Nursing work. 5pgs.

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Paradigm Case

Concept: Health Promotion

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Paradigm Case

Introduction

Paradigm is considered as the distinct set of concepts, thoughts, or patterns that includes theories, postulates, research methods, and standards that make legitimate contributions to a particular field. Paradigm cases are considered as the arguments that are used as a rebuttal to claims made by people. Paradigm cases are used in nursing practice for teaching students the importance of different concepts and in the administration of care. Health promotion can be referred to as the process of enabling people to have increased control over their health and overall wellness (Fortune et al., 2018). There are numerous different interventions related to the environment and the social aspects of life that are designed to protect and benefit the health of people and their quality of life. Health promotion interventions are aimed at preventing the root causes of diseases as opposed to focusing on treatment. Nurses have the responsibility of promoting better health by informing their patients of safe health practices, disease prevention measures, and healthy lifestyle choices. Some of the health promotion activities include nutrition advice, promoting physical exercises, advising clients to maintain normal weights, and advice on drinking and smoking cessation. The paper addresses a paradigm case to explain the concept of health promotion. It explains the required changes to practice, describes concepts from the case and develops a schematic model that shows the relationships between the concepts. Finally, it applies a nursing theory to the case and identifies areas for future research.

The Case

The paradigm case under consideration is that of a patient that presented to the facility with febrile illness and severe pain. The patient was initially admitted to the general wards and treated using empiric therapy before the completion of diagnostic tests that were meant to determine the exact cause of her illness. However, after a period of time, one of the experienced nurses from the department that was monitoring the patient suggested that the patient should be moved to the intensive care unit. This suggestion was despite the patient being stable and showing no signs of illness. Initially, the physician involved in the management of the patient declined but later agreed to the suggestion. After a few hours, the condition of the patient worsened. However, the patient survived because she had been admitted early enough to the intensive care unit. This case underlines the importance of inter-professional collaboration in care delivery. On discharge, the entire team deliberated on follow-up care and the nurse delivered patient education based on the team’s decision. This is referred to as health promotion to ensure an improvement in the health of the patient and future recurrence of the disease.

Practice Changes Related to the Case

There are several practice changes that are related to the case. The main practice change is the need for interprofessional collaboration in care delivery and health promotion. Interprofessional teams are made up of health care professionals from different health backgrounds working together for the achievement of treatment goals of patients. This is crucial in ensuring better health outcomes for patients. It is because the members contribute to the care of patients and in health promotion by giving information from their area of practice. An example is pharmacists in such a team may contribute information on possible drug-drug interactions and contraindications of the medication while the nutritionists will give advice on the type of diet to be adopted by a patient. Another practice change is the need to improve diversity in interprofessional teams. This enables such teams to deliver care and health promotion to people from different backgrounds with ease. The final practice change is the need to deliver evidence-based care. One of the components of evidence-based care is the need to consider the clinical expertise and experience of all members of an interprofessional collaboration team.

Concepts from the Case and Theoretical Relationships.

There are several concepts related to health promotion that can be derived from the case. The first concept is an interprofessional collaboration which occurs when two or more people from different health care professions work together for the achievement of patient treatment goals. Another concept is communication. It is important for health care providers to communicate with each other to improve the care of patients and promotion of health. The communication concept can also be considered from the view of patients. The patients must receive adequate communication on health promotion measures in a language that is easy for them to understand. This increases the chances of success of the health interventions made by the health care providers. Participation and involvement are also other vital concepts. Patients must be allowed to take part in the formulation of interventions that are aimed at improving their health. Allowing the patients to take part in intervention formulation makes them feel that they own them, and this increases the likelihood that they will implement the health promotion measures. This can be referred to as ownership and internalization, and they occur when the patients are involved in health promotion from the start.

Another visible concept is leadership and professionalism from the health care workers. Leadership helps health care workers to promote the development of their knowledge and skills as they lead others by example 9Murdaugh, Parsons & Pender, 2019). It also ensures that health promotion teams are working towards a shared goal, and this improves the quality of services delivered by the care team. The final aspect is diversity. It can be described as the practice of involving people from different social and ethnic backgrounds. The elements of diversity include sex orientation, age, gender, language, nationality, ethnicity, religion, and physical disability among many others. These concepts are related to health promotion because they improve the likelihood of success of interventions aimed at improving individual and population health. Elimination of one or more of the factors increases the likelihood that formulated interventions may fail to achieve the desired results.

