)LI c1rc a g·c)c)cl tcaclicr, \'C)Ll crc<.tle 1111a1,· i11trig:t1irig: si l tlct- ticn1s, l)t1t I t11i11k y·c)u a re gc)i11g tC>C> f:1r. \ 'c) LI arc 111a ki11g 111c u11c cn11fc> r ta l)I e. 11)' J)C)ir1l is trlcll , ,·c ,vill talk a!J()Lll lriis clfter class 1icx t ti11c1, trial \.Ycl) ' l \ \'()li't l)c fc)rceci tc> go tc> tl1c l1igl1cr :1:-t 1tl1c>r itics ::-1t )·ot1r i11s ti tt1tic)11 i11 c>rclcr tc) rc c tif)'

t_l' ,l ._, I I _., ,_.,

tl1is sil t1atic)1i. I aJ)C)lc)g iz c C)1ice a g ,1.

all )' \ V,1) 1, sllaJ) C, or fOr l1'1.

Igr1acio Htir ta.clc) E.:\C 11() l

i1i if I li c1,·c LlJ)Sct )'C)LI c)r )1 C)Llr slt1clc1ils iii

***

T,vc) 13-y·ea r -c)ld l)c)y·s, ,l J)J)c1r c ri tly· t, viris , ,-valk tlirc)t1gli ,l la1iclscar)c c)f s, ,·cl )' ­ ir1g, ras1)ir1,g- vaist-l1igl1 sa.vv grass. Eacl1 steJ) ir1 tl1e l1c)t n1t1ci releases ,1 111ir1- cral J)erft1111c. J\ fc)rcst o f vvhitc pole-tl1i11 sla s l1 J) i11cs rises al)o,.-e tl1c l1o r izc)r1. [ li e s t111 lies !c) \Y, sc 11cli11g tl1c l)C>),-S c>r a 11g c lig l1t tl1rc>ugl1 t l1e s,va1111) fc)rcst, 111c>rc SJ) a cc tl1a11 , ,·o c>cl a11cl lc c1L· 1·11c sky is rt1111l)l i11g, C<>, · c rc cl i11 c lc>t 1cls tl1at scc111 sl1rcclclc cl cl\ Va )· frc )111c a cl1 <)ll1cr al C<)llc)11 c clg c s. "l' l1c 111c1ss c)f gray 11ick­

crs vvi tl1 liwtlit. Tlic s111i is s11lcclc1,i;l, m c)c)rilit riiglit.

g·c)1ic. c1rici tlie Eartli IJecc)111cs s ilc ril iii tlie

"T l1is is sc) l) c a t1ti f11,l'' ,vl1is1)crs c)r1c c)f tl1e l)c)ys.

Tl1e otl1cr lc)c)ks at l1in1, a.r1r1o)·ccl. " c). Tl1is is just a \valk. Get ()Lit C)f tl1a t clo t1cl. D c)r1't l)c ar1 id io t. I c t's l1t1r r y LlJ) a r1cl get l1orr1c. I t's g c t ti11g cia r k!"

"'I t's 11<)t jt1st ,1 , val k!" )·ells l):1:-c k tl1c C>tt1er. S tc>J) a11cl listc11 tc> l1c), v c111ict it is!"

--c:, 111 ' t,

\ ! () l l sec? Tl1is is l)eat1tiftd!

--'\I'( ) ll ll lcl k·c 11() SCllSC, ''

s a ys lI}(' L.VVlll

I) l'()lI1cr. ·' '\I/() l l 're g.<>l llg l() gel

l()St."

i\,lr. i\ clc1i vva lla , ,·a kcs fi-<1111 tl1c clrc;.1 111, tc1kcs a j <)t 1r1 ia l fi·c>111 l1is 11igl1tst,-111cl, a11d l.)c g·i11s ,vriti11g clll c11tr )' c11titlccl " Pc)c tr )· Scl1c)c)l. '' Btit, l.)cfc)rc l1c c,.111

rc ,.111·) sa)r , ,·l1c1l tl ic , ,·c)rcis 111cc11, lie re,1. lizcs lie 's gc)irig tc) l)c late fc)r l1is first

c"l1ss, ar1d s"t1r ts rc,·ic,virig vvliat r1ccds ,lttc riti()Il. Tc)ci a )7, lie rc,1lizcs, l1c SJ) c,1 l s

\,vi t t1 I2·r1caic) H tirt,1cic),1ftcr class. Ho, v \,·ill lie sa,.- it?

u /

Tl1c cor1,·crsa tic)r1 is less tl1,1r1 1() 111i11t1tc s lo11g ar1d al111c)st to ta lI)· C)11c-sicic cl. Ig·11a c ic> stares at l1i111 t l1rc>t1g l1<) u t, s l ig l1tl)· s la c_k- ja vvc cl, c>fTcr i11g 11c> rcsist;,111cc.

( ) l.),1ic11 1s l)1, 11<1 <111c is tclli11g lg11aci<> l1c l1as LC> l )c li,c, c a111)t.l1i11g. \ 'cs, tl1c

tcacl1cr cl1c)c)scs tl1c l<)J.1ic. a11cl 111ayl)c tl1is is a11 11111is11al clJ.) J.) l'C)acl1, l)11l cx1) lc)r i11g s1 ) ir i t1 ial 111atlcrs c,1.11111akc tl1c class 111c)rc 111cc111ir1gf11l. i\ 11cl if tl1c tC)JJic is tr iggcririg cliffic:11lt c111c)tic)r1s, n1ayl)c Igric.1c i c) slic)11lc.i drc)J) tlic clc.1ss.

108 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

l\.f r. 1\clc11\v,.1lla \vill l1cl1) l1i111 tra 11sfc: r LC> ;.-111<) t!1cr scct ic)Jl . BLtl , l1c c1111 ) !1a s izcs,

, ,·!1,.1t if lie fi 11csl a11c)t!1cr clifl i c Ltlt or,- ,vorsc. a i.)ori11g l<)J) ic i11 tl1c 11c,v COLtrsc?

() 11c tcacl1cr l)ases a l,.1rg·e J) a r t <)f lier class <)11 Sl1,1kcsJ)C,trc's trageclics, fc)r

cx,1m1)le. O tl1crs <)11 cri111c ficti<)r1: f<)<)cl ctl1ics a11ic triJ)S l<) a C<)111111t1t)r·1gi,.1r­

clc11; ,l J) <)c ,1l y1)tic r1arrati,1cs; 1\f ric,1r1-/\r11cric,1r1\VC)111cr1 ,vritcrs, scxis111 a r1ci

racis111. \ 1\To L1lcl lie prefer or1e of tl1ose classes? l\fa)·l)c, tl1e si1111lc) yet al)SL1rd

rc;.1lit)· is tl1at Ig11a.cic> is stuc k \vitl1 l1i111, l\fr. 1\ clc-11\ va lla J)rC>J)C>scs. l\ fa )·})c, l1c is 111ca11t tc> i.)c i11 tl1is c la ss .

-l\ l r. ,.\clc1 1vv;.:1ll ,.1 l1as 11<·vcr i.)<·c11 tl1is cl<>Sc tc> l g 11ac i<> fc)r tl1is lc>11g, a 11cl c a11't l1cl1), IJLll st,1re ell s, va tl1s ()r f 1i1L1 J) ()Ck111a rks risi11g fr()l11 tl1c llaJ)C ()r l1is 11cck,

<)\·e r tl1c t::1tt<)<)ccl f1::1111cs, Ltp l)<)tl1 cl1ecks :1:11c-l i11t<) Iris tc1111)lcs. H e ll<)tices tire C<)11t<)L1rs <)f l1is tl1i11 face, e)1es set ir1 l)<)11es J)r<)trt1clir1g g<)gglc-likc, cl1cck l)c)r1es l1igl1, tigl1t sl ir1 ta1)c ri r1g tc) a sn1all full 111c)t1tl1. H e r1oticcs tl1c \Va )' Ig r1a c io 's shifty cararr1cl e)·es ca J) tt1rc )'e ll c)\V stre,1ks of lig l1t. H e r1o tic cs tl1c f 1i11t SJ) icy stc11cl1 c>f l1is \) r c a t l1 ;.-111cl svvcet traces c>f CXJ)C11si,1c c c>lc>g 11c.

"'\ 'c>Ll c a11't sa tis l\· a ll c>f' tl1c J) CC>J) ic a ll c>f tl1c ti111c, clear f1·ic11cl," CC)J1cluclc s

-l\l r..A.clc 11,,vall,.1.

-- <) clr<)J.) J) i11g. 11<) tr,-111sfcr," l g11,1ci<) s,1y·s after a J) ,l t1sc, as if tr)ii11g l<) J)r<)ccss

a riclcllc. He ,va11ts t<) kr1c),.v , ,·l1,1. t graclc lie's e;:1r11ecl S<) f,1r. Pc r l1:1:1 ) s, a B. sa)rs

l\Ir. •.\clcr1,valla, ..1: dc-li r1g l1is c tist<)m ary li11c a i.)<)Llt gr,1clcs IJcir1g fig111c11ts <)f

tl1c in, 1tgir1a tic)r1.

'·I '111goir1g to fir1isl1 ,vl1at l1a.s l)ccr1 startccl," Ig11acio s;.1),-S. He sr1aJ)S l1is foctis

ir1tc> lr. 1\clc11,v;.11la 's e,

,,es. " ls tl1a t <)k \vitl1,

,. c>u? fa \, .:l) c tl1is is 111ea11t tc> f)c. "

"()k ,vitl1 111c, cle a r fric11cl," Jr .. t\ cic-11,,·,-.d l,1 S n.)' S. "1\ 11cl \) y· tl1c \Vay 1'111 11c>t a

-l\ l L1s li11,1<>r .rl i11lcL1, <>r a ( l1r is, ti111, <1r ;.:111 a l l1cisL. Rclig i<>ll is a fig111c11l <>f' Li1c i111ag i11,1ti<)11l<)<). ' l 'l1is Gc)cl tl1c rcligi<)LIS fc>lks talk al)<)Ltl 111igl1t i.)c rca l- 11<)t st1re. I j t1s t , ,·ct11t t<) lear11 ctl)<)Ltt life."

l\Ir. 1.\dc11v,a ll:1:

is l1c)lclir1g I g11;1:

ci<)'s 111<>11<>l <)11c a11d glazecl l<)<>k i11 l1is 111i11c-l

;.1s li e ,v,1ll s ,1crc>ss ca 111J)t1s tc> l1is ()fficc, clcc icli11g tl1,1t trttly kr1<), ,vir1g tl1is

)' C)t1r1g 1T1;.1r1 is l)<)t1r1cl to l1is , ·er )' f) Ltr J)Osc . 1\ fc, r stt1clc11ts ar1cl J)rofcssors arc st;.111cii11g ,.1rc)t1r1cl l1is c!()C)r cl1atti11g a11cl J)C>i11ti11g .-1t a la rg e s l1cct <)f J) clJ) Cr tl1,.1t l1a s l) c c11 taJ)<'CI rigl1t LL11clcr tl1is 11a 111c J) ia tc . I t's a \) l<1, v11-Ll)) ()!1c>tC> <>f ;,-1

, , · c)111a11's CL1r , ·,1c c o L1s tc)rS<), CLtl <)fl' ell tl1c l1cc1cl·. ·1 11c IJ<)S()Jll is ,,·ra1111c cl i11 cl

ta11k l<)]J c 111)llaz<)11ecl ,vitl1 sta rs i11 tl1e sty·le <)f V,.t11 Gc)gl1's fa111<)t1s J)c1i11ti11g·. ' 'T l1is Is H <>\•V I \ \!a 11t T<> D ie?!?!" scr<>lls ::1r<)tt11d tl1c l)<)rdcr; rc,vritte11 sc,·cr,11 ti111es ir1 tl1ick red n1arkcr. ·'It seems S<)n1C<)r1c , r ;.1r1ts tc) get <)Ltr a ttc r1- tic)r1," l1e s;.l)' S, offcrir1g· l1is l1or1cst ,1sscss111c r1t. He lc a ,1 cs tl1c s r1c)cl ,1rt 011 t11c clc>c>r.

" I clcH1't ,va.11t Li1is ])lace tc1 l)c 111,· tc a c l1i11,( 2·. a 11'v111c>rc , " fr . .A.clc11vv;.-1lla sa'vs i11

tl1c C!LLiCL ()r l1is ()!lice.

T1-/'

****

J' clo I ta/-;,e_vour facea1id t oice !tonze zcit/1 nze eve, )' cla_r?

POETRY SCHOOL 1 09

Hoz.u clo I tell_vou what f feel as I ICf JI u1zder n J' zuhite sfteets czt 1z gf1t?

T:1

ho are_rou hehinti these poen1s and lectures?

I a,n here to hf

zui!lt }'Oil .

l hu are !lze one.

***

="atl1a.r1icl l1cl)cls tl1c stage, rcacli11g tl1c draft C)f l1is c rc a tio r1 sto r)' cssa )' to tl1c c la ss. H is 11ail J)C>lisl1 is l)lack CHl c>11e l1a11ci to cla ); e le c tr ic l) lt1e C>11 tl1e C>tl1e r.

I l e l1as a!s(J takc11 <Jv'.(

l' tl1c ,vl1itc !)(J;1-r cl.. tl1a t ca11;\a s t1st1al,lv rcS(' r \;e cl f(Jr tl1c

cliclt1111s ()f tl1c1 .1r ()fcss<)r, clr a vvi11g tl1rcc sc1 t 1;-trc l1a1) J))' i:tccs. Eacl1 l1as tl1rc c C\' CS. tl1c ()11cs i11 tl1c 111iclcllc li ke l)rcakir1tt s titcl1cs. ;\1r.•.:\c.lc11,va lla l1as lctkc r1 l1is LlSL1,1lJ)lacc clL1rir1g tl1csc rcadi11gs i11 tl1c l),1ck c)f tl1c cl;:1ss.

, L >

·, ', r\

l1c r1 tl1c first Cc)r1scic)LtS11css ca111c ir1tc) l)cir1g· frc)111 tl1c

'\ C)icl, it SL1clclc r1ly

rcalizecl it vva.s a ll alo11c.I a111 tl1e c)rll)· I , it s<1id , a r1cl lc)okecl ax itself: It , v<1s a great fisl1 , vi tl1 a l1olc i11 its l1ea cl, s vvi111rr1i11g ir1tc> its e lf, C)\ie r a11ci C)\·cr a g a i11, a11 ctcr11al k11cJt, QcJi112·i11sicle cJf itself a11ci cc1111i112· cJul, !cJcJki112·f(-ir s cJ111c tl1i112·

,,.,, (/ J (/ (/

a ltl1o t1g l111ot s t1rc vvl1a t. It livccl i11 i'( a r t111til it tl1c>t 1g l1t, l 11c c cl a fr ic11cl. Ir I

l1a\'C a fric11cL I \.VC)11't l)c ,1,

fraicl. Sc) it Cltt itself i11 t,vc). 011c siclc,

, va s c ,-1llccl

F,:tl.)ttlc)us, tl1c 111c)tl1cr c11c rg·)· Tl1c C)tl1cr si clc ,v,:1s Cctl lc cl Fierce, tl1c f,.1tl1cr

cr1crgy·. \r\ l1cr1 a !)c c t,1kcs J)c)llcr1 frc)11 c)r1c J)la r1t tc) a r1c)tr1cr, it is F <1l)t 1lc)t1s tr)'­

ir1g to rct1r1it,c

r i tl1 Fierce. Pc<1r1t1t t)Ltttcr <1r1cl jell·y. T o111a11cl .Jc r r·)'

F,1r)ulot1s

a11cl Fierce. Blanco_)' 11( !!,ro."

="atl1,,111icl l1cJlcls l1is \) l t1e J1,,111cl l)c rc-irc l1i111 a 11clJ ) r csses l1is i)la c k c>11c i11tc> it, 1 ) a lt11 l(J1 ) a! 111, as l1is vv(>r cls t111i tc 1-'a l) t d(>L tS a11cl l·'ic r r c. " E v·cr)· l)ci11g CCJ11t;-1i11s

l)c)tl1; l

a l) Ltl c)Lts cl11cl }"icrcc, i11 cli('1c rc11t 1.1rC)].1C)rlic)11s .

., .

I g 11clc ic) clclr ts LlJ.1 frc)111 l1is clcsk, j t1s t a fc,v C)\1c r frc)11,1 , vl1crc, l\I r . A<lc11vvalla is

si t tir1g, c1r1cl 111C)\·cs Llj.) t\-VC) rc ),,·s. He l)cg·i11s 111a kir1g kissir1g r1c)iscs c1r1cl ar1

c)rg, 1s1n ic 1n c)a r1." ' \111at is tl1is nzariconcito tr y·ir1g tC) Sa)·?'' l1c yells.

:\<1tl1<111icl J)l <1c cs l1is })ages c)rl tl1c tcacl1cr's t<ll)lc ar1cl t<1kcs ,1 fcvv stCJ)S fc)r­

\.varcl a111icl a la r111 c d " O r1 tTl)' g c)cl's!"

, ,.. r\ r1a t ;,1rc )'Cllt gc>i11g tc> clc>, faggcJt?" Igr1a c ic> l1c), r ls , c rc)ss i11g tl1e c la ss r c>C)tl l .

· ' I ' 111 ll C)l arraicl ()r \, ,'() Li ! "

·' \ 'cJ u s t1r c )i(JLt c a 11 l1a11cllc ;-111 tl1is?" Natl1;1- 11icl 111cJtio11s l1is l1a11cls LI)) a 11cl

clc)\'\ ll tc) c.lis 11L:l )' l1is 11c),vcri't1l 1 ll)'Sic4t1c.

I g11clcic) rt1sl1cs ctt Ncttl1,,111icl, rcacl1i11g l1i11 i11 tl1c 111iclc.llc c)r tl1c cla ssrc)<)111, jLtSL as ;\/Ir.• A.clcr1,v,.1lla l1cts 111acic l1is , ,·cl)' tl1crc tc)C). Ig11,1c:i c) IJrc,.tks tl1rc)t1gl1

110 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

l1is tcacl1cr's 2:ras1) a11cl !) ca r il Ll\2:S l\' a tl1c111ic l. U11fa zc ,cl l)ctr a,1 i11Q.' 11c> clistress

.. , <.J ,, i ( J

i11 t l1c sligl1tcst t\vitcl1 r>f i 1cc (>r i.)(>cly, Natl1a11icl '( X! ) Cr tl)1 lca11s l1is cl1c c k

agai11st lg11,ct io 's f()r lc\1Cr a g e , J) cttic11tl)· vvrctJ)S l1is 111Ltcl1 tl1icker ar111s a r() L111cl

l1is c:tl ta cker's UJ)})er t()rS(), a11cl i11terla ccs l1is fi11gcrs ell tl1e sl1()L1ld e r IJlc:tclcs. T l1c })()lis l1ccl tiJ)S 11,11kc tl1c SLl})J) lc ! ()Ck. l)c,1L1tifL1l. a.tl1ar1icl sc1)a r,1tcs a r1cl a.cljL1sts tl1c fir1gcrs for a 111on1cr1t, ,1r1cl tllc)· lc)ol.. like r1c, rly l)11clciccl vvir1glcts st rc tc l1i11g C>t 1t. Ig11a c ic> le ts o t1t a. J) la i11ti\1 C 111 c>a 11, SL1r r c 11clc r i11g, l1cacl a11cl

,.1r111s i1lli11g !) a r k li111) l·)·

l'\atl1a11icl J) l ,.1ces I g 11a ci(>, vvil (> is so l)i.) i11g, (>ll tl1e gr(>L111cl like a scarce! cl1ilcl. lg11acic) S()()ll Ccltcl1cs l1is IJrca tl1;-111cl rLlllS ()Lil ()r tl1c r()()l1.1

\ \!l1e11 1l r. Acle11vvall;-1 11c1c ts ,,vitl1 l1is clc J)c1rt11c111t cl1a ir la te r tl1,1. t c-l.1)·, tl1c)1

l)egir1 tl1e !()gis tics ()f cx1)c lli11g lg11aci() H 11rtc1cl() fr()111 tl1c C()llege. S l1e SJ) c r1cls ar1 l1C)llr d()Cu1n c11tir1g cacl1 sigr1 })C)ir1tir1g tC) I g 11,1ic()'s ir1st,.1l)ili ty, J)r()l)ir1g

,vl1at n1,1y ll,l \'C 11r1l1ir1gcd l1i111 ,1r1cl o l)sc ss i11g a l)OL1t , rl1ctl1cr I,1tl1,1r1icl , va s c c>11siclc r i11g lcg <1l a c tic>11. Sl1c scolcls 1\fr. ;\ cic11,va ll<1 a l)c)Ll t 11c>t rc1)<)rti11g tl1c tl1rcat 111ucl1 ea rlier, a11cl rc111i11cls l1i111 tl1a l la s t s c111cstcr, a 111L1sic J) r c>f c· ss( >r at

a 11()tl1cr ca111J)L1s \Va s i.)c a tc11 L111co11scic)L1s l)y a 111as kecl a ss ;-1ila11t. ,-\cl111i11sitr a­ t()rs l1a cl i11siclc i11(f)r111ati()11 tl1c1t it \.Vas a l1it, retril)L1ti()ll fc)r ,l l)acl g·ra clc .

