Paper 3

Running head: STUDY TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 1

PAPER III: LITERATURE REVIEW 9

Instructions for Paper III: Study Two Literature Review (Worth 35 Points)

Ryan J. Winter

Florida International University

Purpose of Paper III: Study Two Literature Review

1). Psychological Purpose

Paper III is intended to help you take your original Facebook Consensus study one step further by letting you predict how a second independent variable of your lab’s choosing impacts participants. In this replication with extension study, you have a greater role in a). choosing which articles to include in your follow-up literature review as well as b). identifying how this new variable influences your hypotheses. The bulk of your points in Paper III will come from a new paper “literature review”, but—similar to journal articles you might have read—this second literature review comes between the discussion from study one and before the methods for study two. That is, your Paper III will include your original literature review from study one (revised based on feedback from Paper I), your study one methods, results, and discussion (revised based on feedback from Paper II), and a new literature review that both focuses on the results of study one but adds in new information and references for study two.

In other words, Paper III includes:

1). Your original title page (though feel free to change the title)

2). Your revised study one literature review (ending in the study one hypotheses).

3). Your revised study one methods section.

4). Your revised study one results section.

5). Your revised study one discussion section.

6). Your new study two literature review (ending in the study two hypotheses).

7). References for all citations in the paper (minimum 10 references required)

8). Your appendices from study one

The largest number of Paper III points are provided for your new study two literature review. Unlike your study one literature review, your study two literature review will essentially pick up after study one. Think of it as a “sequel” of sorts. It builds on and extends study one’s Facebook Consensus focus, using two levels of your original independent variable (either Support vs. Mixed, or Oppose vs. Mixed) and similar dependent variables (e.g. Cheating impressions etc.) but altering or extending them into a new study design. The good news here is that you can refer to study one as you write your study two literature review. In fact, that is something I encourage. You can also refer back to your study one literature review sources.

The bulk of this study two literature review concerns a second independent variable that you and your lab will manipulate during the second part of the semester. You will need to find up to five references for this second independent variable, hopefully finding sources that build a bridge between studies one and two. In other words, in Paper III you will answer the following question: “Given our findings in study one, how will the presence of a second independent variable impact participant decisions?”

Similar to Paper I, you should end your literature review in Paper III by noting your specific hypotheses for study two. Here, you will address both main effects (outcomes associated with each independent variable alone) and interactions (the combined impact of your independent variables).

2). APA Formatting Purpose

The second purpose of Paper III: Literature Review is to once again teach you proper American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the pages below, I will tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below as well as Chapter 14 in your book!

3). Writing Purpose

Finally, this paper is intended to help you refine your writing. My hope is that you will use feedback from Paper I and Paper II to improve your grammar, spelling, and content in Paper III. At the end of the semester, you will actually use Paper III as the opening section for your final course paper, so doing a good writing job Paper III will be very beneficial as you revise your papers for Paper V. Many students use Paper V as their writing sample for graduate programs, so make sure you write clearly and precisely for an educated reader!

Note that the plagiarism limit for Paper III is 50%. This is a bit higher given the overlap in the Paper II material, but your Paper I and new literature review in Paper III should be very unique to you. As usual, references, citations, and the predictions are not included in the plagiarism limit.

Instructions for Paper III: Study Two Literature Review (Worth 35 Points)

This paper will cover both study one (including the literature review, methods section, results section, and brief discussion from that study) and the introduction literature review to study two. This paper essentially tells the literature oriented story of your semester long project thus far. Your main job is to justify your study two predictions, and you do that by both showing how study one influenced your choice of variables in study two as well as citing prior research that supports your second independent variable in study two. At the end of the study two literature review section, you will provide your own study two predictions.

The good news is that we are continuing with our topic of the Facebook Consensus study. You wrote a lot on that already, so here you simply add to it, noting in a second “literature review” section how a second independent variable might interact with the study one Facebook Consensus manipulation. Here are the components to keep in mind. By now, a lot of this should be familiar to you, so you’ll see a lot of overlap with the instructions and checklists from Papers I and II.

1. Title Page: I expect the following format (1 point):

a. This title page is a lot like the title page on your Papers I and II. See my “Title” page above as an example or reuse your title page from prior papers (though you may need to modify your title given your new IVs in this study).

b. You must have a header and page numbers on each page.

i. If you don’t know how to insert headers, ask your instructor or watch this very helpful video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY.

ii. The header goes at the top of the paper and it is left justified.

