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Critical Review: Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder that affects almost all elements of a patient's life. The disease is characterized by hallucination, cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, delusions. All these characteristics are usually seen in Schizophrenia patients. In most cases, a patient is unable to think straight, distinguish fantasy from reality and also can be over-reactive when they interact with others. All the above symptoms can be explained based on the neurological mechanisms of a patient's mental illness. Over the recent past, there have been various researches linking psychology and neuroscience in search of information on the causes of schizophrenia in patients. “There has been evidence that the disorder is as a result of impaired activation on three brain networks between frontotemporal, frontoparietal and front striatal that serve in cognitive functioning and coordinating cognition and emotion” (Tritsch et al., 2016).

(1.)A neurotransmitter is a chemical element that is secreted by the neurons, and its function is the transmission of messages from one neuron to the other the most common types of neurotransmitters in the brain including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA. Neurotransmitters have several functions that contribute significantly to the working of the brain. For instance, a neurotransmitter known as serotonin performs various functions such as regulation mood appetite and sleep. Moreover, norepinephrine is another neurotransmitter that is essential for attentiveness, dreaming, learning and even controlling emotions and sleep. Acetylcholine is the one that controls memory and hearing while dopamine controls voluntary movements and emotional behavior. Moreover, glutamate is involved in the development of the brain, memory, and learning. Finally, GABA is the one that is tasked with preventing neurons from creating nerve impulses.

1. A neurotransmitter is a chemical element that is secreted by the neurons, and its function is the transmission of messages from one neuron to the other the most common types of neurotransmitters in the brain including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA. Neurotransmitters have several functions that contribute significantly to the working of the brain. For instance, a neurotransmitter known as serotonin performs various functions such as regulation mood appetite and sleep. Moreover, norepinephrine is another neurotransmitter that is essential for attentiveness, dreaming, learning and even controlling emotions and sleep. Acetylcholine is the one that controls memory and hearing while dopamine controls voluntary movements and emotional behavior. Moreover, glutamate is involved in the development of the brain, memory, and learning. Finally, GABA is the one Please focus ONLY on the neurotransmitters that are involved in schizophrenia and give detailed information on how they are related to the disorder. (PROFESSOR COMMENTS]

The brain is made up of several nerve cells called neurons and chemicals that are secreted in these cells are called neurotransmitters. “The symptomology of schizophrenia is thought to be associated with a neurotransmitter called dopamine which is believed to be the cause of the disease” (Singer et al., 2015). Moreover, recent studies show that serotonin is another neurotransmitter that is a cause of the symptoms of the disorder. Brain activity in an affected and healthy one differ. ( 2)The brain with schizophrenia produces neurotransmitters between neurons. This gives a rise to the symptoms of the disorder.

(2.) The brain with schizophrenia produces neurotransmitters between neurons. This sentence does not make sense. You will need to explain in a lot more detail about how dopamine and serotonin influence the disorder. [PROFESSOR COMMENTS]

Dopamine

The dopamine hypothesis has been the main argument that is believed to be the cause of schizophrenia symptoms. The researchers in the field believe that the symptoms of the disorder are as a result of too much secretion of dopamine in the brain. To treat the disease, antipsychotic drugs can be used block the transmission of dopamine hence improving the symptoms.

Serotonin

Newer theories have countered the previous arguments believing that the symptoms of the disorder are caused by serotonin neurotransmitter and not dopamine.

The anatomical changes in the brain as a result of schizophrenia are explained by cognitive insufficiencies and other psychopathological symptoms. “The several anatomical changes that can be observed include in areas such as the hippocampus, temporal lobe, the ventricular system, the septum pellucidum, white and grey matter and the cerebellum” (Ellison-Wright et al., 2008). For instance, people who have been victims of the disorder are said to have smaller hippocampus structure to the right. Also, the analysis shows that they have reduced the size of both the middle and the upper bends in the left hemisphere. There is also reduced size of the cerebellum, a reduction in cortical thickness in the frontotemporal area.

Neurotransmitters are related to a number of anatomical features and resultant symptoms. One of the anatomical features related to neurotransmitters is lateral-occipital cortex. Depending on the nature of neurons transmitted to the cortex, it structures changes from one form to another. The neurotransmitter is also related to the lateral-occipital cortex, the linguistic cortex, and the temporal-occipital cortex. It sends neurons to these anatomical features. People suffering from schizophrenia experience anatomical changes and portray various symptoms. The neurotransmitter is also linked to the resultant symptoms. Patients suffering from Schizophrenia portray symptoms such as hallucination, cognitive impairment, social withdrawal, delusions. Structural changes of anatomical features result to these symptoms. Hallucination is a situation where an individual perceives something that is not real. These occur due to changes in the manner in which the neurotransmitter sends nerve impulses to various structures of the brain. The hypothalamus controls emotions in the body. (3)Variation in the transmission of nerve impulses by the transmitter to the hypothalamus results in emotional changes.

3. Variation in the transmission of nerve impulses by the transmitter to the hypothalamus results in emotional changes. You need a reference for all of this information. You also need to organize the information better. [PROFESSOR COMMENTS]

The behavior of an individual suffering from Schizophrenia is based on the neuroanatomical and neurotransmitter changes as a result of the disorder. The nervous system of schizophrenia patients is different from that of normal patients. Neuroanatomy is the anatomy of the nervous system. Changes in the mechanism by which neurotransmitters transmit impulses affect the behavior of the patients. For instance, changes in the neuroanatomical structure of the cerebellum affect the behavior of an individual. All this is attributed to changes in neurotransmission. “Scientist uses behavioral, neuroanatomical and neurotransmitter changes to treat the disorder” (Kavalali, 2015).

References

Kavalali, E. T. (2015). The mechanisms and functions of spontaneous neurotransmitter release. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(1), 5.

Tritsch, N. X., Granger, A. J., & Sabatini, B. L. (2016). Mechanisms and functions of GABA co-release. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 17(3), 139.

Uhlhaas, P. J., & Singer, W. (2015). Oscillations and neuronal dynamics in schizophrenia: the search for basic symptoms and translational opportunities. Biological Psychiatry, 77(12), 1001-1009.

Ellison-Wright, I., Glahn, D. C., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S. M., & Bullmore, E. (2008). The anatomy of first-episode and chronic schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(8), 1015-1023.