' ' I t's cl cla11gcr()US \ \'()rlcl ()Lll tl1ere!" sl1c Scl)'S. " Y()LI ki1()\V vvl1cre ,,·e live l1erc­ ()})Cr1 c11r()llrr1cr1t \V()rlcl. \ \ \ :' r e all J)C()})lc l1a\'C, ir1 1T1a11)·cases, l)L,lt- vc l1c1\1e Il() icic,1 ,,·l1crc tl1csc })CC)J)lc ,1rc c c)11i1r1g fr()m, \.vl1at tllc)·'rc ca1 ),l l )lc ()f, C)r l1c)vv sc rc vvccl 111) til e)· ,1rc. \;\ 'c l1a,·c a r cs1)o r1sil)ilit)' to kcc-1) trc)Ld) lc C)Ll t."

" :\ 1f). g <'lC>c li1css , )·c>Ll cir> Iik c tc> stir th i11gs tq), 1\,fr. ; \ cic11, \'aIIa ," s11c fi 11a ll)' g r<)a 11s. " l'vI )· g t1r L1! l '\ ·c sa ici it !)efc)rc a11cl I ' ll say it a g a i11. I lik e S<)111c c>f' tl1is

' re a l , ,·c)rlcl' stLd'l )'OLI ch>, ! ) Lil i.)c ca rc ii.11. I f )'()LI triggerl ) <'C)J1 lc, yoLt ,-111cl I a 11cl

zi·e arc rcsJJ()11sil.)lc. ,.f. l1is C() ll eg c is rcs1)c)11si!Jle.''

' '\r\

ll ')

clc) I l1a,·c tl1c fccli11·g)' ()LI're g()ir1g t() ge t LIS IJ()tl1i11(t) l)ig tr()Ltl)lc ()11c ()f

tl1csc d a)rs ? \ \111at 1rc )'()ll clc)i11g t() tl1esc J)e()})lc?'' Sl1c is C()Il\1ir1cecl tl1c1t, )·ct

,1gair1, sl1c ,vill riced to pay SJ) Cc i,ll attcr1ti()11 tc) l\lr. 1\ cicr1, valla 's ,1r1tics for ,1

, vl1ilc.

1\.fr. 1\ cic 11,va lla is tc1111)tcci lc>r a 111>c111c11t, l'>t 1t clt1r i11g the cc>11\·crsa ticH1, l1c

clcc icles ,1ga i11st sl1ari11g l1i,s \ is i() Jl fc>r t l1c ccJ111i11g)·ca r, tl1c ,,·c>r k t\1,.1t , ,·ill, \.vitl1

lL1ck, s,a, c l1i111 tl1is ti111c. \ \1 l1a tc\·c r it is, tl1at- , vo r k ,,·ill l1a1)11c 11 ll(>, , · l1crc 11cc1r

tl1csc 11i1c1 l)L1ilc.li11gs. He , vill cl() it all tl1rc)L1gl1 l1is ()vv11 11c1c111s- 11() Gc)lcle11

.A.JJJ)lc I1111'(,)-1\ti\·e T eacl1i11g Gr 1r1t, 11)( C()lla l)()r ,-1ti()r1vvitl1 tl1e Scr\·icc-Lec1rr1-

ir1g ar1ci S ust;.li r1al)lc Li\1ir1g Ir1stit11tc. Best ()f ,111, sir1ce it' " ill r1()t l)c a cc>llcgc­ s,l r1ctio r1ccl J) ro j c c t, l1c , vill rl()t r1cccl ,1r1yc)r1c's })Crn1issi()r1 to ir1\·itc Ig r1acio as

, vcll as a tl1a11ic l tc> J)articiJ)atc. l l1is is 11c>t tl1,c

\ \'( l r k ()r tl1c ]) C)Cl r y scil()()l.

,·ork C>I tl1c c c>llcg c; it's tl1c

POETRY SCHOOL 111

·:A.11cl l)). tl1c \,·a )', l\1r. i-\ clc11\,·alL1,," sa)·s tl1c c l1a ir as lie lca \1 cs tl1c rc>c>111. " I 10111c )'()LI're Jl Ol fc>r g·c t ti11g· t() Ci() tile cog11tii\1(' tl1i11g \ViLil tl1csc [)CO [Jlc. If

tl1C)' 're 11<)t l cc tr111i 1g·11<)\·V l<) vvritc a C<)llcg·c css;-1)1, )'<)Lt're 11<)t cl<)i11g )1 <)Ltr j <)l),

I' rn r1<)t cl<)i11g 111·)

j<)l). T I·e

re 11<)t cl <)ir1g· <)Ur j<)IJ, l\Ir. }\ clc11,r ,1lla. Tcc1cl1 tl1c

l)asic skills. I- , v<)r r v '\ C)l l're l<)Sir1g· s ig l1t <)f tl1at sc)11c1ti111sc. Cc)Q."r1iti,,c!"

,I ; \_I \_J .._,

***

I a,n here to he

lui th jJfO jJl f

I I 'hat fl.lh(J' rlon '/ Lear1l hozu lo rlo /ani ua/!'J?

TI /hat if th ') rlon·1 jJraclice hozt• lo soLve_ for,nulas?

T lt'heredo_roujind the tinze lo do this e\.'lra -curricular business?

Have i1ou revielt:ed the contract rece1zt6· the nzanual qf prorerLures

the .1 /urlenl handbook?

I I /hat .i}f" !h-r')' .<,...,If/ hit h'J11 a tar'

or /i.,.u...,h ff nin- :u,

. o-r J1ou <...1, f l hit re·i th rt laze-suit?

I I 'hat fl.the shit hits tlzr1 Jruz?

r1 /fzal lui/1tlze ltnio1, z \'([-")' !!ten?

_4bout /!,etti1zg so close to_rour studeJ'zts?

***

Frc)111: I g11a c ic) Hltr t;-tcl<) < l)c lli g c rc 11t, va r ri <)r 2()()()@ g11;1-1il.cc)111> To: j L1,1r1i \ cic11,ral la <ader1\cvalla2 l 3@ g·1na il.co111>

Date: ,..\1)ril 2(), 2()14

1'111SC)l'T') ' a i) C)l ll vvl1at l1a1 ) J) Cll CCi l\\'() \\"C'Cks ;-1gc>, I lc>St CC)ll t rc>l ()r 111ysclr I, fc It

like l1urti11g l1i11,1S<)mC<)11c, a tl)1 <)11c, c111cl I lc)sl cc)11Lrc)l. I c1cscr,·c t<) !Jc

cx1)c llc ci frcH11 schc>c>l. 1 '111tc>C> tirccl a11)·vv,1)i. I clcsc ,r, c tl1c \VC>rs t. 1'111 a cla 11-

gcr tc) 111·)sclf a11d <)tl1cr 11cc)11lc, I l1<)})C tl1is did ll<)l affect yc)Lt <)r )'C)Llr class tc)<) 111L1cl1. T l1c>p c T ciich1't get a11).-C>11c i11 trC)Lil)le. D c)11' t \ \'C)r r)· ;,1) 0 L1t rr1c. I ' ll l)c fi11c. 1""'111, 11ks f<)r c vc r )·tl1i11·g)"C)Lt clicl. \ 'c) Lt're ;-1 g<)C)cl tcacl1cr. l\ ft.c r ctll tl1is 11a1)11r1cccl, I r1oticeci that I \cva.r1tccl to vvritc al)<)Llt it. I 111,,•c trOltl)le ,,vitl1;,1 lc>t c)f Ll1i11g,sc,·c11si1111.1lc tl1i11gs, l)Ltl I sec tl1al vvri ti11g· is a ki11cl <)f Lr<)Lll)lc tl1ctl I

ki11cl;-1 like. >.1IY v\'RITING IS 1\ 1fc) C)sl1R c)c)111.\' ES!!!L e tte rs grc),v C)rl tl1e

sa c! l1c,a, y \\'C)rlcl clcc].1 i11isclc a11cl clcc1) C)Ltt s iclc. 11 )' vvriti11g c;-1ts vvl1a1. is cl)' i11g,

a J)C)isc)r1 tl1at c;-1r1 J)ltt 111c <)l 1ts iclc C)[ n1)· C)vvr1 n1i r1cl, I l1a,·c l-)ccr1- , vriti11g· al)<)Lll tl1is, a11cl I sec tl1a t 111y ,vriti11g is s111a rtc r tl1a11111c; 111y \, ·r iLi11g k11<)\VS tl1ir1gs I dc)r1't, a11cl I car1 listcr1 tc) it S<> I sec tl1ir1gs tl1at i) r c)kc frc)111 IJcir1g ir1

sc l1C)C)!; I fc·cl lik e I ca111c l),-1Ck t<) lif'e

i11 a \Va ·)·

I c a 11 clc> tl1i11gs, I '111Jl <) l SLIJ'C if

112 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

tl1;;1t's gcH)CI c>r 11c>l. I fc- c l tcrril)lc, tcacl1cr. I tl1,,111k)"<)U a11cl I l)la111c )"C>L t, l\Ir. Pr()fcss()r.I kr1()\-V ,,vc ,,vill 111cct c1g,1ir1, I k.11()\V it.

PS.

Hc)J)C y·c)Lt clc)11't 111i1l1icf l sc11cl yc)Lt sc)111c c)f Il l ) ' ,,vri ti11g.

***

' ' H e llo lCclcl1cr," Ig11aci() Scly·s, ,,va lki11gtl1rc)ugl1 l1is f()r111cr J)rc)fcss()r's clc)c)r, 111()rc tl1,111 fc)ttr 111()11tl1s si11cc l1is l),111 frc)n1 tl1c Ccll11J1Lts. "Cc1r1 I C()111c ir1?'' H e cl()Scs tl1c cl()C)r l)cf()rc l\Ir.•1\ dcr1,va lla , ,vl1c) l-1a.s st()J1J)ccl cl1e- \vir1g C)Il ,1 fig cc)ok.ic ir1 clis )elicf, c,111 res1)or1cl.

''Of

C()llfSC, C()l-Y.le ltl."

l\fr. 1\ clc11, va lla l1as tricci t<) CC)11t,1ct l g11acic> s c, ·c r a l ti111cs, SJ)c)kc to l1is 1T1otl1cr tl1rcc ti111cs, l)ul l1as11' t ccH11111L111icatccl \Vitl1 l1is fc)r111cr stL1clc11t si11cc l1c

\ \'alcl1ccl :'\atl1a11icl c;rcc11ficlcl-Ba1)tistc c111l)r,-1cc l1i111 i11tc) ;.;1 sc)l)l)i11g l1c,11).

I g11aci() l1as l)cc11 se11cli11g l\Ir. Aclc11\-vall,1 a J)C)e111 C\ic r y· , ,·e e k ()r t, vc).

Ig11;:1cic ) lclkes a scctl ()11 ;:1 cc)t1cl1 i11 l\Ir. Ader1vvallc1's c)fficc, , ,·l1icl1lie·s e11tcrccl fc)r tl1c first ti111e. i r. i\ cle11\,'alla 's desk sits l)cf()rc cl 1nL1ral ()Il tl1c ,,val l rcccr1tlv

'

fir1isl1ccl r)). sc,·cr,11 s tL1clcr1ts ir1clt1clir1g ;\ a.tl1a11icl: a re el, ()rar1gc ar1cl l)lack

i111agc of ar1 olci 111ar1 \vitl1 lor1g gra)· vvr1iskcrs. He sits 011 a r() Ck., cli111i111g C)r1c l<)C i11tc> a lake C>f nc)\VC'ri11g \\'atcr lilies. ( .'.a llig r,1 ) l1ic text fc)r111s tile lc)\\'Cr r)C>r­

clcr c1r tl1c 111L1ral: --·1 11c s111allcst SJ)rOLtl sl1c>vvs tl1crc is really tl<> clc a tl1."

.A.gcli11sl a11c)tl1cr , ,·a ll is cl stctck c)f c;;111s 2() clcc1) risi11g l1alf, ,·;.;l) ' tc) tl1c cc ili11g.

Ig-r1acic) l1,1s l)ec11 sitti11g. !()C)ki11g fc)r cl fe,,· sccc)11cls, l)tlt st;:111lcs IJclck LlJ1 le) st;;1rl l,1lkir1g. " O k, sc) I l1carcl )'C)Ll talkccl tc) 111·)111c)m al)c)ttt gi,·i11g 111c a scl1c )lc1rsl 1i1J fc)r )'C)Llr J)C)Ctry scllC)()l tl1ir1g yc)t1'rc tr )ii r1g t() clc). I s tl1at trt1c?''

'·BccaLisc I sec y·ot1'rc a J1C)Ct," Ir. 1\ clcr1\.va lla s,1):s.

Ig r1ac ic> cl()Cs11' t scc111 t() register tl1c vvorcls. T l1c)· C\ ict p <) ra tc i11 111iciair. H is C>vv11 ,vc>rcls arc !) US)! !)ci11g l)c>r11 f'rc>111 tl1c cc>c>ki11g cc>CC>CHlS i11 l1is l) ra i11, a11cl tl1cy rc c1uirc all l1is ;1-t tc11tio11.

Ig11acic) sits, lca11i11g fc)r,,va r cl, l1is eyes vviclc11i11g.He tl1rc),,·s cl fist i11tc) cl J)al111, CJLtic ll)', vvitl1 grc;-1t Cclrc, ,,·itl1 ct s111clll J)C)J).• \ s111lic a11cl a 11c)cl, cl rare IJttl)l)lc c)f clcligl1t risi11g ()Llt c)f tl1c l1()t a11d C()lcl r()il IJcl1i11dl1is C)·c s a11c.i l)Ltrsti11g t)ct,vccr1 l1i111 ar1cl l1is tcacl1cr.

''First ()fall, t1r1clcrstar1cl tl1at I car1't gi,rc )i()Ll ,1r1y·tl1i11g for, ,vl1a t )'Ou'rc tr)·ir1g le) g1,·c l11C. To r1cll vvitt1 ) i () l l f i11,1 i ta ti()ll."

POETRY SCHOOL 11 3

1\11r. 1-\ clc· 11,\'all,1 s i ts c1 t1ic tly.

" \ 'c>u !1car 111c? 'r'<>LI c!c)11' t vva11t l<> l)c· ar<>L111cl 111c·. IC y<>LI c1r c , 1'111g·c>i11g l<> gi,·c

V, C)LI cl s ca re like V,

<)LI' ,1c 11, c,

c r l1ctcl i.)cfc)rc. De> \,'C)LI L111clcrsta11cl 111c? L e t 111c

k11C)\\ " if \,1C)Ll L111clersla11c.l 111e <>r 11c>l.·,

I , , ,,.

'·I clc>11't care ,tlJ<>Llt ,vl1,1t ,·c>Ll Scl\1! I clc>11't cc1re \\"llcll ,1r1\-l>c>cl\1 sa,1s. I c:lc>11't tl1ir1k )"C)L1'rc ar1)· gc)C>ci. i \ 11tl1csc idiots tl1ir1k y·c>L1'rc cc>c)l, l)Llt )'C>L1' rc r1c)t c c)o l. I tl1i11k )·ot1'rc jL1st ;-1 fL1cl -i11g clo-gooclcr. Do )"C)lt t1r1clcrsta11cl tl1at? I vvar1t 11otl1-

i11g 111o rc tl1a11 t(> 11t111cl1 y·c>u i11 tl1c face right 11, c>

V()LI arc clll Arcll) {a Q'!:t<)l. "

l J <. J

,·. Yc">u k11c">,v

, ·ll)i? Bccat1sc

...., , - , ...

IC'S.

"Never rall 111·,

l01

L1s c ;-12:ai11, c)r I ,vill cc)111cl1crc tc) Q'i \ i C V<)LI t l1e sc;-1rc of VC)L1r

life. I vvill cc>111c l<> tl1is scl1c>c>l l<> clc> sc >111ctl1i1g1· )'<>u ,,·ill 11c,·cr e,·er fc)rgct.'' He

(_ J ...... ., ,,

cc>cks l1is l1cacL c)·cs sr>arki11g. "Gc>d l>le ss ) 1 <>L1, f;-1ggc)t."

" R e a lly?" Ir. _L,\ c ler1,val lc1says l>la r1k.l)·· Tl1cr1 ,vitl1 a fair1t gli11t c>f cr1tl1L1sic1sn1, '· G o d r)lcss )"C>11 tc>o! It rc a ll:· 11air1s me ... "

Before l1c car1 fir1isl1, Igr1,1cio vv,1lks a\.V,1); igr1c>ri11g 1r. 1\ clc11v,,1lla 's cxtcr1ciccl 11a11cl.

ragi11 SC)t d !)). il1 vvl1c11 i sit CjLliCL

i ca11 k110,v tl1c l)lc),,·11 LI)) i.)<>Jl<'S

slc >,, · c cl LLJ1

***

<>11c f,1cc ;-1t cl ti1ne <>r1c e, ve at a tii11c

vvl1at is ir1siclc n1c ir1 l)illic>r1s c)f s cc c>r1cls

clicl i vv;-1stc 111,·,

l)i llic)11s

c>11c l)rca tl1 at a ti111c a 11cl <">11c 111c>lccttlc

i11siclc tl1at l)rcatl1 C>11c at cl ti111c· sc> tl1c1t tl1c· rage

sc1i L1cc·zcs 11, 11, l1ccl\,i\1 l1carl like a s111all l1a11cl clc>cs cl 111ctc1l ca11

cl rc>ck <>r a11 irc>11 s,vc>rc1 Reel R age Rc>;-1rs

cc>111cs 111) like fire!

y·ot1 askir1111c tc> gi,·c sc)111ctl1ir1g ,1,,v,l)' tcacl1cr vvl1ats tl1c ])rice c>f tl1is real lc">,·c )"C>t1r tcacl1i11 vvl1ats left ()r 111C

11c>tl1i1g1 l)Lll tl1c asl1cs c)f '"l1,1t i lea r11ccl

r a i11i1 c.lc>,v11 <>11 tl1c , ,·c>rl ci tl1ats 111aki11

<>11c la s t tL1r11

114 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

jL1SL 1111) s l1acl<1 , v stc1)·s

l)L1r11ccl 011,

V<)Ll S() 11<)tl1i11 is , v,.1s tccl

***

At cl L1s k 111r. ,-\clc11,vall,.l a11cl fi,·c stL1clc11ts sit i11 a circle i11 cl grc,ll glaclc C)f Scl\,v grass.. I\ clc)111e c)f C)1Jress tr ees l1L1r1cl1cs l)csicle tl1c111. IL is Sc1lL1r d a )' c, ·er1i11g clL1rir1g C l1rist111,1st)rcak. :\',1tl1:1,r1iel \\·,1lk.s ir1tc) tl1e n1iclcile c)f tl1e c ir cle a11lc

J) la ces a l)rc) vvr1aJ)plc s11,1ilsl1cll C)11 a 111.-1t of l1arcl-,,cir1cci J)al111 fro11cls.