1. Use “Insert Headers” or click on the top of the page to open the header. Make sure to select the “Different first page” option so that your title page header will differ from subsequent pages

2. The R in Running head is capitalized but the h is lower case, followed by a colon and a short title (in ALL CAPS). This short running head title can be the same one as the rest of your paper or it can differ – the choice is yours, but it should be no more than 50 characters including spaces and punctuation

3. Insert a page number as well. While the header is flush left, the page number is flush right.

iii. Want an example header? Look at the title page of these instructions! You can use other titles depending on your own preferences (e.g. SOCIAL MEDIA AND CONSENSUS; CONFORMITY; JUDGING OTHERS; etc.).

c. Your Title should be midway up the page. Feel free to alter the title at this point so that it includes a better description of both study one and study two

d. Include your name (First Last) and the name of your institution (FIU) beneath the paper title. For this class, only your own name will go on this paper. Double space everything!

i. You can also refer to Chapter 14 in your textbook

2. Abstract? Again, this is not needed … yet! You’ll include it later in Paper V.

3. Literature Review Study One (3 points)

a. Make sure to revise the study one literature review from Paper I based on feedback to that paper. The Paper I instructions still apply for that second in Paper II, so reread those instructions if you need a reminder on the requirements for your study one literature review.

b. For Paper III, you will need ten references total. You already have five for the study one literature review, so feel free to keep those same references. You can also add a few or take away a few from the study one literature review and make-up the difference in the study two literature review section (#7 below). That is, you can have seven references for study one and three for study two, or six for study one and four for study two, etc. My advice – keep your five references from study one and include five additional references for the study two literature review.

c. Just remember to revise, revise, revise your study one lit review. If we made recommendations for improvement and you don’t change a word, you’ll lose all three points in this section!

4. Methods Study One (3 points)

a. Revise your methods from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for methods still apply for this section.

b. Again, revise, revise, revise or risk losing all points in this section

5. Results Study One (3 points)

a. Revise your results from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for the results still apply for this section.

b. Do I need to mention revise?

6. Discussion Study One (1 point)

a. Revise your discussion from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for the discussion still apply for this section.

b. One word – revise!

7. Literature Review Study Two (10 points)

a. APA formatting for the first page of your literature review

i. Your study two literature review starts right after the discussion for study one. There is no page break, so have it come right after the discussion on the very next line.

b. APA formatted citations for the literature review

i. Between the literature review for study one and the literature review for study two, you have to have at least ten references combined. If you have five references in the study one lit review, you need five more here. If you have seven for study one, you need three here. In total, at least eight of these ten references must be based on empirical research reports (that is, each of these eight cited articles should have a literature review, a methods section, a results section, a conclusion/discussion, and references). The remaining two sources can also be primary sources, but you may also use secondary sources (books, law reviews, newspaper articles, etc.). Of course I would recommend sticking with all primary sources, but the choice is yours for the other two citations. Note: Internet blogs and Wikipedia are not acceptable as secondary sources. Here is a bit more to note:

1. As in Paper I, I am not setting a maximum on the number of citations you can use, but between studies one and two you need at minimum ten of them! These may overlap among students, so it is okay to read the same articles as some of your classmates. You can use all of the articles posted on Canvas for Paper I if you want, but note that you will need to find some new references as well (especially ones that focus on your second independent variable).

a. Referring to your first study does not count as a reference.

2. Proper citations must be made in the paper – give credit where it is due, and don’t make claims that cannot be validated! If it sounds like a fact, then you must provide a citation to support that fact

3. DO NOT plagiarize. You will turn this in on Canvas, and we can check for plagiarism via turn-it-in. Paraphrasing is okay, but you must still cite the original author even if you do not use his or her words verbatim. If you rewrite what they say, it is still them that had the original idea, and they deserve credit for it

4. If you directly quote a source, make sure to provide a page number for where you found that quote. However, I prefer paraphrasing to direct quotes. I allow three quotes total for the whole paper (including the two that I allowed in Paper I). If you quote more than three times you will lose one point for each additional quote.

c. Content-based requirements for your study two literature review

i. Your study two literature review should use your study one results and prior research studies as a jumping off point, once again starting with a broad theme and then narrowing it down – think about the hourglass example your instructors have given you. Now imagine that you have a second hourglass right below the original one. You can start broadly again with information about the new study independent variable, and then once again narrow down as you near your hypotheses for study two.

ii. Think about your study two literature review this way: You are writing a sequel to study one, so your new story picks up where that story left off.