Nursing Theory

Nursing theory can be defined as the rigorous and creative structuring of ideas that display a purposeful and systematic view of phenomena. The nursing theory to be used in this project is referred to as the Nola Pender theory on health promotion. This theory was developed by Nola J. Pender in 1982 (Kim, Chen & Park, 2019). However, the theory was later improved in 1996 before the introduction of further changes in 2002. The model explains that each and every person has unique personal experiences and traits that affect their actions. Each person has a different but unique set of variables for knowledge and effects that are specific to their behavior. These variables are the ones that should be targeted through nursing action in the promotion of health. The main target for the model is increasing the number of health-promoting behaviors, and these result in improved health, a better quality of life, and an enhanced functional ability (McCutcheon, Schaar & Parker, 2016). The model was designed to be complementary to other health nursing theories that aim at improving health through the promotion of health. The main aim of the theory is to assist nurses in recognizing that determinants of health behaviors are the foundation for any counseling procedure aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles.

This theory defines health promotion as an approach to wellness that entails behavior aimed at increased well-being of human beings and actualization of human health potential. There are personal factors that are predictive of the behavior of the patient. Personal biological factors include gender, age, agility, and aerobic capacity among others. The psychological factors include variables such as personal competence and self-esteem while the socio-cultural factors include ethnicity, race, and education (Holcomb, 2017). There are several propositions by the theory. The first proposition is that inherited traits and prior behavior include the belief of an individual and their ability to engage in health-promoting behavior. People will only engage in health-promoting activities from which they can derive personal benefit. Another proposition is that there is an increased probability for people to commit to healthy behaviors when the health interventions are connected to positive affect or emotions. This theory has several strengths in nursing practice. The main strength is that it was mainly formulated for health promotion and disease prevention, and this makes it stand out in supporting the concept under development. Another strength is that it promotes the independence of nursing practice. However, it has the weakness of having many concepts in its conceptual framework that may invite confusion to a person trying to implement the theory.

Future Research on Identified Concepts

There are several areas of future research in the area of health promotion and related concepts. The first area of research is the use of technology in health promotion. The research question related to this is “What is the influence of technology on health promotion, and how can this technology be tapped to increase the success of health promotion activities?" This can be referred to as wellness technology, and it is described as the infrastructure used in the identification of health risk levels of individuals for the provision of incentives, motivation, or engagement aimed at improving health. It is important for research to continue in this area to determine technologies that may make it easier for nurses to conduct health promotion programs at both personal and community levels. Another area of research is the factors that influence the evolving new lifestyles. The research question related to this is “what are the emerging lifestyles that influence health behaviors of individuals?” The lifestyle people adopt has a direct effect on their health. In the current era, there are many different lifestyles that have come up involving different levels of exercise and types of diet. It is important to investigate the different lifestyles and their overall effect on health to derive the best possible health promotion interventions for different groups of people.

Conclusion

Overall, paradigm includes the standards and theories that are used in making legitimate contributions to any practice field. The concept under development from the case is health promotion. It can be defined as the act of enabling people to have increased control over their health. There are several concepts that are related to health promotion and they include interprofessional collaboration, diversity, and communication among many others. These concepts are all related, and the removal of one or more of them reduces the probability that a program will be successful. The Nola Pender theory of health promotion was specifically formulated to assist in the modification of lifestyles of people by encouraging them to take up health-promoting behavior. This theory can be used in increased the probability of success of health-promoting behavior.

References

Fortune, K., Becerra-Posada, F., Buss, P., Galvão, L. A. C., Contreras, A., Murphy, M., ... & de Francisco, A. (2018). Health promotion and the agenda for sustainable development, WHO Region of the Americas. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 96(9), 621.

Holcomb, K. (2017). Hypertension: Enhancing Lifestyle Management Through Patient Education and Pender’s Health Promotion Model.

Kim, M., Chen, L., & Park, S. (2019). Factors influencing on smart health. The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business, 10(2), 17-23.

McCutcheon, T., Schaar, G., & Parker, K. L. (2016). Pender's Health Promotion Model and HPV Health-Promoting Behaviors among College-Aged Males: Concept Integration. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 10(1).

Murdaugh, C. L., Parsons, M. A., & Pender, N. J. (2019). Health promotion in nursing practice. New York, NY: Pearson.