" I 111C)L1rr1 for tl1e al)ser1ce C)f tllC)SC ,vl10 ca11't \) c l1erc," l1c says. ·'I 111c)t1r11 fc)r

1,11, father ,,·110 J)asscci a.vva,,; la s t 111c>11tl1, vvl1c> tlC\'('.r i<)C>kccl 111c 111 tl1c ,c, cs as a

; ' ;

11Lll1la11 \) ci11g. 1'111afi·a icl fc)r vvl1at 111)" life ,vill \) c \\'itll()lll C\ 1CI' l1a , ·i11g cl f 1t l1er,

l)LIL l

,l i,

c it. I ,vill ,li,

c it. l..c)r ,ill tl1c lc)s t f: l111,liv 111c111l)crs, l 111c)L1r11.''

" \ \ \ : l1car )1 C)Lt," rcs1)c)11cls tl1c g rc)tq1. 1-\fte r cacl1 slL1clc11t 11,-ls s11c)kc11 a11cl lc f L cl s l1ell, C)Ile c)f tl1e111. C)llC c)f tl1c 111c)st giftecl ,rriters Ir. Adc11vvc1lla l1,-1s e,•c r fc)lt11cl i11 c)11e c)f l-1is CC)ttrscs a ci)1 slcxic J)C)l)1glc)t c)ffcrs tl1c tcacl1ir1g·. He ex1)lair1s tl1.-1t l-1c ,,vill lc.-1cl tl1c111 i11 a sc)r1g a r1cl cla r1cc. ''I rcaci at)ot1t sc)111ctl-1ir1g like tl1is ir1 .-1 l) C)C)k tl1at t he ch t1r cl1 \)a r111c ci," l1c s.-1y·s s lyl) ·. " I t's a sirr1)1lc a 11cl

l) Cc1L1t if i.d 1111)s (c r y·,." l\ fl c r tl1cy lc a r11 tl1c , vc>r cls tc> tl1e sc>11g, tl1c 111c111l)crs c>C

tl1is g,-1tl1eri11g of tl1c 11oc tr y scl1<><)l c<>111e lo tl1eir i<.'cl ;-111cl start ,vl1irli11g i11 tl1c 11igl1t.

·' I el111vVC)L111cle.c,l! cries tl1c leacler.

' l\11d I a111 tl1e c)r1c , ,·l1c) , ,·c)t11c1.-!s," rcsr)c)r1ds tl1c grc)l lJ). '·I .-111 l)c)rr1," lie s,t)·s.

"/\11cl I gi,1 e \)irth," rcs1)011cis the g r c)Lfl ).

"I a111 t111clc r s tc><)C I!"

·:A11cl I a111 tl1e <111c ,vl10 u11clersta11cls!"

..l cl111s a,1c cl!"

' A 11clI a111 tl1e c)r1e- , vl1c) s,1. ,·es.''

1Ir. Ade11,v,allcl's c)ffcri11g cc)111es ell tl1c c11d c)f cle1ss, l)efc)rc tl1c s tu cle11st retire

tc) tl1cir slcc1)ir1g r)ags. He tl1rr1s l1is l1cad tc) tl1c dc)1nc c)f trees l)cl1ir1d tl-1c class .-1r1cl l)cgi11s t.-1lkir1g.

"This is a 1)l.-1cc vvl1cre cleatl1 d.-111ccs ,,vit r1 life, . :\ lc)11g ti111c a.go, so111e cy1)rcss

(recs sta r tccl gr<)vvi11g at ,vl1at is 11C>\ v t\1c cc11t cr c>f tl1is clcH11c. i\ s tl1cir lca\·cs fc·ll, <>\ ,-er 111;-111y years, tl1cy cliss<1 l,,ecl tl1e li111csl<111e l)eclr <>ck t111cler tis. 'l 'l1is is

callccl ,.1 s c)lt1tic)11l1c)le, 111aclc I..)) Ll1c a ctic)11c)f clcicl, l)y tl1c i1rc)ccss c)f clc c,-l)··

Otl1er trees slarlecl g·rc)vvir1g clrC)L111cl tl1e l1c)lc. Tl1e vvetler is dec1)er i11 tl1e 111icl­ clle, sc) tl1c trees grcvv l1igl1er, tl1e rc)c)ts t)rc)k.c clecr)er i11tc) tl1c rc)ck.''

" T l1c 111iciclle c)f tl1is c)r1c is SC) cicc1), it cc)1ilclr1't l1c)lcl tl1c trees ar1)·n1cJr c, Sc) it's a,1oicl tl1ere, a r1icc vvatcr l1c)lc for tl1c allig·.-1tc)rs tc> CC)tnc clrir1k ir1 tl1c cir:' sc.-1sc>11. Tl1c l1<)lc '"ill kcCJ) ca.ti11g the lca\·cs."

POETRY SCHOOL 11 5

l\,l r.. t.\clc11,va lla lc) c>ks clcc1 ) l)1 i11tc> tl1c cic)111c, c1> ) c11i11gtc> vvc>rcis fc) r a 111c>r11c11t.

\ Vitl1 stc1rtli11g cla rit)1. l1c secs a fi g L1r c l)li11k i11to l)ci11g, a flccti11g s11a11glc c)f

, vl1itc g<)lcl, a fc,v l1L111clrc cl f<:et l)c l1i1c1l tl1c lect\'Cs a11cl 11<)S. S) tc11clrils <)f tl1c

air r)lc1r1t.s S <)1nctl1ir1g r Lts tlcs, stills i11t<) Ir. ,-c\:lc r1,va lla 's gaze, arrcsti11g l1i11

fc)r ,1 n1c)111cr1t tl1crc, a11cl n1clts a, ,·a·)' T l1c faceless sill1<)t1c ttc is 11rc)l) ,1t)l)' ,1

deer l) ttt 111<)\ ' C'S \vitl1 a slir1ki11gfc,1r tl1at rcn1i11cls 'Ir. 1\ cic r1, valla of a 11t1n1,1r1 t)ci11g, c>f Tg 11acio Httr ta clc>. D iel l1c, c>r sc >111cc)11c, fc>llc)vv thc111 l1c r c; l1c \ V() t l ­ clcrs fc)r cl f1asl1. ( ) 1; is tl1is a1 ) r< jc ctic)11 l)ca111ccl i11t<) tl1c 11igl1t l)y tl1c la 1111) c>f l1is o,,·11l1c,1rt.

•..

l ' l1c tre es ,-tre c,-tllccl tl1c ()\.:c r s tc)r \,1," lie cc)11ti11L1c s. " ( ; re a t 11c1111c ! ' l ' l1i11k

a\Jc)t1t l1<)\\" tl1c C)\'crst<)r)· is a 111irrc)r fc)r tl1c c:l<)111c fl<)<)r." 1Ir. ,-\clc11,\·alla kcc1)s

l<)c)ki11g, })Cc rs tl1rc)ugl1 tl1c sp c cklccl sr)accs c)f s l1c:1c!c)\,· l)c t,,·cc r1 trees, , vl1crc

cc)11scic)t1sr1css flicl crccl, lc)c>l s J)a s t tl1c sp a ce tc) tl1c l)rtiisccl or,111eg-)·cllc), v c)f tl1c l1c>rizor1.

Sc> 111a r1y st t1clc11ts, so 111,111y to cc>111c, t l1i11ks 1\fr. 1\ ci c11, va lla . He is , ,·i tl1 Tg 11a ­ ci<)- 1I urla clc> tl1is 11igl1t. Ir. ,-:\clc11,vc1la reflects C)ll l1is cfl c)1"ts tc> lca r11 ,vl1at l)cca111c c)f I g·11a cic) after tl1c 11o c111s sto 1111c cl. He f<)L111cl clisc<)1111ctccl 11l1c)11c 11t111IJ1c r s, l c:tJJSecl c111ails, a11cl ,t se r ie s <)f rL111<1)rs, 11<)11c<)f ,,vl1icl1 C<)Ltlcl \Jc C<)Il­ fir11cd. H e j<)ir1cci s<>111c fa111li)· i11 Ccr1tr,1l i-\.i11e ricc:t. He cc)m 111titc cl st1icicic ir1 l1is t)cclr<)C>111. H e 's i11111ris<)r1ccl ir1 a ciiffcrcr1t st a te. He's l1itcl1l1ikir1g ,1cr<)SS tl1c

cot1r1tr ,· to 1\l ask.a , ,·l1cr c a. lo r1g-lost t1r1clc tl1c ci,tv c>f !1is l)ir tl1 ,,·itl1c>t 1t a. l1c)111c.

, <...

,li,

cs. Or l1c rc>a111s tl1c streets of

Debra, the essence of love in the midst of struggle

by Alyssa Hernandez

' ' l)'SS,l H cr, ri1riclcz ... Yc)ttr 11,1rtricr is Dcl)r a!'' T l1is,,·,1s tl1c n1c)111crit it ,1ll l1cg,1ri fc)r D c l1l)ic ,1rid 111e. Tlie \ \' O \ \' Ccritcr iricli, ·icluals a11cl tl1c 1fia111i Dacie C: cJllcgc stt1clc11ts s,-1t tcJgc tl1er i11 tl1c cafeteria .-111x­

icJt 1s, Jy a , ,·a iti11g lcJ l1car tl1eir 11a111cs c a llee!.' l' l1is ,vas tl1c cla y· CJt1r_jcJur11eys., , '( re

a l)<) Ltl le) kick <)(!'! ,:\fter l1ca ri1ig· Barl)ara, C)11c c)f tlic sta(l' 111c111l.)c rs , call 11iy 1ict111e, I lia1 ) JJ il)· lit1rr ic cl tc) tl1c frc)11t \Vl1crc I 111cl D c l)l)ic. Dcl)l>i c lc>c)kccl ;,1l 111c

,.vitl1 a l)ig· c)ld smile, a11d I s111ilcd IJ <.tck. Full c)f excitcn1c1it, I , ,·c1it str ,1iglit iri fc)r a l1t1g. L t1ckil)' sl1c lit1ggcd n1c rigl1t t)ack!

Del)l)ic is a 3(1-\1car-c)ld \VC)111,1r1 , rl1C) l1as D o,.v11S\1 r1clr c)11e1. Slic is aro t1r1cl

, ;

.) feet ta ll ar1cl !1as s tr .-1ig ht l) r o, vr1 hair t h,1t jt1st l1 a r c ly· r c a cl1es lier cars,

a11cl vvcars reel g lctss cs ,,·i t l1 t i11)· g rcc11 l)cacls ;1: tta c l1cci tel t l1c111. \'cJu ca11

a l111c>s t ;-11,va ,·s catcl1 li e r \\'itl1 a ,valer l)c>ttlc iii l1a 11cl ;-111cl li er vvl1ite ,1 i11la 2:c

, < ,

lc)c)ki11g (;-t1111y' J)ctck a rc>t 111cl lier vv;,1ist. S li c

,li,

e s , vitl1 lier IJ<>)1fric11cl j c)sl1 i11

tl1eir ,·cr:1 c),,v11 a J)ctr t111ci1t! Sl1e li;1:

s l, i,

c d iii 11i;:1i11i all c)f li e r life. Tl1e t,,vc)

c)f tlic1n slia rc tlicir lic)mc ,vitli cl cat 11,1mcd Clicctc).

\ \711ilc clc)SC to lier 111c)tl1c1 D c l)b ic orily· secs lier f,1t1lcr c)ccasic)r1,1ll)' c)ri l1c)li­ cla)'S or s11ccial e,1cr1ts, lik.c lier l) i r tlid a.y·.Tl1is is sc)111ctl1irig D el)l)ie a.r1clI l1a,·c

i11 cc>111n1c>11. \r\

l1e11 sl1c sl1arcci tl1is i11fc1r111atic>11 vvitl1 111e, T felt

,c,

c11 111cJrc

C( lll ll'( Cl ccl l<l lie r. i-\t ti1i1cs, D c l)l)ic 111ay tl()t l.)e easy l(l t111clcrsta11cl, as sl1e

c)flc11gets stt1c k1 1r c>11c)t111ci11g lier ,vc)rcls, l)ttt s l1c is 11ic)sl ccrta i11·lycaS') le) talk

tc>. S li e is <>11c1i tc> c c>11,·crsc1lic)r1sa l)C>Ltt a l111c>s l a 1i)rtl1 i11g. l{ i11d a1icl lc)\'i1ig, sl1c

is c1t1ick tc) l iug 1ne , ,·lic11I least cxr)ect it. .!\. gc rit1irie

-s, vcc t lie,1rt slic is. Bttt

D c l)l)ic car1 ,1lsc) l)c a little l)it c)f ,1 trc) ttl)lc 111,1k.cr! L t1c k.ily' s l1c l1as lier p,11 H a r r )· to k.ccr) lier ir1cl1cck.

H arr): is ,,vlia t she l1,1s 11a111ccl lier rigl1t i11ciex fi11gc r, after tl1c 011c a11ci C)11ly;

I-I,,1r r v· J">c>ltc r! '

'l l1c first ti111c I fc-iu11cl cJut a l1cJt1t I-larrv vv;,1s clt11·i112·.

()tt r fi rs t

g rc>Ll)1 a cti\·ity at tl1c \ '\ !( )\'\ ! l'.c11tc1: 'l 'l1c l\1DC: s lt1clc11ts ,vcrc aski11g c;-1cl1 ()f

( }

117

118 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

tl1c \ \.'( , )\\ : ( .'.c 11tc r J)a r ticiJ) c111ts a se ries c>C s i1111) lc " gc t-t<1 - l 11c>\,·" c1 L1cs ticH1s. ()11

tl1at \icrv loL1cl c.la \· i11 tl1c Ccli'<

tcria vvl1c11 it \\'els 111·\

LL1r11 Lo i11tc r\·ic,v D c l)l)it\

tl1e first tl1i11·gI clid Sa )' 111·) 11;-1111c. Sl1c s111ilc cl a11cl s;1: ic.l, " 11- 1- 1- 11)·11;-1111c is D c l )l)ic!' ' .l\ s sl1c sl1<)<>k. 111)· l1a11d, I r1<>ticcd sl1c l1c:1el lier rigl1t i11clcx fir1gcr

,

})<)ir1tccl LI}), sligl1t ly l)cr1t. Sl1e vv,1s s111ilir1g· ,1t 111c a11d tl1c11 l<)<)kir1g at tl1c fir1gcr. I clicl 11ot tl1ir1k. 111L1cl1 of it at first a11cl vver1t 011 a sl ir1g tl1c CJL1cs tior1s listccl o r1 tl1c J)aJ)Cr. \\'hc11 T a s ke cl D cl) l)ie \,vl1at \,·as l1er ra\·oritc 111C)\·ic, l1cr race lit LI}) a.s sl1e sa icl ' '1-I a r r y I->c>LLc r!" a 11cl SLtr<' c 11C>L1g l1l1cr rigl1t i11clcx fi1 1gc r J)C>! )J)< ' Cl <)UL c>f' l1cr clL1tcl1ccl fist. I s11i1lccl ,-111cl tole! lier l1c)\ V 111L1cl1 l l<) \1cc.l H ,.1r,r v Po tte r! l rc111c111-

l>er 11<>\•V cxcitecl \,ve l><)tl1 \,·ere. Sl1c tl1c11 l<)<>kccl LI}) ;1: t 111c c1: 11lcse1icl " l1is11c1111ics

Harr); t<><>!" ,ts sl1c tl1c11 l<><>keel cl<>vvr1 at lier rigl1t i11cicx fi11ger. I said, '')J<>

,v,1,·? J L1s t like H arr,.- P< ) ttc r. Is lie SJ) Cci,1 like H,1rrv Pc)ttc r?'' Sl1c s111licci ar1ci

I I ,

gigglecl as sl1c saicl, '·\ 'cs." Barl),1ra sl10L1tccl "'S\vitcl1!!!" ,1r1ci 111') tirr1c , va s LIJ)

lc)r i11tcr\ilC'\vi11g D ct)l) ic. ,.\ftcr tl1at sl1c>r t 111c>111c11t vvc SJ) C11t tc>gc t l1c1 I k11cvv

\ VC l1it it ()fr rce1 lly \ \ "(' II a11cl tl1at H a r ry \\'aS a l)ig J)a r l ()r l1cr, l) Ltt l l1acl 11() iclccl

11()·V\ lllLICll S().

.A.t fi r s t, I tl1<>L1g·l1t H arr)' \•vas si1111Jl)' j List e111 i111c1ig11ar)' fric11cl le> D cl>l.>ic, l)Ltl I la ter lcar11cel tl1;-1t l1c is s<> 1nL1cl1 111<>re tl1c:111 tl1at. l r1trig uccl l<> k11()\V 111<>r c al><)Ll t Del)l)ic 's rc l,:1ti<)r1sl11i) , ,·i tl1 H ar1'); I asl cd ag,1i11 cllJ<)Llt l1in1 clL1rir1g <)r1c <)f <)Llr rcccr1t ,1isits tc) tl1c \ :\70 \ :\7 Cer1tcr. I t vv,1s a l1<)t SL1r1r1v cla,, as vve ,,·all"cd to tl1c ficlcl to J)la)· sc>111c kickl)all. I cc>t tlci tell D cl) l) ic clici 11c>t lik e tl1c l1cat, l)ttt sl1c

,· ,

\Va s s till cxci tecl LC> l)c S])C11cli11g ti111c tc>gctl1er. \ \! l1c11 it vvas c>ur tt1r1 1 tc> kick,

\ \!ilso11,a stair 111c111l.)c r at tl1c \ \! ( ) \ \r C c11tcr, callee! LIS <1\·cr ii·o111 OL1tiiclcl.

I lc)c)kccl ell D c l)l)ic c111c1 sa i c.L "Cc)111c C)ll D cl.)l.)ic , it's ()L1r tL1r11 le) 111c1kc cl

11()111C rLlll!"