1. I want you to pay close attention to your own brief discussion from study one (Paper II discussion). You drew some conclusions there, but now is your chance to build on those conclusions. At the beginning of your new study two story, your audience knows some of the story from study one, so there is no need to rewrite what you already presented. Rather, you need to set the stage for the new sequel storyline. Introduce your new “character”, or your new independent variable. Talk about this somewhat in isolation (what does research say about this variable on its own). Once you define and clarify what this new variable is and how it has been used in prior research, start to show how it connects to your own study one.

a. For example, let’s say your new independent variable is “the effect of warnings on behavior”, with warning versus no warning as the two levels of the new IV. You would talk about research on warnings and how it impacts people. THEN you talk about how warning about Consensus might impact people. So, step one is to introduce the new concept while step two is to show how the new concept fits in with your new study.

2. At the end of the story, start to lead the reader to the big cliffhanger (your study two hypothesis). By now you have introduced the characters as well as the plot, but then you want to build some anticipation in your reader – you want them to wonder what comes next! The last part of the literature review brings the reader to your study two hypotheses, or that potential twist ending to your story. That is, “Given what we saw in the literature, what happens if we do XYZ?” Thus you build your study to your hypotheses and end on another cliffhanger. The next chapter (Paper IV Methods, Results, and Discussion) focuses on the study that you actually did! In other words, at the end of your study two literature review you should …

a. give a general overview of your research question

b. state your specific predictions / hypotheses given the studies you talked about in the literature review. This should look at both main effects and interactions, so you’ll need to address each IV on its own (main effect for belief perseverance and main effect for your second IV) and the interaction of the two IVs as they work together.

d. The literature review for study two must have a minimum of two (2) full pages of text and a maximum of five (5) pages. This time, I’ll let you include the hypotheses within that minimum 2 pages (though it would be very tight to get all of that info in there in such a short lit review section).

8. Citations: I expect the following format (4 points)

a. All in-text citations must be correct (correct APA formatting, correct dates, if directly quoted must have page numbers, and uses et al. and & and correctly)

9. References: I expect the following format (5 points):

a. The References section starts on its own page, with the word References centered. Use proper APA format in this section or you will lose points.

b. All ten references that you cited in the literature review must be in this section (there should be more than ten references here if you cited more than ten articles). However, at least eight must come from empirical articles

c. For references, make sure you:

i. use alphabetical ordering (start with the last name of the first author)

ii. use the authors’ last names but only the initials of their first/middle name

iii. give the date in parentheses – e.g. (2007).

iv. italicize the name of the journal article

v. give the volume number, also in italics

vi. give the page numbers (not italicized) for articles

vii. provide the doi (digital object identifier) if present (not italicized)

10. Appendices: I expect the following format (1 point)

a. Copy and paste from Paper II. This should be an easy point! Just make sure the appendices go AFTER the references page (That is, an appendix “appends” the paper – it goes at the end!)

i. Appendix A: Include your tables for age, gender, and ethnicity.

ii. Appendix B: Include your tables for your chi square and the crosstabs

iii. Appendix C: Include your tables for your first scaled DV

iv. Appendix D: Include your tables for you second scaled DV

11. Overall writing quality (4 points)

a. Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers.

Other Guidelines for Paper III: Literature Review

 

1. 1). Pay attention to the page length requirements – 1 page for the title page, 2-5 pages for the study one lit review, no minimum page lengths for the study one methods, results, and discussion sections, 2-5 pages for the study two literature review, and at least 1 page for the references page. If you are under the minimum, we will deduct points. If you go over the maximum, we are a little more flexible (up to a half page or so), but we want you to try to keep it to the maximum page.

1. 2). Page size is 8 1/2 X 11” with all 4 margins set at 1”. You must use a 12-point font with Times New Roman font. EVERYTHING in the paper (including references) is double spaced

1. 3). When summarizing articles for your lit review and doing so in your own words, make sure you still cite the original source. Always use proper referencing procedures, which means that:

2. If you are inserting a direct quote from any source, it must be enclosed in quotations and followed by a parenthetical reference to the source. “Let’s say I am directly quoting this current sentence and the next. I would then cite it with the author name, date of publication, and the page number for the direct quote” (Winter, 2013, p . 5).

