PART 2 OF THE RESEARCH

profilehapiness
PART2QualititativeMethods.ppt
Home>Business & Finance homework help>Management homework help>PART 2 OF THE RESEARCH

Chapter 9

Qualitative Methods

*

Outline

  • Qualitative Research Methods

  • Characteristics of qualitative research

  • Stages in Qualitative Research

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

*

Qualitative Methods

Writing a method section for a proposal for qualitative research partly requires:

  • Educating readers of the intent

  • Tell reader about the design

  • Comments on role/reflection of researcher

  • Using protocols for recording and analyzing of data

  • Mentioning approaches for documenting validity of the data collected.

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

*

Qualitative Methods

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Qualitative Methods

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The Characteristics of Qualitative Research

  • Review the needs of potential audiences for the proposal
  • audiences’ knowledge: social sciences vs health sciences

  • Characteristics of qualitative research

Natural setting (not lab/contrived situation)

face-to-face interaction

Researcher as key instrument (not rely on questionnaire):

collect the information and interpret it

Multiple sources of data (not single data source):

interview, observation, documents – review all and make sense of it

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The Characteristics of Qualitative Research

Inductive and deductive data analysis

deductive thinking also plays an important role as the analysis moves forward (from the theme).

Participants' meanings

the meaning that the participants hold about the problem/issue

Emergent design: the process may change or shift after data collection started

Reflexivity: inquirers reflect their personal background, culture, and experiences

Holistic account: develop a complex picture of the problem/issue

*

Qualitative Designs

  • Specific approaches in conducting qualitative research
  • Include procedures for data collection, analysis, and writing
  • Designs include

Narrative

Phenomenology

Ethnography

Case study

Grounded theory

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity

  • Researcher has sustained and intensive experience with participants
  • This introduces a range of strategic, ethical, and personal issues into the qualitative research process

  • shape researcher’s interpretations formed during a study

  • Researchers should comment on

Past experiences with participants, setting or research problem

How these experiences shape the interpretations

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

How can reflexive thinking be incorporated into your qualitative study?

  • Memos reflect on developing codes and themes

  • Connection between researchers, participants, site that may influence interpretations

  • Indicate steps to get Institutional Review Board permissions

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

  • Discuss steps to gain entry into the setting

  • Gatekeepers – individuals at the site who provide access

  • A brief proposal might need to be developed and submitted for review to gatekeepers:

Why was the site chosen for study?

What activities will occur at the site?

Will the study be disruptive?

How will the results be reported?

What will the gatekeeper gain from the study?

*

The Researcher’s Role and Reflexivity

*

Data Collection Procedures

  • Purposefully select individuals and sites
  • to best understand the problem

  • Discuss strategies to recruit
  • ways of informing participants, recruitment messages, ways to provide incentives, method of recruitment

  • Comment on the number of sites and participants
  • Sample size depends on the design being used (e.g., narrative, 1or 2, phenomenology 3-10, ground theory 20-30)

  • Saturation – fresh data no longer sparks new insights or reveals new properties

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

  • Indicates the type/s of data to be collected

(see Table 9.3)

Qualitative observations

Qualitative interviews

Qualitative documents

Qualitative audio-visual materials

  • many studies collect multiple forms of data, and

  • spend a considerable time in the natural setting gathering information

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Participant observation

  • Researcher roles

Saunders et al. (2016). Research methods for business students, 7th Ed.

*

Data Collection Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

  • Be specific about types

  • Include data collection types beyond typical observations and interviews

  • These unusual forms create reader interest and can capture useful information:

  • gathering sounds or tastes,
  • using cherished items to elicit comments during an interview .

(see Table 9.3)

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Collection Procedures

*

Data Collection Procedures

*

Data Recording Procedures

  • Observational protocol – record information while observing

Record descriptive notes

physical setting, accounts of particular events, or activities

Reflexive notes

researcher’s personal thoughts: speculation, feelings

Demographic information

 time, place, and date of the field setting where the observation takes place

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Recording Procedures

  • Interview protocol for asking questions and recording answers

Take a note, audio-/video-taping

Information about interview, introduction, opening question, content question, probes, closing instructions

Perhaps 5 to 10 questions

Prepare in advance

Memorize questions

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

  • Segment and take apart the data and put back together

  • Simultaneous Procedure: data analysis will proceed hand-in-hand with data collection and the write-up of findings

  • Winnowing the data because it is dense

  • Aggregate into five to seven themes

  • Use a computer software program – coding

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

Step 1 – Organize and prepare the data for analysis

  • e.g., Transcribing interviews

Step 2 – Read or look at all the data

  • gain a general sense of the data

Step 3 – Start coding all of the data

  • Coding – organize data by bracketing chunks
  • Labeling with a term (code), often based on language of participants

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

Step 4 – Generate a description and themes

  • description: detailed rendering of information about people, places, or events in a setting

  • generating 5-7 themes or

Step 5 – Represent the description and themes

  • Narrative discussion, figures, tables, quotes

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Thematic analysis

Coding your data:  used to categorise data with similar meanings (references to actions, behaviours, beliefs, conditions, events, ideas, interactions, outcomes, policies, relationships, strategies)

 

*

Template analysis

You will need to become familiar with the data. The initial transcript or transcripts will be code

You reflect on the coding you have undertaken and begin to develop an initial coding template.

E.g. Initial Coding Template about advertising Campaign

*

Template analysis

changing the scope of a code.

E.g. Alteration as the process of data collection and analysis progressing

*

Data Analysis Procedures

  • Categories of codes

Expected codes

Code on topics that readers would expect to find

Surprising codes

Code on findings that are surprising and could not be anticipated before the study began.

Codes of unusual or conceptual interest

Code unusual ideas

Predetermined codes

on the basis of the emerging information collected from participants,

Coding visual images

Visual images may be coded

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Data Analysis Procedures

  • Further data analysis by types of approach

More general procedures

Analysis embedded within specific qualitative designs

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Interpretation

  • Interpretation in qualitative research:

Summarize overall findings, compare the findings to literature

Use a theoretical lens

Convey personal, research-based, and action meanings

Suggest limitations and future research

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Validity and Reliability

  • Qualitative validity

Determine whether findings are accurate from standpoint of researcher, participant, or readers

  • Use multiple validity procedures

Triangulate

Member checking

Rich, thick description

Clarify bias

Negative information

External auditor

Peer debriefing

Prolonged time in the field

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

*

Validity and Reliability

  • Qualitative reliability

Researcher uses an approach that is consistent across different analysts and projects

Check transcripts for mistakes

Ensure no drift in definition of codes

Communication among coders

Cross-check codes by different researchers

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Validity and Reliability

  • Qualitative generalization

Used in limited way in qualitative research

Focus on the particularity, not generalizability

Case study results may generalize to broader theory

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Writing the Qualitative Report

  • Plan for the narrative

Developing description and themes

Considering how sections will be presented

  • Convey the following:

Use quotes

Dialogue that reflects culture

Varied narrative form

Use the first person

Use metaphors and analogies

Narrative reflects strategies

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018

Summary

  • Components of writing a qualitative methods section

Characteristics of qualitative research

Data collection

Data analysis

Expected outcomes

Strategies to validate

*

Creswell, Research Design 5e

SAGE Publishing, 2018

Creswell, Research Design 5e SAGE Publishing, 2018