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DEBRA, THE ESSENCE OF LOVE IN THE MIDST OF STRUGGLE 119

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120 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

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DEBRA, THE ESSENCE OF LOVE IN THE MIDST OF STRUGGLE 121

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Grassroots leadership for the 21st Century: Leading by not leading1

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by Joan T. Wynne

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l J l J (.} I

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11ati()Jla l scll()Ol rclc)r111. A-;,1-

c;, H illia rcl, Ill ( l S)S)7), a clcc;.tclc ,-lg(), SLtgg estccl tl1,1t

, \vitl1 a \Jr<>kc11,S\ 1stc111, '·r c\'<>ltiti<>IL 11<>l rcl<>r111 is 11ccclccl.'' T l1al rC\ ' <>l t1ti<>11,tr, v

\·isic)rl car1 l>c sc c11i11 a ITI<>clcl c>f l caclcrsl1i1->, ft 1lly <>1->c, r 1tic>11;:tli zc cl clt1rir1g tl1c

si."tics ir1 tl1c Sc>t1tr1crr1 Fr c cdc>m l\ifc>\'Cn1cr1t (S F I) ir1 tl1c "C.S.1\ ., l:)t lt l1c)1rcd ir1 c clticatio11cltirir1gtl1is r1cvv ccr1ttiry· l)): Bol) Jc)s es, fotir1cic r ar1ci 1 rcsicier1t of the

i\ lgc l)ra P rc>jc ct, I11c. Grc>t111cleci i11 ;-1 J) l1ilc>SOJ) l11· c>f c ri-11)c>, vcri11g g r a ss rc>c>ts, l)o t t(Hl l-LLJ) \)r illia11cc l(> fi11cl a 11 cc1 t 1a l \ !(">ic e a lcH1gsiclc tll(>SC i11 tl1c J)C>,, · c r s tr t1c­

tt1r <', tl1c ,:\i c>\'C111c11t's l1istc)ry clicl 11<)l star t i11 tl1c SL'( tics. Ratl1cr, as l\ l c)scs cx1 )la i r1s, it ''ca111ic11tc> cxistc11cc \\'l1c11 tl1c first ,,\frica11 \\·,1lk ccl <>ff tl1c first sla\·c sl1ir> i11 cl1,1i11s '' ( iI <>s cs 2()() I, r> I 711). ,..\11cl tl1c>t igl1 tl1c grassr<><>ts cc>111r>c>r1cr1t c>f

tl1c SF I 111c)dcl 111,1)· l)c as C)ld ,1s tl1c lc,1clc r sl1i11 pl1ilc)SOJ)l11· c>f L a c> T c:;t i ir1

7()() B.c:.:! , its i111r)a ct 011 cclt1catio11,l1circles is 01 1)· r1c)vv t)ei r1g ex,11n i11ccl.

J{.escarcr1, SJ)C>11sc)rc ci l1)· tl1c l\"a tio11a l S cic11c c Fot111cla tior1, Flo r icla l11tcr11a ­ ticH1al U 11i\;crsit)· (l I C), a11cl scH11c grassrc>C>ts <) rg a 11iza tic111s is \)cg i1111i11g· tc> i11,1cstiga tc Sl<',:\1 's cclt1catio11al ()fl s11 r i 11g·, tl1e• .\l gc l)ra Prc jc c t , as a j)(>ss i l.)ility

1 " ( ; r ass ro o ls I .r a dcrslii]> l<H· tlie '.2 l st (:r ntury: I ,e, t<ling l>y :\ o t I ,r a d ing " l>y J o a n ' I'.

\ \ 'y r1rH' frc>111 1 i,,1nifin'J11a fit f Lfa(!e1shijJ a11(/ l:r., /ucational Err fll e11ce: Learning ( )1ga,nicatio11s in the l nfar1natio11 .'lge I>) ' l\ I-yir1t Svvc Kh i11c a11cl Issa :\'1. Saleh, V 20 l, Sense Pt1blisl1crs. Re1)rin ted l))l ])e r111sisio r1 of tl1e 11t1l>lisl1er.

'2 Quotatio11 by L a <) Ts u fr<)l11 tl1c 'T ao ·r;, ( ,'/1i11, sugg( s ts tht· gt·11t>r a lJ )l1iloso1 )!1y()f

:vlo,·<·111e nt le, H le rshi]> s tyle " ( ; <> l<> t he ])<'<> ])le., l i,·e \\·it h the111. I.e a r n li·o111 t lH·111.

, l c>, ·c thcn1. Start ,,·it li vvlia t tliev, knovv. 1- uil<I ,.vith ,,·hat tli ,r Y li,t\'°C. 11 u t ,,·itli the best

lcaclcrs. ,,·l1cr1 the \\·o rk is clo11c , the task accc>111r)lisl1cd , tl1c f)C<>11lc ,viii Sa)· ·\ \'c· l1a,·c clone this ot1rscl,·cs." \ \'l1ilc at H a1,·a rcl, :\'Ioscs stucliccl tl1e , ,·riti11gs of Lao TztL

123

124 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

tc> rcvc>luti<)11izc sc l1c><) I rcfc)r111, CSJ)c c ia ll)' i11 tl1c i11st ruc tic>11 c>f' 111atl1c111,1tics.

\ \!itl1i11tl1c co 11tcxl <>i' J)Ltl)lic scl1c)ols, tl1c l <)\'Ct11c11t J) r a c ticc tl1at scc111s L111ic-1Ltc ir1 rcic>r111 is its i11sistc11cc c>11 \Jri11gi11gt<>g c tl1cr tl1c disc11fra11cl1isccl ir1t<> s111all circles t<> clisc Ltss, L111clcrsta11cl, a11d, tt1c11. cic111c:1r1cl vvl1al J.>C<>JJlc Sa )'

tl1cy clc>r1t' vv,1r1t a C)Lta li ty· cclL1cati<>r1 ( 1! c)sc s 2()() I, J). l (1).

Ir1 tl1is cl1a1)tc r, I ,,·ill discL1ss sc>111c c)f tl1c cc>111pc>r1cr1ts <>f tl1is tr a11sfc>r 111ati,·c lc a clc r s l1ir) 1,1oclc l as I ,rit11cssccl tr1c111 t1r1fold clt1ri11g l\.foscs' r1cgotiati<)r1 <)f tl1c lc, ,-ia tl1a11 c>l)staclcs tl1at sta11cl i11 l1is J)atl1 c)f clcli\·cri11g })lack, \)rovv11, a 11cl J)<>c>r vvl1itc cl1ilclrc 11fi·c>111 tll<' clis111a l clL111gcc>11s <>f i1111)<>\·<'risl1ccl scl1<><>ls. I-Iis

atlril>Lttcs as a lcaclcr reflect 11<>l c>11l·) tl1c grassrc><>ls cx1)cric11ccs a11c,l visclc>111

lc a r11ccl tl1r<>L1g·l1 tl1c Sc>L1ll1cr11 Frccclc>111 l\ 1I c>\ 'C111c11(Sl Fl\1) a11cl frc>111 l1is 111c1-1

tc>r Ella ,B1kc1 l>Ltt alsc> fr<>n1 l1is cliscir)li11cd i11tcr1ti<>11 <>f dcr1yir1g ar1y· attact1- n1c11t t<> c l1ar isn1,1ticlcaclcrsl1ip. R a tl1cr, lie seems co111111tictcl t<> f<)Stcri11g tl1c lc a clc r s l1ir) cc111,1cit)' c)f o tl1crs. I c>scs s t1g g c s ts i11 Radical Equation.1 tl1is clis ti11c ­

tic))1 l)ct,,·cc11 tl1c Lvvc> lca clc rs l11i ) st)·lcs, cl1c1r is111at ic v·cr s us g ra ssrc><) ts: " l\ I )i

l)asic sc11sc or it l1,,1s al,v,,1ys l)<'<'ll t<) get J)CC>J)l<' to Lt11c!C'rstc111cl tl1,,1l i11 tl1c lc)11g

rL111 t l1c)r tl1c111scilC\ S arc tl1c <>111·) J.)r<>lccli<>11 tile)' l1a\iC ag;_,1i11st \ 'ic>lc11cc <>r

ir1jt1sticc ... Pc <>J.)l c t1 a \ 1 c le> l>c 111;_,1cic t<> t111clcrstc:1r1cl tl1al tt1c)' cc:11111<>l lc>c >k fc>r s,1l\:,1tic >r1 c:1r1y,,·l1crc l>ut t<> tl 1cn1scl\1cs'' (r). 3'.3).

The Story

'·111is c l1a1 ) tc r is 111c>rc cl 11ar r a.ti,·c c>r J.)C>r l r ,,1ilL1r c tl1a11 it is ,l rcsc;_,1rcl1 rCJ.)<>rl

cx11lai11ccl tl1rc>L1gl1 lr,1cliti<>11;_,1l rc1>c>rli11g 11rc>l <>C<>l. ,.f. l1c stc>r ) ' l>c g i11s i11 2()()4,

,vl1cr1 FIC ir1·\itcci l\{c>scs, C i\1 il R ig l1ts lcgcr1cl a11ci 11,1c,.\rtt1L1r Gcr1iL1s Fcllc>,,·, t<> cc>111c t<> its c,1mpt1s ,1s ar1 E111ir1cr1t Scl1c>l,1r ir1 its Cc-11tcr fc>r l Jrl)ar1 Ed L1ca­

tic>r1 & Ir1r10,1,1tio11. H e }1ad r)ccr1 i1,

1,i t c-cl l1c-caL1sc of l1is 25

,\·cars of stc\.varcl-

i11g accelerate-cl r11c1.thc111atics J)rc>gra111s t(> clisc11frc111cl1is c-cl c c>111111t11itics

acr c>SS tl1c C<>Ull l r,

v a11cl l) CCc1LI S(' ()r l1is ' ' f<>CLI S () 11 Cl' C'a t i \' (' 11l('l ll <>cls ()r tC'acl1-

i11g c111cl lcar11i11g as a s tr a tcg )' fc>r c111)<>vvc r111c11t ,111cl s <>c ia l cl1c111gc" (R a11sl))'

J.). 252). Frc>111 tl1c first ti111c I c>s cs Cct11c1 le> ).!ic1111i. I }1;_,1\ ' C fc>ll c>, vcd t1in1 i11t<>

cl 111·)r ic1ci <>f scttir1gs frc>m clc1ssr<><>n1 s a 11ciJ),1rc11t 111cctir1gs ar1cl academic l1alls <)f \' a r io t1s L1r1i,·crsitic-s to fc>L1r1clatic>r1 l)c>arcl 111cctir1gs ,1r1cl SL1p c-r i r1tcr1- dc11t c>fric c s i11 ii ia11i1 ar1ci otl1cr cities. ;\ s a rcsc-arcl1cr, 1,1)· c>l)sc r, ; ir1g a11cl l)ci11g· i11 tl1c>sc a.rc11a s a lo11g sicic l\f oscs l1a,.-c ! )c c 11 l)c>tl1 l1t111l) l11g a11cl tra11s­ lc)r111ati\1C. Sc> lo vvrit<' tl1is cl1a J) t c r as a11 c>l jc c ti\1C cyc-,,·it11css is a cl1;.:1llc 11g c

l>ccaL1sc I ,vas <>l>sc r \: i 11g 11c>t j Ltsl a d if1' c r c11l 111c>clc c>f l c ;_,1 clcrs l11i), l.>Ltt als<> ,,vil­

r1cssi11g vvl1c1l I l.>clic \ ·c le> l>c ,t cliITcrc11l ,,·a': c>f ' ' l >c i11g" i11 tl1c ,vc>rlcl. 1\1)'

ir1tcrr1;:1l c1L1cstic>r1 l1as alvv,1y·s l >c c r1 r1<>\·V clc> I ,,·rclJ) a c a clcm ic ,,·c>rcls arc>t111cl

tl1is 111L1l ti- la )·c rc cl, ir1,r1c> c xr)c r ic11c c ?

1 a ti,1c )·ct ar1cicr1t, c1L1asi " s11ir i tt1,1l" lc,1clcrsl1i11

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIPFOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 125

\ Vl1c11( c>r11C'l \.\'C's{ ,vrc>LC i11 '.2()() I Li1at l\.[c1sc s is tl1c tc>vvc r i11g ,1cti,·ist/i11tcl­ lcr LL1a l c)f l1is g·c11cr a Lio 11, l1c ca11tL1rccl t,vo c1f tl1C' 111a11y f 1ccts <)f tl1is lcaclc r­ sl1i1) s tyle 111a11ifestccl l)y S IF lL1111i11;:trics like Ellct Baker, Fa1111ic Lc>Lt H a 11c r, Vir1c:cr1l H a r cii11ga11cl J.)rctcticcd IJ)' l'vlc)scs ir1 tl1c field c>f cclL1c:c1lic>11. Orie c>f tl1c>sc f,1ccts is l1is cc>111111itmcr1t tc) cxca,·,1tc tl1c ir1tcllcctL1al life c)f st1tdcr1ts

scorir1g at tl1c l)ottC)tn 1c t 1a.r tilc of ,1ca cle111ic 111c,1s11res. ; \ sccor1c1 is tl1c soci,11

;1: cti, ·isrr1, tl1c i11tcr1ticn1 le> ra clica ll) ' cl1ar1gc ,111 C>J)J)rcssi,-c· S)·stc111 ,(l\[ c)scs J) .'.-3) .

l\1l c1sc s s t1gg cs Ls tl1a L " c 111\) c clclccl i11 Li1is vvc>rk" c1r c clL1c a ticH1 a11cl Li1c ccH1ct1r­ rc11L l)L1ilcli11g c)f cl clc111a11cl for11 c)s iti,·c cl1a11gc !) y J.1CC)J1l c ,.1t tl1c l)<>tlc)111 ''is tl1c iclca tl1al if )'C> Lt C:ct11 re a ll y' l>ri11g· ,1l>c>t1t clll)' ki11cl c>f c:l1ct11gc at Ll1c l>c>Ltc>111 it is gc>ir1g tc) c:l1a1g1c c,·cry' t r1ir1g'' ( \/l c>scs 2()()1, J).188). Bc>tl1 c>f tl1csc c:c>n1mit­ mcr1ts a.re ir1tcgratccl. ir1tc> tr1e I)l1ilc)Sc>1)l1)· ,1r1cl I)racticc c)f tl1c 1\ lgcl)ra Prc>j ect a11cl a.cl.circ ssc ci vvl1c11c,·cr loses is i11 a rc)o111 ,.vi tl1c)tl1cr pcc)J)lc.

\ Vhilc c x1)lo r i11g· tl1c i11tcllcct11,1l life of st11clcr1ts or tl1cir CC)111n111r1itics, ,,·l1at c1l,,·c1) 1 S sc c 111s tc1 set l\ fc)s cs a1)art f'rc)111 C>tl1c r s i11 a rc><1111 is l1is stilh1c ss, a c1 t1a l­ iLy 111a11fi<·s tccl alsc) i11 111a11ySl-'.\l lcaclcrs like B,1kcr ,.111cl l-l a rcli11g·.SL1cl1 clcc1) C{Lticl li, ·cs i11 stark cc)11Lrasl le> tl1c 111c>11c)lc>g·11cs ;,,111cl clircctivcs tl1at c>11c c>ftc11 l1c ,1. rs i11 c l c:1ss r c>c)111s.sc:l1c>c>l s, c>r 111ccti11gs , ,·i tl1 111c1r1)· lcc:1c1crs ir1 tl1c C.S..\. Ir1cl.c c ci. tl1,1t silcr1cc 1)c r n1c a tcs l\ l c>sc s ' tc::1cl1ir1g_· s t\1 lc a11ci l1is J)crsc>r1a ir1 c,·cr,,

L1 , ,1

grc)LtI) tl1,1t l1e cl,ra ,·s ir1tc) a circle. It's a str,1teg)· tl1at l1c oftcr1 creclits tc) tl1c

1nc11tori11g of Bake r (\ 1[ oscs 2()() I, cl1a1)ter '.-3). T l1c)t1gl1, I Gr1cl l\,[c)scs' J)ro­ fc)L111cl cah11 sc> i11tcg ra tcc1 i11tc1 l1is J) Crsc >11alit ); tl1c1L ca lli11g it a str a tcg'): scc·111s a 111is11<J111cr, like lryi11g l<> s c 11a r c1tc tl1c clc111ccr Cro111 tl1c clc11cc. Yet, at tl1c sa111c ti111c, I k11c>, v tl1at Ll1is " s till 11css" is ,t CJLlctlit)' c>f l c a d c r s l1i].) tl1c:1t is 111c>rc J)C)\,vcr­

f11l tl1a11 a111, c>f tl1c c>Ll1crs I \Vill , ,.:r i te ::1l)c>Ltt, a 11cl c>r1c I l>clic, 1c r1cc:css;:1,r, tc>

, ,

e1n11latc ir1 tl1e ll)'l) Cr -s c r1sc>r ) ' - Stin11l::1tccl tvver1ty-first cc r1tLlr )1. Tl1011gl1 c)tl1cr CL1lt11rcs 111<1)· n1ar1ifcst tl1is q11alit)· n1c)re \viclcl)', tl1c fast-1)acccl, efficicr1c)' c1ri,·cr1 J\ 1i-1cr ic a11 ctdtt1rc is 11c>t k11c)vv11 fc)r it.

You must enter into the small silences (Moffitt 1961)

Sc,·cral ir1cic1c11ccs c)r tt1is clis c i1)li11c cl c1t1ict s ta11d ot1t i11 n,1) rcscarcl1 r1c)tcs ,1s

strc>11g clc111cH1str a tic>11s 11c>L C>tl l)' c>C it s t111ic1t1c 11r1tt1rc a111iclst l1ic r c1rcl1al i11sti­ LL1tic>11s i11 i\ 111cricc1, !)Lil alsc> c>f tl1c J) <)s itiv·cc>ulc<>111cs rcs t1l ti11·gCrc>111 its J) l'c1C­ ticc. "l 'l1c first cxa11 Jlc is a 111c ti11·g\vitl1 ,l c)scs a11cl cl grc>Lq) c)f f:1ct1lt y ,vl1c) l1a d l)cc11i11,·itccl l>)' lr1c Excc:t1ti,·c Dircctc>r c>f tl1c Cc11tcr, L isa D cl1>i t, tc> cli;:1- lc>g11c ,ritl1 tl1c r1c,vl:1 rccr11itcd E111ir1c11t Scl1c>lar. Tl1c clca11's cc>r1fcrcr1cc roc)111 ,,vas fillecl ,ritl1 al)C)Llt 26 f,1cL1lt)' n1e111l)crs. 1\ ll secmcci cager to n1cct c111cl l1car frc)n·1 tl1is l1ig r1l)1 rcs1)cctccl a11cl rc1)L1tccl t1rl)a11 lcc1clcr. 1\ ftc r D clJ) it

126 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

i11trr>clucccl l\ I c>sc s a11cl a s kccl tl1c fa c Ldt)' tr> i11trc>clL1c c tl1c111scl\,.cs , :\1l c1sc s c1ui­ c tly ,1skccl " \ \111a t is it tl1,1l yc1L1 ,vc)L1lcl like lo ,1ccc>111 1l isl1 i11 tl1csc 11cxt t,vo

l1c)L1rs?" .After tl1e C[L1es tic), 11 sile 11ce fill ecl tl1e rc)c)11.1 l\if( )ses cliclr1't s11cak. Tl1c r)rc)fessc)rs dic.l11't s1)e ;:1k. Pcc)J) lc l )cga11 le) sl1if t i11 tl1cir scats, citl1cr lc)c)ki11g clc)vvr1 c)r lc)c) kir1g arc)t1r1cl fc)r sc)111cc)11c tC) Sf) C,l k. .l\ p11rc)xi 1n,1tcl) ' fc)tlr c)r fi'\ C

111ir1t1tcs 11,s1scd,, \·l1icl1a t tl1c ti111c sc e111cel lo r1gc r, a11d l o se s rcn1air1ecl still,

lc)c>kir1g str;,1ight at !1is a t1ciic11cc, a11cl s c c111ccl tl1c c>11ly c>11c i11 tl1c rc>c>111 c c)111-

fc)1tal)lc , vi tl1 tl1c cll) SC ll CC' ()r \-\/(}r cl s.

l_)rc,1,f ssc>r s c1rc <>ft c 11 , vc clclc cl l<> fi xc cl a g c11cla s, c x1 1c c ta t ic>11s <>f' lc a clc r- clc}l11i-

11atcc.l lcctL1rcs, ())'1 1rc - c.lctc r111i11ccl ic)r111als {c)r clis CLISSi()llS. ' l 'l1t1s, l)ei11gi11 tl1c rc)C)111 ,vitl1 ;:1 l e ;:1c.ler, ,vl1c) l.)elie\1 cd tl1a t tl1c vvisci. c)111 11eed ecl fc)r clf,l\ ' cffc)rt li\'e cl

,ritl1ir1 tl1e J)CC)})lc i11 tl1c rc)c)111 ar1cl l1acl tc> t111cf)lcl vvitl1 " lea derless'' di,1lc)g t1e,

sc c111ccl tc> l)r i r1g tl1is set C)f profcssc)rs to r)alr)at)!c cliscc>111fort. Tl1c)· l1a.cl cc)1nc t<) t1c;,1r l1is vvisclc) 111, r1c>t tc> l)c participar1ts i11 tl1c c xca\·atic)rl c>f tl1eir o, v11.