0. Note: We will deduct points if you quote more than three times in the paper, so keep quotes to a minimum. Paraphrase instead, but make sure you still give the original author credit for the material by citing it or using the author’s name (“In this article, Smith noted that …” or “In this article, the authors noted that…”)

1. 4). PLEASE use a spell checker to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some sentences aloud to see if they flow well, or getting family or friends to read your work. Using Pearson Writer is also required

The above information is required for your paper, but I wanted to provide a few tips about writing your study two literature review as well. Hopefully this will give you some good directions:

· First, remember that you need ten references total, eight of which MUST be peer-reviewed

· Second, I don't expect a lengthy discussion for each and every article that you cite for either study one or study two. You might spend a page on one study and a sentence or two on another. The amount of time you spend describing an article you read should be proportional to how important it is in helping you defend your hypotheses. If you do a near replication of a prior study, then I would expect you to spend more time discussing that prior research since it has a big impact on your own study. If an article you read simply supports a global idea that ties into your study but has very different methods (like "frustrated people get mad!"), you can easily mention it in a sentence or two without delving into a lot of detail. Tell a good story in your literature review, but only go into detail about plot elements that have a direct bearing on your study!

· Third, like Paper I, Paper III is all about supporting your study two hypotheses. Know what your hypotheses are before you write the paper, as it will help you determine how much time to spend on each article you are citing.

· Fourth, make sure to proofread, proofread, proofread! Use the Pearson Writer for help, but note that their suggestions are just that – suggestions. It is up to you to make sure the flow of the paper is easy to understand. Good luck!

· Fifth, please note that a different grader might grade your Paper III than Paper I or II. As forewarning, the new grader might mark off for Paper I and II elements that the prior grader thought was okay. That is, the two graders may not agree with each other on everything. Unfortunately, this happens, even when I try to publish a paper in a journal. Two reviewers may have no problem with my paper while two others nitpick a lot. The same happens here. Just be aware that graders all use the same paper checklist and grade rubric. They might emphasize some elements more than others in those checklists depending on their personal grading style, but if YOU pay attention to all checklist elements then grading will not differ much regardless of who graded! So, USE THE CHECKLISTS! I mark off a point if the appendix comes before the references. I mark off if reference article titles use incorrect capital letters. I mark off if the letters p, F, M, and SD are not in italics. Everything I might mark off for is included in the checklist, so if your paper passes the checklist, I won’t have as much to mark off for! Use it (and look at the example paper and grade rubric as well!)

Your second IV will be Gender. Your first IV will still be Consensus.

However, to reduce the complexity of design and create a stronger manipulation, the condition will be only 2 levels—Supportive vs. Mixed.

This gives us a 2 (Consensus Condition: Supportive v. Mixed) X 2 (Gender Condition: Male v. Female) factorial design. We will compare all conditions by focusing on two main effects (one for Consensus Condition and one for Gender Condition) and one interaction (Consensus X Gender):

 

	Male	Female
Supportive	Condition A	Condition B	Main Effect: Consensus Condition
Mixed	Condition C	Condition D
	Main Effect: Gender Condition

You are expected to generate your own hypotheses for this paper.

Our recommendation is that you look at PsycInfo and find some additional references for the new condition.

Read over the Paper III instructions in Canvas to get a better idea about what the paper entails, but essentially you will be adding 2 to 3 paragraphs to your existing literature review. These paragraphs will focus on your new independent variable. There are a lot of articles you could look at. You can use any literature that finds an effect of Gender on Consensus or similar phenomena - your job is to show that Gender yields effects on our outcomes. If you find one that looks at both Consensus and Gender, then those are ideal because they will support your inclusion of both variables in your study and the interaction.

For Paper III, we need to see a minimum of 7 references. You should already have a minimum of 5 from Paper I (Study One Literature Review), so you only need 2 more. Now, if you had fewer than 5 in Paper I, you will need more in Paper III. In the same vein, if you had more than 5 in Paper I, then you need fewer for Paper III. At minimum, you must have 7 references in the whole Paper III, but you can have more if you would like.

First, you can alter the gender of the Facebook user. What if you are looking at Adam rather than Abigail? Would support (versus mixed) for Adam get different ratings compared to support (versus mixed) for Abigail? (Note that we would have FOUR conditions in this design: Adam Support vs. Adam Mixed vs. Abigail Support vs. Abigail Mixed).