E\'C11t t1a ll y, a J) r c>f'c

ssc>r l)rc>kc tl1c silc 11c,c

vi tl1 a c1ucs ticn,1

,·l1icl1 la te r g a \;c vvay

t(} a g r <) Ll ).) clc cisio 11 ()r a11 () )) ('11 C<) l l \ 1 c r sa t i<>l l a l.)( }l l l tl 1c cl1all c11gcs ( r) l) ei11g cl

cc)llcg·c c)f c clt1c a tic)11 i11 tl1c 111icsl t c)f tl1c fc)t1r tl1 la rgest scl1c)c)l clis tric t i11 tl1c r1atic>r1. L;:1te r, after tl1c 111cetir1g·, c)11c c)f n1y· c c)ll ec1gucs asked 111c, " I s tl1at

silc11c c a s trclt cg )' c>f l\ Ic>sc s ? l '\·e r1c\·cr cx1) e r ic11cccl tl1,1t i11 a11 a c,1clcm ic sc tt1. 11."g..

!11 tl1c classroo111 ,ritl1 a cc>l1o r t of 9tl1 grade !\ lgel1r a P ro j e c t stt1cle11ts a11cl at

a cl1t1rc l1 l) ;,1sc111c11t ,vhcrc f c1scs Ice! a clt tlt 111atl1c111atics litc r a c,)· vc>r ksl1c>1)s, I

cx1)c r ic11cccl tl1at sa111c r1L1,-1lity ,-1s a 111cc111s <>f a l,lc> , · i11g lca r11c rs tll<' SJ)aC<' a 11cl

ti111c LC) a11s,vcr tl1cir ()vv11 c L1c s tic)11sa l.)C)Ltl sc )l\·i11g111atl1c111,-1tic,,1l c c)11cc1 ) ts, 11c r 111titi11·gtl1e111 tc) clig clcc1 )c r i11tc) tl1eir c),,vr1 rcasc)11ir1g fc>r sc)l\1 i11gcl 11rc)IJ­ lc111. H is r>c d a g c)g )·,a frc1111,cv,c>r k clcs ig11ccl tc> ci. c v·clc)J) cc>11cc1Jtt1al kr1c)vvlc clg·c, r1c)t rc>tc for1111tla ic a r1s,vc r s, ir1tc11ds tc) l)uilcl st t1clc11tcc)r1fidcr1cc sc) tl1,1t tl1c \1 a,11cl tl1cir s111all g ro t11s ca 11 prot)c \v1thir1 tl1cn1scl\'es fc)r ,1r1s\.vers.

, ,

H c) VVC'\' C'I it \ \·a s ,lt ()ttr firs t r)arc11t-SlltClc11t lllC'Cti11g,, v l1c r e f()SCS \ \' cl S t) c g i 11-

11i11g tc> c>r g a 11izc tl1c J)arc11ts tc> Stl])J)C>r t tl1cir st t1clc11ts' 11cvv fc1ra)· i11tr> tl1c

, ,·c>r lcl of !1igl1cr lc\iC'] 111atl1c111;;1tic a l tl1i11ki11g, tl1at l1is still11css vVclS a g a i111 ) a !-

11a l.)lc a11cl rcsc)t1rccfL1l. Fc)ttr l)rc>ic:ssc)rs, s c)111efrc>111 FIC a11cl s()111c f rc)111

l\Ii,1n1i D ,1clc Cc>llcgc, ;1:

ccc)m l)c1r1icd 11c1

le) tl1c1t 111c ti11g tc) L>ccc>111c ,1 J)arl c>f

tl1is cffc>rt t<> s t1st,1ir1 ar1r \ P site i11 ,1 i 1111i, \vl1crc s tt1dc r1ts J)Cr fc>r 111ri1g ir1 tl1c

l)c>tt c)111-1ct 1a r ti lc of ,1ca clc111ic 111ca s t1rcs ,,vc r e t)ci11g offerccl ar1 accclcr,1ted

11a tl1crr1atics J)rc)gra111., l\ f c>sc s a 11cl this tca 111 11la11 tc> s l1c1)l1crci these stt1clc11ts

fr·c}lll tl1<' J tl1 g raclc t l1rr>t1g l1 tl1c I 2 tl1 g ra clc , J) l'CJ)a r i11g tl1C'111lc)r acc<'ss tc> a 11cl SL1c cc ss i11 c o llcg ·c .

.A.t tl1is 1 1a r c 11t 111c c t i11g, vvl1crc a lsc) sc)11c l.)rC)tl1crs a11cl siste rs, ,-1L111l s a 11cl L1r1cles cc1111c , Ic)ses fc)r111ecl Lts i11tc) ,-t c ir c le , cx1 )l a i11ccl tc) tl1e 11arc11ts tl1c sCC)}) C c)f tl1c f)rc)jcct a11cl tl1e11 ctskccl tl1c c1t 1cs tic)11, " \ \Tl1a t stC})S clc) )'C)Lt ,,·111t

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIP FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 127

tc> lake 11cxl tc> SLIJ)])C>rt )·c>ur stt1clc11Ls CHl tl1is fe)t1r )·car jc>t1r11c)'?" i-\g·ai11, like ll1c 111ccLi11g \-Vitl1 tl1c cc)llcgc j)rc)ft·ssors, ;-111 LlllC()Jllfc)rta.l)lc l1L1s l1 crc]Jl i11.

1l <>sc s sat c11L1iLc s ti ll a11c.l 11c\·cr tc><>k l1is C\ 'CS ;1:

,,·a \· fr<>111 tl1c circle. 1l a11v. if

r1<>t 111<>s t , <>f tl1csc J)a r c11 ts l1ad 11C\' Cr l>ccr1 asked ,rl1;:1t tl1c)· tl1<>L1gl1t <>r

\.v,1r1tcd t<> cl<> ,ll)c>ut tl1cir cl1ilclrcr1's cclt1c,1tic>r1. Tl1c r<><>m rc111air1cci CJLtict fc)r

\vl1,1t sccrr1cci ag,1ir1 li]._c ,l \: Cr')· lor1g ti111c. E \1cr1 tl1c professors '"igglcd ,l l)it ir1 tl1cir cl1airs, \\'(HlClcrir1g ir a11y·tl1i11g C<)tilci l)C' t1sr1crcci i11 rrcH11 tl1is silc11cc. l;'i11;-1lly·, C)l}C ])c1rc11l S))<)kc, tl1c11 a 11<>L i1cr, ll1c11 c111C)tl1cr a11cl })cfc)r(' tl1c c11cl ( )r ll1c 11igl1L, tl1c ]);-1rtici1)a.11ts l1ac.l ])la1111ccl tl1c ela tes, ll1c ;-1gc11cla. a11cl ;.1 c rc>ss ­ CLtllLtr,11 111c11L1 fc>r sulJscc4L1c11t 111cc ti11g·s, as ,vcll as a c<>111111it111c11t lcLlcr <>f SLlf)})<>rt clraftccl l>y tl1c J>c1rcr1ts t<> f)lccigc tl1cir fa111il·)· s SLl})})<>rt fc>r tl1c ,vc>rk

<>f tl1c •1\lgcl)r,1 Prc>jcct. i\ ftc r tl1c 111ctir1g, ir1 tl1c 1)arkir1g lc>t , tl-1c r)r <>fcss<)r s

,111cl I cor1fcssccl to c,1cl1 otl1cr otir o,,·11 clisco111forl ,vitl1 'loses' i<)r1g· silcr1ccs vvl1ilc 111ar\·cli11g at its l)rilli;1-1 1cc, ach11itti11g that tl1is l1acl al!c)vvccl tl1c r)artici­

])a11ts l(> fi11cl tl1cir vvay i11tc> sl1a1)i11g tl1cir c>vv11 clia l<>g LH' , s tr a teg ics , a11cl i11tcr­

, ·c11ti<)11stc> l-)L1sl1 tl1cir stL1clc11ts lc>vv;-1rcl cc )llcgc.

i-\t ,-111<>tl1cr J-)arc11t/s tL1clc11t 111ccti11g. \-VC vvatcl1ccl els l <>s cs s;-1t c4Ltictl1· ;:1llc>\v­ i11g stL1clc11ts fiftcc11 t<> t, vc11l)' 111i1L11tcs t<> clcl>ctt,c, ·l1al ti111c tl 1C)' \\'c1r1tccl tl1cir classes t<> l)cgi11 cc1cl1 m<>rr1ir1g ,lt a11 Ll})C<>n1i r1g st1n1111cr ir1stitL1tc. Later cc1cl1

<>f t is 1,r<) fcssors, vvl1c> l1acl sat ir1 tl1c sa111c c irc le, acln1ittccl tl1,1t ,vc vv<>tilci, r1crc t<) fc>r c, h, l \ i C i111r)a tic11tl)' ir1tc r\;c r1c-cl a.11cl 1,1aclc- tl1c clccisio11 rc>r tl1c stt1-

cic11ts, t111vvitti11g ly sc1 ua s l1i11g tl1cir i11it ia tiv·c a11cl tl1cir c,>,, c c ss. \ \ 1c, l(>C>, ,, ere lcar11i11g fi·<) 111 vl<>scs' lcaclcrsl1i1).

11c-rs l1i1) c>f' Ll1c ])rc>­

Pc)ssil)ly, tl1c 111(>St 111c111c)rc1l)lc cxa1111Jlc, tl1<)L1gl1, c)f tl1is c1L1ality L111fc)lclccl tl1c first clc,1')· <>f cl SL'( -, ,·c c k rcsiclc11tic1l SL1111111rc acctc.lc111ic i11stitL1tc tl1at i\ P c111cl

Fil ; <>1>cr,1tcd f<>r tl1is r1cvvl)· f<>rn1ecl r1i11tl1 grc1cic c<>l1<>rt a11d f<>r t,,·crll)' - t\.V<>

st t1clcr1ts frc>111 a11c>tl1cr l1igl1 sc ll <) <)l i11 tl1c city. Kc>11c <)f tl1csc s tt1clc-11ts l1acl C\ 'C-r l-)ccr1 a,yay fro111 tl1cir 1)arcr1ts ror this lc11gtl1 <>f ti111c. Sc>111c 11acl r1c\1cr

})CCI) c1\\'2l\" rrcHll ll<)l11C. Tl1c stucic-11ts ca111c rrc>Jll t\VC) ri\·al sc ll CH) ls ,vl1crc fc·ar

;

()r ()llC atl<>ll1cr SL1rf 1cccl at tl1c 1)arc11t/ SlL1Clc11t i11fc>r111ati()ll 111ccti11gs l1clcl

sc1J c1ra tcly at IJ<)tl1 scl1c)c)ls ])ric>r LC) tl1is first cla )1. S L1clclc11yl· fc>r l): ' fc) Ltr lc c11-·)c ar

<>lei ri\ 1 a ls ctr ri\·ccl ,it tl1c frc>11t cl<><>r <>f ct rcsidcr1cc l1c1ll n1ccti11g S})ctcc , dise111-

l>arkccl fr<>111 t,vc> sc1 >a, r 1 tc l.>t iscs, carr)'ir1g tl1cir l.>cl<>11gir1gs ar1cl cr1tcrcd ir1t<> a

large 111cctir1g r<><>111 ir1 tl1c l1all. Sc>111c ,.vc rc dri\·c-11 tl1crc l)). tl1cir 1)arcr1ts ,,·110 a lso ca 111c i11t<) tr1c 111cc tir1g.

J \ \'ClC<) ll l CO tl1c grc>Uf) ,vile) sat ll()isily· i11 c r1;-1irs a11cl S()ras, tclli11g tl1c-111 ll <) VV cxciLccl , vc ,vcrc tc> l1a\1c tl1c111 al };'I C , l1c>,v l(>11g ;-111cl vvitl1 ,vl1al c11tl1usias111 Ll1c s ta11· l1acl ])l,-11111ccl fc">r 111aki11g tl1cir st;-1y C>tl cc11111)L1s a gc)c)cl cx1Jcric11cc, a11cl, tl1c11, i11tr<>c.lL1cccl tl1cir i11slrt1ctc>rs, tl1cir c<>llcgc cl1clJ)Crc>11cs. a11cl tl1c c>tl1cr staIT , ,·11<> ,-vc>tild l>c ,vc>rl{i11g \\'itl1 tl1c111 fc>r tl1c SL \ \·e e ks. Tl1c studc11ts lis­ tcr1ccl )·ct cl1atterccl ar1cl sc>111ctimcs gigglccl clt1rir1g ir1trc>dt1cti<)r1s ,1r1cl

128 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

CCJlll ll l CJl tS f1·c)Jll ])J'C>fcSS()J'S a11cl Starr \ \!}1c11 cvcry<) Jl C e lse !1aci l)e c11 ])J'CSCJltccl, I, t!1c1,1 i11trc)CIL1cccl l\1lc>s c s \'11!1<>111 tl1c '.2'.2 11c)11-cc>l1ort SLL1clc11ts 11c \1c r l)ci<>rc l1acl 111ct.. :\ftcr tl1c i11rl<)CIL1ctic)11,l\f c)se s s t<)<)cl l)c fc)rc tl1c111 a11d s,-ticl 11c>tl1i1g1. H e stc)c)cl lc)c)kir1g· ;-1t tl1e stL1c.ic11ts a r1cl tl1eir 1;-1rcr1ts. Sc)111e c)f tl1c s tL1clcr1ls cc)r1- tir1L1ccl t<) c l1a ttc r.-1\I <)SCS st<)<)d si lc r1t. StL1cicr1ts t)cg,1r1 tc) l1L1sl1 <)tl1cr s tL1clcr1ts. l\Ioscs stC)<)Cl s ilcr1t. S<)111c st11clcr1ts tl1c11 l) cg a.11to r1c1vo11sl)' giggle at tl1c c r1s11- ir1g c1uic t. Pr<) fcssc>rs sl1iftcci frcn11 ri)c)t tc> fc)C>t. Tl1c ciiscc) 1T1fc>r t svvc lle cl.

Fc>r s c \·c r a l 11i11t1 tcs, 1\'fc>s cs stc>c>cl s ilc 11t, lc>c>ki11g at e\·cryc)J1e tl1crc. I l1acl

Jl (' \ 1Cr !)cf())'(' CXJ)Cric11cccl tl1is ki11cl ()r [)a tic 11t , ,·,1, iti11g f<) J' a )'( ) ( ) Il l fi.tll ()r a 11x ­

ic)LlS stra11gcrs ,111lcg·ig·gli11gtee11;-1gcrs, s ta ri11gl)ack, t<) s e t tle i11tc) a r cs1 )c c tfL1l

c,:1111r. f l1c r<)<)111 l)eca111e mc)tic)11lcss a11dsc)1111clless, ,-111cl, tl1c11, l1is c111ie t, cal111

'\ C)icc l)cgc1: 11 tc) tell tl1c l1istc)r)' ,11d J)UrJ)<)sc l)cl1ir1d tl1c cffc)r't tc) l)ri11gtl1en1 a ll

togctl1cr ir1 tl1is 11lacc at tl1is ti111c. H e SJ)C)l"c C)f tl1cir c)l) liga.tic)11t<) l1r i r1g tl1c l1cs t tile)· l1acl to <)ffcr to the s t111111cr cx1 e r ic11cc, 11<) t j11st f<) r tr1cir c),,·11 s11c­ ccss, !)tt l tc> l1cl1) l) uil cl a 111c>\·c111c11t tc> secure tl1c rigl1ts c)f' all stt1cic11ts tc> a C[L tc1lity c clL1c a tic>11. H e. tl1c11, askccl tl1c111 to i11111c cli,,1tcly clcc iclc if' tl1cy ,vcrc

reacl)' tc) 111a kc cl sc r ic)LlS c c)111111it111c11t LC) tl1c gc)als c)[ tl1c i11s tilL1tc . If tl1c)1

,vere 11c)t r c a cl)·, l ie ir1c.lic,t tcc.i, tl1crc vv,-1s 11c) s l1;1:

111c;1;

tt,-1cl 1e cl tc) lc a, ·i11g. He

agair1 ir1sistccl tl1,1t if r1c)t cager tl1cr1 fc)r r ig <)rc)us ac,1clc111ic J1L1rs11it, tl1cy n1igl1t C<)r1siclcr cc)111i11g t<) a SL1r)scq 11cr1t ir1stit11tc. H e cor1tir111ccl, sayir1g tl1at 110 C)11e , v,1s forcccl tc) l)c there; that it ,va s their chc) ic c, a11cl tl1cy sl101d cl 11c)t

111akc t l1;,1t cl1c>ic c Iigl1tl·)'

I-le t) a usecl a 11cl g·a\ 1 C s tt1clc 11ts tl1c C>])J) C>r tu11ity tc>

lca \·c. c> 011c lcf't. 'l 'l1c rest <>f tl1c clay [) l'<>cc c clc cl. l still rc111c111l)cr sta11cli11g tl1cre i11 a , ,·c c)f tl1c cc)L1ragc a11cl CC)11fcilc11cc le) l1c)lcl c)11csclf sile11l a11cl11rc sc 11l le) e ;-1c l11n c)111er1t a11cl 1)crsc)r1f<)r SL1cl1 cl lc)11g t i111c. Tl1c i11cid cr1t ,1lsc) rc111i11c.lcc.i

n1c c)f a clcscrip tic)r1 c)f l\ f<)Scs ir1 Parting the, J icite1:1" vvl1cr1 T,1)' l C)r Br;:1r1cl1 cites

tl1e first 111cctir1g· l),c t vcc r1 'lartir1 Lutl1cr Kir1g,,J r. a11d l o s es, vvl10 vv,1s tl1cr1

C)11l,i t, ,·c11t, ·-fi,;c : " l\ f c)sc s carriccl ,1l1c>t 1t l1i11 tl1c s trc)1Q1·.J ) r csc 11cc c>f a 11 F,,1s t-

,,, .I '

c r11 111y·stic .' l' l1c r c , ,·a s s c>J11ctl1i11g c>clcl a l)C>Ltt l1i111, yet l1c alsc> 111a11agccl tc> c c>111111L111ica tc a sc)c)tl1i11g,S j) ir itL1c1l clc1 ) t l1'' (Bra11cl1, l )88, J) . '.12:)).

Slow the Bus Down

l\.f c)scs 11scc1 s im ila r acts of 1 a tic11cc ,vitl1 111c. Oftc11 l1cf<)rc or after scssic)rls a t

, vc>r ksl1c>1)s vvitl1 a clt tl ts c)r )'C>t 111g J)CC>j)lc, I , ,-c>t tlclf ) r c>,f'fc·

r a.11 icle a a l) c) ttt SC)Jlle

C<>11tc11t c>r j)'C cl,,1gc>g y c>r ;,,1c t i,·it)I tl1at ,,·c 111igl1t l)ri11g tl1c 11cxl ti111c vvc 111cl

, ,·itl1 tl1c grc)LIJ.1; a 11d l\ fc)scs, c;1, cl1 ti111c l a.skeet, vV<)Ldc.l sLtg g cs t tc) 111c tl1at , ,·c

sl1<)Ltld ,vail f<)r tl1c gr<)U}) le) decide \\'l1;-1t tl1c)1 11ccclccl <)r vva11tccl. BLtl <)11 l;-1tcr c)cca sic)11s, l)cc a11sc I vvas C)Il sucl1 cl s t cc 11 learr1ir1g c11r,·c a l) <)Llt gr;:1ssr<)C)ts o rg a r1iz ir1g ,1r1d lca clcrsl1i1,1I ,,·c)11lcl f<)rgct arid ,1,sl" tl1c sa111c c11cstic>r1. f <)sc s,

,1s tl10L1gl1 it vvere tl1c fir s t ti111c l1c l1,1cl !1carci 111c ask tl1c c11t c s tio r1, J).-1ticr1tl)'

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIPFOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 129

ga\·e tl1c sa111c a11svvcr. 1-\fi.er r>11e r>f tl1csc 111rH1l('Ilts, I realizccl agai11 tl1c clc 1) t!1 of tl1e ge11erc>sit y t]1;-1t 1 1 l c)ses, a11cl J)CO]Jlc i11 tl1c l()\·c111e11l tra itl(' Ci i.)y Bake r, i.)ri11g l<) a 11·) clialc)g·L1c, cl11cl tl1c l1L1g·c J)l1il<>S<)J)l1ical sl1ift tl1is ki11cl <)f l c ctclc r­ sl1i1J rc vc c.tls . I l-1c1d grc>,v11 UJ.) ir1 c:1r1 1-\ 11g l<>-. 11c r i c a1 1 ,,vc)rlcl ,vl1crc a ty11icc:1l mct,11,l1c>r fc>r dcscri\)ir1g n1c)st 1,rc)ccsscs, c,s1 ccia lly ir1 c clL1ca tic) r1, ,,·as " H11rr)' 111, ,1r1cl get <)rl tl1c tra.ir1;it is lc,1\·i11g tl1c st,1tic)r1, ,1r1cl )'<)u ,,·ill l)e left f)el1ir1cl."

Bt1t, l\[ c)se s ke J) t ge11tl) · re111i11cli11g 111c tr>, "Sic>,,' tl1c \)tis clc>vv11 sc> tl1c })CC>})lc

ca11 get <)11." I-Iis J) a tie11t s t ilh1css i11 a ll r>f tl1csc i11sta11ces 111acle J) <) ss il)!e tl1c

2.ifi. <>f s lc>,,· i112·. tl1e l)LIS c!c), v11sc) tl1al C\''( l'\'<)11c's t,1lc11ts a11cl-

, visclc)111l1,1cl ti111c

1,.,1 (. J ,I

l<) c111crgc c:t11cl t<) jc)i11 tl1c riclc tc),va r cl c re a ti\iC r e \ 'C)lL1tic )11.

111 aclclitic)11, tl1is Cl ll ctlity·, tl1e 11sc <)f " s11c1:tll silc11ces,·. c.lc111c)r1stratcs c:l 1)rc>fc)t111cl

faitl-1 ir1 tl1c , ,·isd c>n1 <>f tl1c>sc li\·i11g<)fl tl1c 111c1rgir1s, " Bla c k, L,1tir1c>, clr1cl }JC)<>r

, .vl1ite st11clcr1ts ,,·l1c> ,1rc trapr)ccl a,t tl1c l)c)tt<)ITI ,.vitl1 1,risc)r1s as tl1cir 1)la r1t,1- tic)11s" ( Jc)scs, 1,. I 2). T l1c silcr1cc, 1, a tic11cc , ,1r1cl c,1hn create a. lt1x ur y c>f SJ)acc a11cl ti111c fc,r J)CC>J)ic tr> fi11cl tl1cir a t1tl 1c11tic \:c>iccs i11 tl1c 111icls t r>f c l1a c1s,

<>f C()llfi.1si()Jl, c,r strL1g g lc, or cliSC()t1lfort; ti111e lo clig fc>r tl1cir \V()rcls, tl1cir ic.leas, tl1cir i11sig·l1ts; s11acc tc) 1,icce tl1e111 tc>g·c tl1cr sc) tile )· c,-111 C)\•v11 a11cl Ltsc tl1e111 t<) i11,·cr1t tl1eir c>,v11 sc)lt1tic)11s tc) tl-1c s c)111cti11c s d c:t1111i1t 1·grealities tl1e)' face ,tr1d tl1c c cl11ca ti<>r1cl1mc>11strc>sitics tl1c,\' stiffer.

Baker, tc>c) , l)c'.iic\'Cd tl1,1t tl1c })C'C)J)lc ,lt tl1c l)<)tt<>111 c>f sc)cicty·'s l1icrarcl1a.l l,tcl­ clcr oftcr1 offcrc cl tl1c 111ost ir1gcr1iot1s icleas (R ,1r1ls) )' 2 ()( ) 7 ) . I r1 a11 tu1,vclco111- i11g c til tt1r c, as ,1c ,1cic111c l)1)ically is fc,r clisc11fra.11cl1isecl J) CC>])lc , c re a t i11g a safe C( )Jl l a i 11e r fc, r tl1e111 l() let tl1cir icleas J) ('J'C()],-1tc is lll lll Lla ll)' l)c11cficial fr>r tl1c i11stitL1tic)11 a11cl tl1c J.1CC)J.1lc it scr\·cs. l11clcccl, SL1cl1 111L1tL1alit y clc111a11cls ,l11cl sl1a1)cs i11stitutic)11al c l1a11·gc. As 1c)scs CXJ.) l a i11s it, ' a\ 11ct\.VC)rk, cl trac.liti<>11 like tl1is, i11\'C)l\' i r1g tcc1ct1crs, s t11lcc11ts, scl1c)<>l s, a11cl c c>1111111t1)·r,1iis r1c)t cs ta l>l i sl 1ccl

ir1 c)r1c fel,l s ,·c>o 1,. \' c)tl g<> arc)L1r1cl it ar1cl ar<>t1r1cl it, ,1r1d )'C>u l.;.cc1, gc)ir1g a rc)ur1cl

it a11d clccr)cr1ir1g it. Yo11 k.cc1, rctt1r11ir1g to it 1111til all tl1e i1r11,licatio11s of ,vl1at y·c,t1 arc ci(1i11g· l)CCC>111c c le a r a 11cl s i11k i11." ( 1fc>s cs J). 1 88)

Helping to Create the Demand

Lcaclir1gl))' r1c)t lcacli11g 111igl1t l>c a11c)t l1cr \ V, t) · tc> clcscril.>c tl1c c1ualitics tl1,1t s11rf,1cccl ,ls I follc),vcd !c)scs ir1tc) di\·crsc arcr1;.1s. T l1,1t co1111)c)11rc1t, ir1 fact, is

,vl1,1t first clr c,,v 111c tc) loses a11cl l1is 1\ lg c l) r a P ro je c t ,,·ork. I l1,1cl l)ecr1 i111111erscci i11 t1rl)<t11 s c l1c>c>l rcfc1r111 s i11c c tl1c I ) /()'s a11ci l1,-1ci l)CCCH11c cliscc>t 1r­ agccl, ,.1,va )·s \V(>rki11g fc,r s,vc('J)i11g refc>r111, l,L1l i11 tl1rec clc ca clcs vvit11cssi11g "s<> 111L1cl1 rcfc>r111, S(> little cl1a1g1·c,. (Pa)·11c, '.2()()7 ) i11 sc l1c)c)ls. Yet l k11c>,v, as cd L1c:c1tc)r s, 11c1>s t c)f 11s l1a\1c dcs1)cra tcl)' , ,·ct11tcc.l l<) l)c c:c)-crcalc)rs <)f a clc11c1)­

crc1tic c1uality1 c cl11c1tic>11;1: l cx1)cricr1c c fc>r all <>f .t\ n1c r ic c:1's cl1ilcirc11, 11c)t jL1st

130 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

fc1r tl1c eli te ;-1s l\.[c)se s J)t1ts it , "tc> rcc c>g 11ize tl1aL ;..111 c>r tl1c c l1ilclre11 in tl1e 11atio11 arc c l1ilclr c11!r/. tl1c 11a tio11.'' (C c11tc r 2()()4). 111 l1c1> 1c s c)r ac co 1111l isl1i11g

tl1is, vvc cd LtCctl <)rs l1a\·c cl1a1g1·ccl <)Ltr CL1rricL1lL1111. <)Ltr 11ccl,tg <lg ) 1 , <lLtr lcaclcr­

sl1i1lSt)1 lcs, <lLir tcxtlJ <l< lks, a11cl <lLtr 111;1: r1agcn1c11tS)'Stc111s. ,,re l1ct\·c111aclc la rge

scl1c)<)ls ir1tc) g r <)Ll})ir1gs <)f s111l,1l ac;:1clcn1ic,s. 1\ 'c l1,l\'C 1)ro111c)tccl tcacl1cr lc,1d­

crsl1i1), s l1a.rccl g o \:c r r1a r1cc, C<) lla t)<)r a tio r1, rigoro11s J)r c)fcssior1al clc \1clor)n1cr1t, rc nc c ti\1c J) ra c ticc , a r1ci lcar11i11g c c>rr11111u1itics )1 <'t still the rr1aj c>r il)' c>r 11rl) a 11

sc l1c>c>ls i11 c·\1e r )· c it) ' C<) 11ti11L1e l<) cle li'v·c r i11f'c r ic>r e clL1c a t ic>11 tc> \) l;--1c k, !)rc), v11,

a11ci J) OC)r , -vl1itc cl1ilclrc11 (D r<)JJ<)Ltt i 1c tc)rics '.2( )() 7).

.A.ftcr rc a cli1g1 i11 '.2()() l, Radical A1r uations:(./i vil l-?.ight.1j 1Dnz . \i i ssi1..11/J jJi to Lite A lgebra

Prqject, 11<-)\Vc \·c r. I l )cg a11 t<) L111clcrsta11d tl1c 111issi11g })iccc <)f all <)f tl1csc

rcf<)rm cff<)rts. Tl1at r)iccc is tl1c " dc111,111csliclc '' <)f tl1c vV<)rk., <)r- \ vl1at 1<)scs

a.lsc) calls ''c;-1r r1cclir1st1rgc r1C)'·" H c l1)ir1gtC) clc \•ClC)J) tl1a.t co111J)C)r1cr1, t ,·itl1ir1

a11y grour) is ttl(' tr a11s l<) r rr1ati\1 C lc a clc r sl1ir) r)ic cc tl1at l<) () rna ll)" or LIS c!()ll' t'

<111itc t111cicrsta11ci, c>r clc>11,',t a lt1c , c>r clc>11't fc··c l ,vc l1c1\·c tl1e ti111c c>r s kill tc> c t il­

ti,·a tc. I·t s tl1c k11c>vvle clge tl1at l\1oscs lea r11ccl i11 tl1c s ixties \\'itl1 tl1e sl1a rccrc1> ) ­

)1Crs. \ \' l1ilc tl1c11 tl1c g·rc>L11 , , · a s s ;-1crifi c i11g fc)r tl1c cc)11stilL1ti<l11a l rigl1t tel \1C> tc, c111cl i11 tl1c 1)rcsc11t cc11t11ry·,,,vc str11gg·lc fc)r tl1c C<l11stitL1ti<)11al rigl1t <)fa <JLlctlit) 1 cd L1ca ti<)r1 f<)r all cl1ilclrc r1, tl-1at sa111c c111a li t)' <)f lc ,1c{ir1g ,vitll<)Llt lc a d i11g is

,·it;-11. !c)scs C)ftcr1 r c111ir1cls tis tl1;-1t r1<), ,v; as tl-1c11, tl1crc is a pl;-1cc fc)r a cl\·c)ca tcs or a ll ki11cls cci t1c a tc>r s, la , ,'\ 1 c rs , r<) u11cl;-1tic>11s, ci\·ic lc a clc rs , c l1t1r c t1cs, i)t1s i- 11csscs, ccH11111t111i t)· agc11cics l<1 J)t1sl1 1<1r clc111c>c r a Lic rigl1ts. l3t1t ·' tl1c c>11l)i

,

c111c-s , vl10 c;-111 re a ll ,v clc111a11cl tl1c ki11cl of c clL1ca tio1 1 tl1c,

v 11eccl ;1- 11cl tl1c ki11cl c>f

c l1a11gcs 11ccclccl t() get it c1rc tl1c s tL1clc11ts, tl1cir J c1rc11ts, ;:111cl tl1cir c<l1111L111ti)',

,vl1icl1 l;:1rg c l )· rc111ai11 s il c11t<)11 i ss1 1cs like tl1is.'' ( Ic)scs, 1).1:)1)

f <)l i11 tl1c a lJsc11cc <)f tl1c cc)11111111i ty·'s clcn1a11cl, tl1c C<)L111tr)· i11sists a11cl tc;-1cl1c r s l)clic \· c tl 1 a t l)la c k, Latir1c), l) C)<) r ,vl1itc st11clc r1ts ,1r1cl tl-1c i r J);-1rc r1ts d<) rl<)t ,·alL1c c d 11c;-1tio r1 ar1ci/ C)r cio r1't l1a\·c tl1c ca r)a c ity to acl1ic\'C' acadcrr1ic cxccllc11cc. T l1t1s, tll C)i )ccc>111c tl1c sca1)cgc>ats l<)r le)\\' J) Cr fc) r111a.11cc, a. l)clicr

sys te111tl1;-1t al,lc1 vs tl1c 11;.;1tic>11 l<> resist l1<>lcli11g itself clCC<>L111tal)le fc>r clc li\:c r­

i11g "first class·· i11strL1cti()11 le) all·. 1·11c .\lgcl)ra Prc jc c t·s i11sistc11cc <)11 IJL1ilcl­

ir1g cl \Jase elf stL1clc11t ar1cl J)c1rc11t clc111c111cl fclr SLlJ.)Cr i <)r CL1rric L1lL1111a11cl 1)ccl,1g<)g)· is a co111111nit1cr1t a11d sk ill , ·it;1:1 fc)r a ll cclL1cc=1 ti<)r1al lcc1clcrs, vvr1ctl1cr sc r\·ir1gir1 C<)llc g c s, 11r1i\:c rs itics, C)r pL1l)lic scl1o<)ls. B11t ·' lc a ciir1g "vitl-1<)ut lca c{­ ir1g, " a11 ir1tcg r;-1l 1)art or )L1ilcli11g a grassroots' cic111a r1clis a J) a i11s ta.ki11g l)i clis­ ciJ) li11ecl, \) a c k a11cl rc>rtl1 J)r c>cc s s, tl1at 111a11y lcacicrs l1a\·c little J)a tic11cc l<)r.

l\ l c>sc s ' s l1ifl i11g la te!)· c>f tl1c la11gt1age fi· c>111 "clc111a11cl" LC> " c a r 11ecl i11st1r­ g c11c)/ ' (PBS) i11clic;.;1tcs l1is i11sigl1t tl1at stL1clc11ts 111L1st 111akc sa c r ific es i<)r tl1cir

cclL1c;1: ti<)Il a s clicl ' 'sl1c1rccr<l J )) Cr s' ' , ,·11<) 111c1clc s a c r ifi c e s ( ris ki11g tl1cir j<ll)s,

l1c)n1cs, a11d<)ftcr1 tl1cir li\·cs) t<) dc111;:111cl t l1cir rigl1t t<) \' C)tc. If t<)Clct)i 's s l L1c{c11ts

,1rc t<-) c lcrr1ar1cl a. c11a1li ty cclucatic)r1 frc)n1 tl1c r1ati c) r1, tl1cy, l\ fc)scs c)ftc11

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIPFOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 131

CX])la i11s, Jl l LISt !)C vvilli11g tc> take Jllc1tl1c111atics fc)r )() 111i11utcs (' \ ! C J') " cla )' fc)r ic>L1r vcclrs; sacrifice ti111c at l1c>111c Le> s tL1cly: a11cl clc \·<>tc ti111c i11 tl1cir co11111L1- 11itics as 111cttl1 litc r a C)' , ,·c)rkcrs. l<)scs' a11cl tl1c , gc\Jr,-t Pr<)jcc t's clc111a11cl <)Il tl1c s tL1d c11ts l<) J)L1rsL1c acc:1clc111ic cxccllcr1cc, 11<)t 111ccli<)crit)', is as clcli\Jcrc:1tc c:ls its clcn1ar1cl <)r1 tl1c r1ati<)r1 t<) dcli,,cr C}Lta1i t:,-' c d ucatio r1.

, '

Leadership Lessons Learned

, , 111c11I tl1i11k c:l iJ<)Ltt 11)' j <)Ltr11C)' <)f l)ci11g lik e ct11 i11Lc r 11, sl1c1: ci<)\·Vi11g cl l c a clc r,

g ,-1tl1cri11g clat,-1, attc1111)ti11g t<) sec tl1c j)attcrr1s <)f l c <1- clcrsl1i1.) tl1c 11L1,111ccs ,-1r1cl

tl1c clirccti<)r1s, I ' m rc111ir1clccl <)f H ,1r d i r1g 's, Ho/Je a1z(/ Histo1 J'. 111 tl1c l)<)<)k, H a rcl i11g, \vl1ilc cx1)lair1ir1g "tl1c tra11sfor111,1ti\·c L1scs of l)i<Jg r a1)1l)'," clcscril)cs

l1is c11cc>t 111tc r \vitl1 a \'C>t111ho·stc r c a t1ho·l1t LI]) 111 a clr t1h0· a 11cl

hoh·;-1110 · , vc>r lc, l a,

\1 C>t111h0·

111a11 ,,-11<> s1 )c a ks ,vitl1 ·'L111cc>11\·c11lic>11al \\'isclo111." Hc1rcli11g relates tl1at after l1is lc11g tl1)1 c xc l1:,t11g·c <)f clicllc)gL1cs ,vitl1 tl1is )'C>L111g 111a11, lie l)cga11 l<> rccc>g­ r1izc tl1c 11cccl fc>r )'<)L111g J)C<>J)lc tc> l1a\1 C ·'l1L1111a11 sig 11J)<>s ts'' ,,·11<) c,-111 l1clJ) J)<)i11t tl1c111 t<)vVc1rcl l1c,-1ltl1y \·isi <)r1s a11cl trar1sf<)rn1ati<)r1 (H ,1rdi11g, l S)S)()). ' T r1C)' r1cccl t<) sec ,1r1cl krl()\\. tl1c li\1cs <)f \von1cr1 a11cl 111cr1 vvll<) p r ()\1iclc ir1ti- 1natior1s of OLtr l1L1111ar1 g r a r1d c L1r, vvl1<) O])C11 cl<)ors l)cy<)r1cl ciark11css a11cl i111\itc us all tc>\.varci tl1e 111a g 11ific c11L ligl1t c>f C>t1r c>,v11 !)est ])C>ss il) i!itic s, 21s 111atL1rc , c c>t11J) a ss ic)1 1a tc , C\ 'C>l\·i11gl1L1111a11 l)ci11gs'' (J). lG).

111 tl1csc cla r k ti111cs i11 L1rl);-111 c clL1ca tio11 ,,vl1c rc tl1c s ta tistics <>r iailL1rc c;-111

C) \ 1 C-r \ vl1cl111LlS. i11 cl 11ati<)11- , vl1crc ,.tl l tl1c <)lei J)clraclig111s c)f s <)c i,-ll a11cl cc<)­

r1<)111ic j)<)liccs l1a\1 C rccc11tlr)

c c)ll,1.

1)scci, I l)clic \'C tl1c1t k11<),vi11g tl1c SLtc c css

st<)r)' <)f lc ,1d c r sl 1ir) clcn1<)11stratcci l)y· 111<)Scs is cs1">c c i,1lly \·aluc:lt)lc. I( r1c),rir1g tl1at his c1L1alitics C\'Ol\rccl tl1roL1gl1 a. crL1cil)lc of darker tin1cs) fasl1ior1ccl l)y 1n c 11 ;-111cl \-VC>1T1c11 like 1\ n1zic .\,foc>rc, E. \;\'. StCJ)l<)C a 11cl Fa 1111ic I,(>LI H ,1111c r,

])<'<)])le !) t1s l1ccl tc> tl1c \''C

r )' l)c>tlc>tl l c>f' s c>c icty·'s rt111g clc c1) i11 tl1c, .\

I ississiJ)J) i

<lc ltcl, )i<'t vvl1c> clrc,v LL])C>tl cl \·a st, l1isto ric, a11cl c c)llecli\;c 1l c),·c11c1' 11t \\ isclc)111 l<) 111<)L111l tl1c slrL1gglc ag·,1i1s1t r,-1cis111, l)<),vcr, ct11lc ].) ri\ · ilc g·c - ,-t11cl,v<)Il, tl1c11, m .-l) ' t)c ,vc c,1r1 L111cartl1 tll<)SC C}Llc1litics- \vitl1i11<)L1rsc l\·c s l<) tra11sfc)r111 11<)l <)1111 ) cdL1c,1ti<)r1, t)Llt als<) tl1c r1,1ti<)11.

S<, ) ,vl1a t arc tl1c)sc c1L1alitics tl1at I ,,,itr1cssccl tl1at sccn1 tl1c 111ost rc lc\ 1 ,1r1t to a

tr,1r1sf<)r111atior1al lc a clc r sl1ir) tl1at 1T1gi l1t chg LIS OL1t c)f tl1c c1t1,1g111irc of ir1c1d c ­

c1t1atc })ttl)!ic cclt1ca t icH1, C>t1t c>f' tl1c vast i11cc1t1itics i11 tir \) ,.11 a.11cl rt1ral scl1c>c>ls, a11<l <>LIL c)r elite cclL1c a tio11 tl1at kce1)s tl1c cl1ilclrc11 <>r tl1c \,·c a ltl1ylc>st i11 a sea

<)f 111<>ri:ll 111c)rass?

T h e p r a c t i c e of s i l e n c e : H a rd i11g SLtg g c s ts tl1,lt B<)l) 1c)scs calls it "tl1c

,v<)rk <)f ' i11tc r r1al <)rg,-111izir1g' f<)r atl)'<)11c \Vll<) seeks t<) ,r<)rk at scri<)Lts rc<)rgc1- r1iz,1ti<)Il c)f tl1c ,,vc)r lcl ar<)L1r1d llS'' (H a rclir1g J). 24). It 111igl1t L111f<)lcl fr<)n1 ,l

132 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTI CE

J) r a c t icc i11 )iC>g a , c>r 111cclit 21.tic))1, <1r s i1111) l)· clc \·c lc>J) i11g a ccH11fc1r t vvit l1 still11css.

\'\!l1c1, 1 vit11cssccl, it is cl 11otc11l 1c>r cc .

The d i s c i p l i n e of patience: i\ sc11sc ll1at tl1c task is 11c·,cr cc>1111l1c tc sc) tl1c

11cc cl l<> rt1sl1 l>cc c>111cs ir rclc,1 c111t a11cl <>ftc11 cc >t 111tc r11rc>clt1c,ti, c . I f as H a 111cr

stiggcstccl, " Frc cci c>1n is a cc>11stc1r1t str uggle; 1nakc a j <>) 1 ft1l r1c>is.,c, (Rc>l>c r t s,

2 () () 4 -) tl1cr1 tl1crc is al, \-,l ) "S ti111c t C> s i r1l"ir1tc) t l1c s ilcr1ccs ar1cl vvait fc)r ' ' tl1c 11cc)­

J)le" l<) lca ci tl1c ir C>vvr1 str t1g g lc to, ,·arcl i11tcllc c tt1a l c r1g ,1gc11c11t a11ci rcstc)r­ at i,1c _jt1stice. rC)SCS, like H rtll lCl secs l1is vVC>rk a.s rt l,ifc Jc))lg _ic>tlr Jl (')"- ( ) 11c c

, vl1c11 ,I va s attc1111)ti11g t<> J)c r s u,.1clc l1i111 t<1 a c cc 1) t a tc11t1rc cl l) <>s itic>11 at tl1c

t111i vcrsit)·, lie ,.lskccl vvl1at tl1a,t, ·c>t 1lcl 111ca11. I l<>lcl l1i111 tl1a l 1c>r c>11c tl1i1g1, it

, vc>t ilcl 111ca11 cl r c tirc111c11t1)c11sic>11 a11d l>c11cfils. H e c1uickl)' i11fc>r111ccl 111c tl1al r1citl1cr ,vc>Ltld \Jc 11cc css,l r)· <ls lie l1,1d c,1 c r)· i r1tc11tic>r1 <>f " cl)'ir1g ,,vit l1 l1is

l)oo ts C>11." >.1 I c) rc c>, ·e r , , .vi tl1 l\ Ic)sc s tl1c clcstir1atior1 c>f tl1c s tr tiggle scc111s ir1tc­

gral t<) tl1e careftd a tt c11tio11 tc) c a c l1 111c)1,1c r1t ir1 tl1e jot1r11c); a11cl tl1e 111c) me11t is 111c t ,vitl1 cc))111)lc tc i11tc g r il)i, like ;,1 clc>c tc1r listc11i11g fc1r tl1c r l1:1 t l1111s c>f' a l1c;.:1r tl)c a t.

The belief in the small and the intimate in life: .\1l o tl1cr 'l 'l1crcsa

s,-ticl, " \'\!c c,-111 clc> 11<> !.?:rcctt tl1i11r:,s<>1,11, s111all tl1i11r:s vvitl1 r:rcat lc>, ·c ." l\ Ic>sc s

t...J L J ; '-' '- '

cc>11sistc r1tl)' 1, 111r1ifcsts a l>c licf t,l11t crcc1ti11g s1, 111ll grc>t ir>s \ \·i tl1 i11ti1nc1 tc cc>r1- r1cctic)rl tc> c a c l1 <)tt1cr a rc>t1r1cl a sl1arcd ,·isic)11l)ttil cls strc>r1g ar1cl l) c)lc l 1110,·c-

111er1ts. He clici tl1is k.ir1cl o,f ,·ork ir1 :\ I ississi1111i; ar1ci, tl1c>t1g!-1, l1e }1as l1c c c>111e

, vl1a t D_

a ,,.c

, T a , vr e11cc, a c i, ·ic lc ,1clc r i11 :\ Tia rr1i, c;-1\ls a 11a tic>11a l tr c a s t1rc,

l\,l <>Sc s c c>11ti11t1c s tc, s1 )c 11cl ti111c i11 tl1c cla ssr(><Hl l , vc1r ki11g

-,,

itl1 c>11c cc>ll <> rt ,-1l ,.1

ti11c1 1c)r 1c)Llr yc,trs al a li111c, lc a c l1i1g1· 111atl1c11atics l() kcc1) tl1c 111(')\Clll Clll

ali,1c i11 tl1c \'C>t 111g·vvl1ilc tcsti11·gC)Ll l tl1cc>rics <>f a c c c l c r a lc cl ct1rr ic t1lt1111a11cl

I "- ' ,_,

f>c,c l 1gc>g ·) · H i s l>clicf i11 tl1c i11ti111<1tc <>f life scc11s cc)ur1tcr l<> tl 1c t)1>ic,1l

r1atior1al d c111ar1cl fc)r g r a r1clic)sc s c l-1c m c s; i ts rusl-1 t<) ·' sc al e t111" rcfc)r111; i ts l tist for 1:) ig r1t111l)1e rs tc> g t1 id e ar1cl s ll,1J)C tis; its clc111a r1d for ar1svvcrs vvitt1c) t1 t )cir1g

, villi11g tc> I i,:c tl1e c1t1cs tic111; a11cl its cl is t,.1stc fc1r t l1e J) r c>lc>11g c cl s tr ugg·lc tc>, vc1rcl ra clic,.1 cl1a11g c . ' l ' l1crc is a11 <>r g·a 11ic 11a lt1r c l<> tl1c lc a clc rs l1i1) a 11cl vV(>rk c>f

-1\! c)scs cl11cl tl1c i-\ l g c l)r a Prc jc c t . He i11sisls tl1,-1t .-\P •'is cl1 1 r c>c css , 11c>l a11 c vc11t''

(I>. 18).•-\11cl lie 11,c,

c r s c c11s1

l<) r t1s l1 tl1c 1>r <>c c ss l <> grc>\-V it !Jig- le) fc>rc c feecl

its success l1is J)rc)cltict is 11c,1cr a l1c)t-l1c>t 1s c f>l,111t. L ike cl s111<1ll far111cr lie

k.11, c>

,·s tl-1c s c a sc) r1s c>f cl1a,r1gc. He kr1c), vs tl-1,1 t , rl1cr1 rt1sl1cd, , rl1cr1 g r, c>

,· r1 toe>

fast or to o 1:) ig, icic a s ar1cl J) ra .c ti c es like J)ia.r1ts ca11 i)c c o111ctc>xic C>r ,-c>ici <) f a11y 11u tr ic11t c>r 111e a 11i11gf'td CC))1tc11t. Fc1r c>,·cr tl1irl i years, l.'1f C>scs l1as takc11 tl1c ,-\lgcl)ra l_)r< jc c t stc1 ) l ) y stc j) l <>,, · ,1. r cl s ucc ess. 1-Ic's , va tcl1ccl as y<>t 111g j)<'0- 11lc grcll>l.>c cl l1c>lcl c>f .-\P i11 1I iss iss i11JJi a11cl s111t11 it c)1'1 i11tc) cl cli1' 1c rc 11tclir cc ­ tic>11 i11l<) cl "'\c)t 111g Pcc>r>lc 's P r c>jc c t (YPP), 111a11agccl IJ) " ) '<>t 111g1>c <>J.>l c fc>r

)'<>1111g J) C<)l) lc, lcarr1i11g matl1c1T1,.1tics cts tl1cy scr,·c tl1cir cc>n11111r1itics <ls 111a tl1

li tc r a C,)'

,·c)r kcrs i11 ,1ftcr-scl1c)c)l 11rc)g r a n1s . Lil"c Bal"c1 tl1c>t 1gl1,,

l\ I c>sc s resists

11a 11i111tl;1, ti11g· YPP l<) r esc rr11:) lc l1is ,·isior1, i)t1t l1a s s tCJ)})Ccl asiclc fc)r it to

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIP FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 133

C>rga11ically grc>\r its <1vv11 lc a clc rs l1i11, clircc tic>11s, ,,111cl i11tellcc tt1a l !)c1S<'.. '\ftcr tc11 years or grc)\\"tl1, YPP, t<)O, 11c>vv l1as a larg e l'\atio11al Scic11cc l·(1L111cla tio11 a\varcl ct11cl is cle, ·e l<)J.1i11g11e,v sites clr<)L111cl tl1c C<)L111t·r)'

The personal connection: l\1<)scs c<>1isiste11tl)' i11 : vi ia111i cle111<)11strates cl

l)elief iri })Crs<)1ic1lly C<)1iriectirig \Vitli ,,vli<)111e·,er lie vV<>rks., \ \ ' lie 1i lie ,vas first

fc>rmir1g tl1c S)tl1 gr,1clc C<)tlC>rt, 11c ,1 isi tccl tl1c l1<)111cs of cacl1 Stl1dcr1t. Oftcr1 tl1c scl1oo l l1c1cl i11cc>r r c c t a clclrcsscs f<)r stt1clc11ts; i<)scs kcJ)t at it t111til l1c

fc1t111cl tl1c l1c>111c c>f

,c,

c r )i stt1clc11t. H ,e

.-isitc ci tl1c>sc l1<1111cs c>11 111tiltiJ)lc <1cca­

si<111s ;-1s \ \·e ll as 111et [)a rc11ts a11cl re la ti,•cs c1t t l1e scl1<> <>l sc,·era l ti111cs a ye,1r fc1r l>rai11stc)r111i11g scssic)1is. H e ,·isi ts sick stL1clc11ts\,·l1c11tllC)' arc stLtck at l1c>111c; lie takes slL1clc11ts t<) tlie cl<)cl<)r; lie l>ri1igs tlie111 gr<)ccrics. Tliis is tlie 111c:1ri

,vli<), P r e sid e rit Barrack. Ol)c:tn1a, iii ari iritcr,rie,v ,.vitli a j<)ttr1i,1list, c,1lle ci liis " r<) lc 111c)clcl" (Lizza 2()()7, [). 3).

l11 l1is l)c)c>k, l\!c)scs s,1)·s tl1at cor1r1cctir1g is ar1 csscr1ti,1l part c>f tl1c vvc)rl,;. of

tl1e 1\ lg c l) ra P roj e c t: '·T J1c first tl1i11g )·<1L1 l1,a, c t<) clc> is 111a kc a [)Crsc>11al c o11-

11'<

Ct ic>11. Yc>t1 l1,a,

c tc> fi 11cl <) Li t vvl1c> it is y·c>tt arc ,vc>rki11g vvitl1.. '\II acrc>ss tl1c

Sc>L1tl1 )'C)L t co L1lc.l sec tl1at i11 grassr<><>ls rL1r,,1l 1.1co1.1lc. ' l 'l1at \Vas tl1cir style. l\1iss Baker l<)<)k tl1is St)·le tc) cl s c)r>l 1istica tec.l lc,·cl <)f J.><)litical \,v<)rk' ' ( I <)ses J.>. '.1'.2).

Giving voice to the voiceless: l'vl <)ses re111i1icls tts tlictt " Yc)L11ig J.>CC)})lc firiclirig· tlieir v·c)ice iristec:1d <)f l)eirig Sf)<)l,;.e 1i f<)r is a crt1cic1l r)art c)f tl ie 1>r <)­ ccss" (:\ loses J). l S)). C<)r1scc1t1cr1tl)', l1c creates C)J)J)C)rtt1r1itics at cc>r1fcrcr1ccs, t111i,rcrsit)· c la ss r o o111s, ,111cl cli,·crsc 111ccti11g l1a lls ,vl1crc l1is l1igl1 s cl1<) C>I stt1- cic11ts c a 11 tell tl1cir stc>ries a11cl sl1c1rc tl1cir r11c1tl1c111aLica l k11c>vvlcclge acrciss tl1c'.

C<>L t11t·r)· Lcc1r11i11g {i-<>111 B,,1kcr a11cl l1is ex1)eric11ccs i11 tl1c Sl <'l\ 1 . l1c als<) i11sists

tl1c1t lc c:tc.lcrsl1i11" sl1<)L1lcl c111c rg c {1·c>111 tl1c cc>111111L111it,y grc),,vtli 1))1 grassrc)<) ts <)rgc1riizers" (1\ f<)ses, J.>. '.11 ) .

111cl l>c l1el11cl i11 its

\ Vitli 1<)scs, lca dcrsliiJ) itself sccn1s c:l C<)-creati,·e J.)r<)cess, c:11,,vays 111<)\'i1ig, r1c,,cr c til111ri1a.tirig, a J) r c)ccssi<) r1 c>f J)CC) J)lc ar1cl iclc,1s cl1"1r1gir1g J)l,1ccs iri a cir­ cle, riot a tria,11glc. Rcsistir1g a11)· attc1111)ts at 111,1ki11g tl1c r1atior1,1l 1\ lg c l) r a

Prc>jcct a cc11tcr c>f J) C>,ve r, -:\1 fc>scs ccll1ti11t1c>us ly· })L1sl1cs J,)C> ,·cr i11tc> the l1a11cls

c>f' tl1e lc>c a l site s. I-l e see ks, a11cl so111cti111cs l1cl[)S l<) crc,,1tc, l<>ca l grassr<>C>ts

caclrcs l<) clc,icl<)J) a cc>11scic>L1s11css tl1a t 11c)tl1i11g \'\ il l l>c SL1s ta i11cc.l vvitl1<>Ltl tl1cir

C)\-V11i1ig 1>ers<)11al leaclerslii1), ,vitl1<)Ltt C<)11s ta1itly rc-c,·alL1c1ti11g· SL1cccsscs c11icl failttrcs tc) kecr) tlicir cff<)rts flttid a1id rcs1)c)1isivc t<) tl1c crivir<)1imcrit iri \-Vliicli tllC)' li,-c: ,1r1cl tl1c pc<>J)lc ,vitl1 vvl1c>111 tllc)· ,vc>rk. Lil,_c a jazz 111tisici,1r1 ,vl1c)

''111odifics ,1111L1sical rl1,·tl1111 !-),. sl1iftir1g- tl1e accer1t tc> a- , vca k r)c,1t of tl1c l)c1r,"

,I ,I \._ I

l\1 f <)sc s J)laccs l1is c1t te11tic>11 C)ll tl1c vvcakcst ,:c> ic c s i11 sc>cict)· c111cl l1cl1)s tl1c111 fi11cl tl1cir sc>11g- ,,111cl, like I-l a111c r, tc>gctl1er, tl1<·)· 111ake a ' j <>)1f"t.1l ll<>isc."

H e <>rcl1cslralccl tl1,,1t "i·azz'' cll:tai11 i11 .ALtQ'LtSt <>f '.2()()8 vvl1c11 ;-1 11<·,vlv a ss iQ'11ccl

· 1. J 1...,1 _. l .J

J)r i11ci11al ell tl1c lc>c ctl liigl1sc:l1<><,),l , · is C<)11sicleri11g clc>si1ig t l1c .A.lgcl.>r,1 Pr<)jcct

134 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

s ite.' lc1 ccJt111tcr !1cr attc111J) l , I s ug·gcs tccl tl1at Bell), I , a11cl cJtl1crs 111igl1t 111cc t

,\'itl1 tlic 11ri1ici11al a11cl cxt(1l tlic \·irtL1cs (Jr tlic 11rc jcc1.. Bo!) c.1Ltic tl)i sa icl, ' ':-Jc)." .... lie stL1cle11ts <t11cl })arc11ts, lie SL1g g·c s tecl, sli<lLilcl , ,·r i te ,-t letter aiJC)t1t tl1cir CXJ)crie11ces i11 tl1c J)r<ljcct a11d tl1c11111cct ,vitl1 tl1c J)ri11ciJ)<1l t<) sl1,.1rc tl1e letter. Tl1C)' clid, arid tl1C)' al<lr1c 11cr st1a clecl tl1c J)rir1ci11al t<) m,:1ir1t,1i11 tl1c r)r<)j­

cct at tl1cir scl1ool. l\Ioscs' t,vo )'Cars <),f

,·clrk ,vitl1 tl1csc stt1cci-11ts, l)t1ilciir1g

thc-111 as a ccJ!1cJrt a11ci a C<) n1rr11t11i t); J) fCJCit1cc cl ,.1 clcsirc a11ci a C<)11ficlc11cc i11 tlic11i t<1 clc11ia11cl , vl1;:1t tile)· 1iccclccl.' l' li c) ' )1;:1cl c a r11ccl tl1cir i1is L1rg c 11c y.

A p ro fo u n d c a p a c i ty to li s te n d e e p ly a n d w e l l : I l1a\·c yet tel {i11cl a 1l)i­

<)11c ,vl1c) l1cts 1i<)t felt clcc11 l)· lic,1rcl aft.er vvalki11g <1,,·a)' fr<)111 ;,1 111ccti11g ,.vit li

l\,Iclscs,. \ '\ l1ctl1cr lie agrees <lr 11<)t., lie listc11s ir1tc11tl)' t<l , \·l1<)111c'c\ r is SJ)cakir1g.

H e asks 11c11ctratir1g <1t1csti<)11s a11ci ,vaits 11atic r1tl)i fclr <)tl1ers t<) digest tl1c

,vc)rds ;-1r1cl rcs11or1cl fron1 tl1cir o,vr1 cx11cricr1ccs. \\'itl1c)t1t ta kir1g tl1e first r1ote ir1 111c)s t 111ccti11gs, 111or1tr1s ],.1ter l1c c ,1.11 rCJ)Ca.t ,,·l1cJ s c1ici ,,vl1a.t , ,·l1cr1. H is ca1)a c i t) ', t l1cJ ug l1, tel listc11, rca ll)i listc11, tel tl1c )'Clt111g is rc111arkal)!c tel c x1) c r i­ c1icc. H is 11r o c li\'ity !c1r 11r o lcJ1ig ccl si lc11cc vvitl1 tlic111 a1i cl l1is l1(Jli(·s t C L1r io si t)i t<) k1icl, , · tl1cir tl1i1iki11g ;,1ll<l\V tl1c111 l<) J.)t1sl1 tl1a t tl1i1k1i11·gi11 11c, ,· clircc ti<)11s.

\ '\1l1ctlicr i11 tl1c classr<l<l111 <)r i11 s cssi <)tis vvitl1 s tudc11st 11lc1r11ii11g e, 1 e11ts, l <lsc s c c)r1sis tc r1tl)' 111<)C1cls tl1is J)r<)f<)t111cl rcsr)cct fc)r ,vl1at )'<)t1r1g I)C<)r)lc ,lrc sa)1ir1g. H e c x11la.ir1stl1at, ·'It is tl1e \:()ices <)f tl1e )'<)u11g pcor)lc I r1ear ever)· cla); 111c)rc tha11 ;-1 r1yt l1i11g, tl1at gi,·c-s 111c l1<)11c" (1\l <)s cs 11. I ) I ).

H is tc1r i,.11, c:11arlc s Pa ) ' llC, suggests tl1is C}l ta lil)i ()r c;-1rc-f'ul listc11i11g as ()11(' tl1at

l\,l()SCS e a r l')

i11 l1is li{c ])J"( jc c tc cl: "' l ' l1c l1rcJacl ()Lttli11cs {)r tl1c l\,l ississ1i

)1) i

111<)\iC111c1tiC)f tlic sixties l1,.1cl l1cc1i l,.1icl ()Lil,11r i11a1r il)· !)ctvvc c11 a1i c)lclcr \•Va r ­ ri<)r [Ai11zic ;I cl<)re] ,vitl1 littlc fc)r111al cd Ltca ti<lri IJt1t yc,-trs <)f ex11e r ic1 ic e figl1tir1g· l\,IississiJ) JJi ,-111d a )' <)L111gcr 111a11 [Bc)l) iI <)scs] ,vitl1 scr1sc c11<)t1gl1 l<) listcr1, H a r, ·ard r1c)t,vitr1star1dir1g" (Pa y11eJ). l()6-1()7). Ir1 m<)St ;-1r c r1as, leaders

,vl10 liste11,veil arc trcast1rccl.

Building the network of relationships in communities and across the nation

l\Ioscs sir1cc tl1c sixties, as ,1 fielei secretary· fc)r tl1e S tt1cicr1t N<)r1-vic)lcr1t Coc)r­

cii11a tir1g c; ()l11111 ittcc (S:KC:c:), l1as lc2tr11ccl tl1c 11c-ccssity· ()f' a l, va )',S ,·iclc r1i11g

tl1c \vcl) cJf' t l1c 11cL, vcJr l l)cJtl1 lc1c;:1ll)· a 11cl 11aticJ11ally tel SL1])])<) 1t l1is , vcJr k. l11 l\,l ississ1i11 ) i, lie, ,1lc)11g , ,·itl1 local i11sL1rgc1it lc,-1clc rs, cJrg,-111izccl tl1c sl1,.1rcc r( JJ1- J1Crs, y<)L11ig J)C<lJ1lc iii tlic t<l,v11s, tlic)L1sa11cls <,)f, ·l1itc stt1clc1its fr<l111 <lrtlicr1i

t1r1i,1crsitic, s fc clcr,1. l r)r<ls cc t1t<)r s, ci<)Ct<)r s, tc"1cl1crs. J)rcacl1crs. J)<llitici,1r1s a11ci

()trier S()Cial justice gr<)llJ)S ()C)'()Ild S cc ar()Ulld tl1c iSSllC <)f ,:otir1g rigl1ts.

TI-1is r1et,,·c)rk 11rc)vccl i r1,1;-1l t1al)lc, for as l\Ioscs 11uts it: " \ 'Vl1c r1 l\Iississi11pi lcJc ke cl tis LtJ) , the Feels CC)tdcl set tis Cree" ( ifcJscs 2 () () )).

GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIP FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 135

111 tl1e Algcl)r;:1 )l r c je c t, l1c st;:1r tccl i11 a c la ss rc) C>111 \vitl1 l1is c l1ilclrc11, tca cl1i11g

tl1c111 cllgcl) ra , tl1c11 c)tl1cr 11 c c1 1 lc·s cl1ilclrc 11 i11 tl1;:1t s ;,111c classroc)111, tl1c11 c)rg·a11izccl C)tl1cr r1,1rc11Ls, f()r111cr SF '! acti\·ists, tcacl1crs ctcrc)ss tl1c CC)l111lr )·, eli te 111atl1c1natics resc a rc l1crs frc)111Cc)r11ell, I( e r1t S ta te, tl1c 1l atl1c1na tics arid Scier1cc R csc,1rcl1 I r1stitl1tc (l\1SR I), fc)ltr1cl,1tic>r1s lil.;.c >.1,1c.L\r tl1 L11 L ill)·,

0 11c11 S c)cic ty; tl1c ::.Jatic>r1al Scicr1cc FoL1r1cl,1tic>r1, tl1c C: l1ild rc r1's T r11st, 11r1i­

\·crsitics, })rc>fcssc)rs a11cl g·raciuatc st11cle11ts, l.-1\ v)·ers, sc l1c>c>l l) c>.-1r cl 111c1T1l)ers, c111ic)11s li ke tl1e l11cl11s trial .\ rc a s l ) u11cla tic>11,(1.\ 1;').11 c1 liticia11s, _ic>t1r1 1;:1lists a11cl tl1c)t1s,-l11cls c)r )i<)L111g11c c1) 1 lc a ro t111cl tl1c iss tH' o r clcl i,·cri11g· accclcratccl accl­

cle111ci

cclL1catic)11 l <) tl1c 11atic)11s· l)c>tlc>111 1c

t 1ar tilc a11cl c r c c1ti11g a 111c),·c111c11ftc)r

Q t1c1li t)· E c.i11c;:1ti c)11,ts a Cc)r1stit11tic)11al R ig l1t. H is circle Sf)rc ads acrc)ss tl1c r1atic)rl frc>m L os .1\ r1g clc s tc> >.1 l i a 11i1: "T l1c CJ11es tic) r1 c)f llC)\\' ,.vc all lcar r1 tc)

,vorl.;. across s, c ·eral .-1rer1as is 1111sol,·ccl. T l1osc arer1.-1s .-1re la rge a11clco1111)li­

catccl .... Ic<1ll,y vc>r ki11g i11 a ll tl1csc a rc11.-1s ,viii rcc1uirc t l1a t 1t1a 11)· })C<)})lc

;:1clc>11t a 111c>rc l1c>lis t ic <>ull<><)k. tl1a11 tile)· l1a\·c C\ 1cr clc>11c l)c fc>rc " (l\1c>sc s 2()() 1, i 1 . l()). l\1c>sc s 11t1rtt1r c s tl1is cc)1111.1lcx 11c t,,vc)r k ,,·l1ilc at tl1c s,-l111c ti111c s1 1c 11cli11g '.-:I c.lct)·s cl \ \·ee k tcacl1i11g 111a tl1c11a1tics tc) l1is lc)ca l AP cc>l tc)r t. ,-:\11c.l ctl, va )·s, li, '­ ir1g tl1c vVC)rd s c)f Baker tc) l:>r i r1g tl1c fa111il)· c1lc >r1g, l\lc)sc s ' circle i11clt1cles l1is fa111il); l1is ,,vifc, l1is t\<vc) sc>r1s ar1cl t,,vc) cla11gl1tcrs ir1 tl1c ,vc)rl.;..

R e a c h i n g for s t r a t e gi e s to m o v e forward, instead of getting stuck in a search for blame. \ lc>sc s ' r a J)ici 111c>,·c111c11t G·cn11 pr<)t)lc111 tc> s tra te­ gics fc) r ,-1clclr css i11g tl1c>r 1l)' isstic s is c>f t c 11 clc111c>11str a tcci ,vitl1 sta fl c ircles c>f s t1i111c1r tc rs. 11a r c 11ts: a11cl st uclc11ts. I l1;:1\1 C oCtl'tl <)l)s c r vccl ;:11cl si lc11tli) a1111rc>, ·c cl l1is rcs11 c)11sc tc) s tL1clc11ts \\'ltc) 111igl1t 111si lJcl1a\·c. ,-\t tl1c)sc ti111cs, li ke 11c1)sl " gc)c)cl' ' lc a c l1crs, lie 111c),·cs i m 111cliately· tc) cliscc),·crir1g tl1e re;:1sc)r1 l)el1i1c1l tl1c l)c l1;:1, 1 ic>r ir1stcacl of lc)ckir1g ir1tc) iclects c>f 1111r1isl1n1cr1t; lie e li c i ts s t11clcr1t er1g ag c111cr1t ir1fir1cli r1g tl1c rc>c)t a r1cl tl1e so l11tic)r1, r1c)t 0111-y i r1111.-1tl1c111atics t)11t a lso i11 tl1cir li,·cs.

IZcc c11tl) i, t l1c>t 1g l1, l1is !)fC>])C11si t)' tc> Jl lC>\ 'C i11sta11t l) ' frcn11 ])rc>l)!c 11 (<)\va.rcl s tra tcg )' st<><> cl i11 s ta rk C<>11tra st ll> 111y c>vv11. I-l e \valkecl i11tc> 111y <)fl i c c i111111(·cli­ a tcl)· after cl 111ccti11g , vl1crc cxi 1c c t c cl SLL]1]1 <)r t vvas s L1clclc11l)i ,vitl1clr,lvv11. .L\ f t c r

11c rc1.1c)r tcc.l tc) 111e tl1c C)lttcc)11c1 c)f tl1c 111e c ti11g, I i11sta11tl)'f ) l'C)tcstcc.L " v\ "11)1

\VC)ttlcl tl 1c,· clc> tl1at? H c>vv c;:11 tl1,c, clc) tl1a t? H c)\<V s l1c>r t-si:o:,l·1 tecl.',' 1\' i tl1c)t lt

I I •

>.

er1tc r t.-1i r1ir1g 1ny c)11tl)urst, 1 Ic>ses ,1skecl "' \111,1t clo )1 C)t 1 tl1ir1l.;. arc so1nc str a te-

gics to rlC>vv k.CCf) 0 11,r \·or k g c>i11g ir1 ]\.Jia n·1i?" \ Iy l)rair1 t1acl s ht1t d ovvr1 vvitt1

t l1c sl1c>c k c>f" tl1c l) a ci 11c, ,\'s ,vl1ilc vf <1scs l1acl alrcaciv l) c :o--·, t111 s l1c1 r i110:--·, icica.s f"c>r

/ /

g ,-1r 11cri11g <1tl1er SLl)) J1 C)l'l. \,\'c1ll<>vvi11g i11 l)la111c is j t1st ll<)l 11 a r t o r l\ l c1se s ' i 1s) ·c l1c. H is i11tcllcct ,-l11cl i111a g i11a tic)11scc111 a l,\·a )'S i11 gear fc) r 11C1)\' i11g crc­ a ti,1cl)' tc>,varcl tl1c 11cxt s tCf ). Yet, ,tt tl1e sa 111c ti111e, li e ce1r1 Sl1rre r1clcr tc) tl1e

iclc,1s c>f ;1r1y g r c)Ll}1 ell l1,1r1d, CSJ)Cc ia ll)· tl1c )'<>ur1g: · if tl1c>s e ici c,1s ;:1rc cc>r1gr11-

e r1t , ,·itl1 tl1e g es ta lt c)f t l1e, , isi c)rl.

136 WHO SPEAKS FOR JUSTICE

Work within and against various structures: \r\ it.l1i11 111c>SL ! ) Lil)li c scll() c)l sysLc 111s tl1crc arc strL1ClL1rc s i11! ) lace ,,·l1icl1111igl1L scc111 tc> c11l1a11cc tl1c

S)'Slc111, )' Cl c>ftc11da111ag·c tl1c l1L1111a11,s ,·itl1i11tl1at S') Stc11.1\•Vise lc clclc r s rccc>g­

r1izc tl1c>sc s t r t1c tt1rcs c1r1cl t1r1clcrstc111cl tl1c 11cccl tc> vV<>rk agctir1st tl1c111 vvl1c11 tl1cy stifle tl1c crc ;,1ti\·ity arid rclatic>r1sl1ir) l>t1ildir1g c>f tl1c S)·stcn1's I);,1rticir)ar1ts.

\·Vl1ilc vVC>rki11g ir1 t1rl)a11 a.r1cl rt1ral S)iStc111s, i oscs, lik.c 111,1r1y of us, l1a.s st1f­ fcrecl a rca 11c r)td)lic scl1c><)I I)rC>lC>C<)ls a 11cl l)rc>ccsses. l l1c !)igger tl1e S)"Stc-111,

tl1e 111c>rc r ig icl a11cl u111,i111g i11a,Li\ C tl1c rLdcs a11cl tl1c 111c>rc· L111ccn1scic>t 1s tl1c

i11ti111iclatio11 ()f tl1cl ) C() [)lc it is sttt)l ) C)sccl tc) sc r \·c .• A.gai11st tl1csc 111c)11c>litl1ic S)'Stc111s, l c>sc s ' c>rg;,111ic sc11sc c>f life, lca r11i11,gc111cllcaclcrsl1i1> s tc111cls i11 sl,-trk

a11d clcga11t relief His rcft1sal tc> r c r>l ic ;1, tc )'Ct c>r1c 111c>rc l 1icr,1rcl1al, c>11c-siz c ­

fits-a.ll ir1strt1ctic>r1al ,1r1d c>rgar1izatic>r1;,1l 111c>clcl, tl1c>t1gl1, is oftcr1 n1ist1r1clcr­ st oocl ,1s t1r1rcalistic or so111cl10, v ir1co 1111)lc tc.

l'\ c\·cr tl1clcss , cit1r ir1g str,1tcg·)· scss ic)r1s, :\ [c)s cs l1,1s oftc11 cx1)la i11ccl th,1t ,,·c

111t1st. C<) 11t i11ue tc> gc> UJ) ;.-111cl clc)\v11 tl1c l1icr;.1rc l1)' c>f tl1c S)1s tc111, Ll1c c l1ai11 c>f C(>111111a11cl, to kcc1) tl1c· s u1)! ) <>r l alive ir>r tl1c· stt1clc11ts' i11tcllcctt1,-1l clc ,;c l(!) ) - 111c11t, a11cl tl1,-lt ,vc sl1c>t 1lc.l 111a11ct1\·c r a r(>t 111cl tl1c>sc s l r t tCl Ltrc s ,vc ca1111c>l c l1a11gc a11cl crcc1tc C>Ltr c>,,vr1S)'Stc111fc>r , ,·l1c> cc>11tacts vvl1c>111 c>r1 cc1cl1 lc \·c l c>f at1tl1c>ri,t\ 1:

It is a lit tle l>it like guerrilla , va r E1re,. · o u're str ik ing. You're ]>tillin g b,1ck.

\'0 11're i<><>ki11 at ,vl1erc vo11 arc. You're striki11 a air1. Yc>11'rc lc>o kir1i.- for a11 <>]) C11i11g.\'0 11·re l<><>ki11g fc>r a soft SJJOt, trying to fi11cl 011t ,,·l1crc )' Oll ca11 J)e11e tr a te. ,,.\ 11cl yo11 are ,vorking ,vitl1 a11cl agai11st ,·a ri<>LIS s tr11c t11res.You're

I.) .. \.J \. J ... ,

in tl1e111. hut y<>·u

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GRASSROOTS LEADERSHIP FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: LEADING BY NOT LEADING 137

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References

Bra11cl1,· l'. (198[-) )] arling the zualer1: -lu1erica

Y<)rk: Si1n<)ll ;..111cl Scl1ustcr.

Ccr1tcr f<)r Crl)a11 Ecit1cali<)11 & I1111<)\',-tt i<)r1 (2()()1-) . ' ' I 11tc r,·ic, ,· ,vitl1 B<)IJ l'vl <)SCS.'' P r <>. 111<>ti<>r1al D\ 1D. I i,1n1i , FL: F lc)r icla I r1tc r11ati<>r1,1l Jr1i,·crsity.

Harclir1g, \ . (19 9 ()). HojJe an(/ histo1J1: T- 1 ,,.f{)' zce 111u .1t s/7are the 1\ l ove111ent. :\ I,1'I)'la11cl: Or\)is Boc>ks.

H c11r )1 !\ . & C: t1r r)1, ( . (2()() ()). /laron He,z,y : The .fire ever burnill/!,- . Jac ksc)11,

l\,l ississ1i ) J) i: C 11i\·crsit y c>f' l\,Iississ1i ) J) i I)rcss.

l l illia rcl, ,.\sa c;., III ( I )97), "' l' l1e strLtClLtre ()r \'alicl stafl" clev·el<)J) 11l(' lll."

Journal q· j

.'->1'

(1}.De1:elojJ111ent. S11r i 11g·. \ 'c)l. lf , Nc).2.

Lizza. R. (2()()7). Ba rack () l)ct11c1t's L111likcl)' J.)<)litical cc.lL1c,ttic)11. 'T he -lgitator.

(l1t1t

):/ / ,.v,,·vv. t11r.c<)111/ cl<)c .111l1t11?i1=l

2()()7()'-.3l S)&s= lizz;-1()'.119()1)

tvl<)ffitt,.J. (1S)(1 l ) " T <) l<)<)k at a 111)tl1ir1g.'' The L, i z.i, g S'eecl. :\' c, r \ 'c)rk: Ha rc<)Ltr l Brace & Cc).

: vI<>se s, R. & C: ol)l), C. (2()()1), Raclical equations: Civil r1:!r,lzts_fro111 1\ l is1.i ssippi to the

.:l(.[!,ehra PrrJjecL. Rc a.cc>rl Press: Rc)stc)11, l\,f_ j\

]\,f c) SC'S, (2()() )) " C: cn1stitt1ti ()ll cll P r <)J ) C'r ty \i('r SLIS c: c>Jl Sti tt1ti cn1al P c c>1) lc." T11

)} erry·, ' 1 , D c lJ) it , L ., l\ Ic>s c s , l{ , & \'\!)'t111c, .J. eels. QJ,1ali[r l!',rlurrtLion as a

( ,'on.1·tilutional l-?.i /11. Bc)stc)11: Bcaco11P ress. (clL1c i11 fall' ( )S))

()rficlcl, c;., L c)SCll, D., \ Vale!, J. & S,vclllS()ll, C. B. (2()()4-). Lc)si11g ()Llr

ftilLtrc: H<)\\" 111i11<)rit \' \ '()Ltr tl1 ,-trc IJci11 !.' left IJel1i1cl l)') tl1e srrc1clL1ati<)11 rate

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-1 l()93(1_ L<>s i r1gO ur Ft1tt1rc .11cfl

Payr1c, C. (1 ) 3). l) z·e G'ot the L, 1:Jrlzt qf Free(lonz: T he Ol/J,aniz:.i,(g traclition an(/ the

:\.l i.1.1iss tjJJ1i_ji-eer/0111 .1/1"1t/!,!/,lr1• Rc rkclc)': U11i\·crsit) ' c>f C: a litc>r 11ia P re ss.

Pa )r11e, ( . (2()()8). Sc> 111ucl1 r cfcn·111, sc> little cl1a 11g·e: l l1c J ) crsistc11cc c>f'

11il L1rc i11 Ltr l)a 11scl1c)c)ls. ( :;:11111.)r iclg c, 11.ASS: I-I a r \1a rcl EclL1catic>11 l.)r css.