pap 3

Ryan J. Winter

Florida International University

1. The psychological purpose (Paper overview)

Paper III is intended to help you take your original Social Loafing study one step further by letting you predict how a second independent variable of your lab’s choosing impacts participants. In this replication with extension Study Two, you have a greater role in a). choosing which articles to include in your follow-up literature review as well as b). identifying new hypotheses that take into account your new independent variable. The bulk of your Paper III points will come from a new “literature review”, with this second literature review coming between the discussion from study one (i.e. the end of Paper II) and the methods for study two (i.e. the beginning of Paper IV). That is, your Paper III will include your original literature review from study one (revised based on feedback from Paper I), your study one methods, results, and discussion (revised based on feedback from Paper II), a new literature review that adds in new information, and will conclude with your references from both literature reviews.

In other words, Paper III includes:

1). Your original title page (though feel free to change the title)

2). Your revised study one literature review (ending in the study one hypotheses).

3). Your revised study one methods section (with demographics tables).

4). Your revised study one results section (with tables).

5). Your revised study one discussion section.

6). Your new study two literature review (ending in the study two hypotheses).

7). References for all citations in the paper (minimum 10 references required)

8). Your appendices from study one (optional, and only if applicable)

The largest number of Paper III points come from your study two literature review, which will essentially pick up after study one. Think of it as a “sequel” of sorts. It builds on and extends study one’s Social Loafing focus, using only two levels of the Study One loafing condition independent variable (either Individual Total vs. Group Total, Individual Total vs. Group Average, or Group Total vs. Group Average) and similar dependent variables (e.g. Number of math problems solved, Rating statements about completing math problems, etc.). However, study two will alter or extend your independent and dependent variables into a new study design. The good news here is that you can refer to study one as you write your study two literature review. In fact, I encourage that! You can also refer back to your study one literature review sources and recite them.

The bulk of this study two literature review concerns a second independent variable that you and your lab will manipulate during the second part of the semester. You will need to include five new references for this new independent variable, hopefully finding sources that build a bridge between studies one and two. In other words, in Paper III you will answer the following question: “Given our findings in study one, how will the presence of a second independent variable impact participant decisions?”

Similar to Paper I, you should end your literature review in Paper III by noting your specific hypotheses for study two. Here, you will address both main effects (outcomes associated with each independent variable alone) and interactions (the combined impact of your independent variables on your dependent variables).

Keep in mind your audience: Write this paper for someone who may be familiar with statistics and research methods but may be unfamiliar with the topic of social loafing as well as your new independent variable. Thus teach your audience about the topic, but assumer they know methods. Also keep in mind that this paper (and those to come) might come in handy in the future! That is, you can use this paper as a writing sample for graduate programs and/or jobs. Knowing that, also know that your future graduate program or job may know even less about this topic than your professors and TAs, so write for them. Write clearly, be informative, and impress an audience that includes both your teachers AND those beyond this class!

The second purpose of Paper III: Literature Review is to once again teach you American Psychological Association (APA) formatting. In the pages below, I will tell you how to format your paper using APA style. There are a lot of very specific requirements in APA papers, so pay attention to the instructions below and the APA formatting powerpoint lecture! Your audience most likely knows APA formatting already, so make sure you can adhere to the rules of APA style!

3. The writing purpose

Finally, this paper is intended to help you refine your writing. My hope is that you will use feedback from Paper I and Paper II to improve your grammar, spelling, and content in Paper III. At the end of the semester, you will use Paper III as the opening for your final course paper, so doing a good writing job Paper III will be very beneficial as you revise your papers for Paper V. Many students use Paper V as their writing sample for graduate programs or jobs that require a writing sample, so make sure you write clearly and precisely for an educated reader as you might find this paper useful long after you get your final grade in the course!

Note #1: The plagiarism limit for Paper III is 50%. This is a bit higher than your Paper I literature review (given the overlap in the Paper II material), but your original literature review from Paper I and your new literature review in Paper III should be very unique to you. As usual, references, citations, and the predictions are not included in the plagiarism limit.

Note #2: I am looking for 2 pages minimum for the study two literature review in Paper III, including your study predictions. But this is the bare minimum. If it is only 2 pages, it better be really, really good. Since you are including your Paper I and Paper II sections, your Paper III might have close to 15 pages.

This set of instructions will briefly cover your study one sections (including the literature review, methods section, results section, and brief discussion from that study) and give a more in-depth review of the literature review for study two. Paper III essentially tells the literature-oriented story of your semester long project thus far. Your main job is to justify your study two predictions, and you do that by showing how study one influenced your choice of variables in study two as well as how prior research supports your new study two independent variable.

The good news is that we are continuing with our Social Loafing topic. You wrote a lot on that already, so here you will simply add to it, noting in a second literature review section how a second independent variable might interact with your study one Social Loafing manipulation. Here are the components to keep in mind. By now, a lot of this should be familiar to you, so you will see a lot of overlap with the instructions and checklists from Papers I and II.

1. Abstract? Again, this is not needed … yet! You will write it for the first time in Paper V.

1. Literature review study one content

a. Make sure to revise the study one literature review from Paper I based on feedback we gave you on that paper. The Paper I instructions still apply, so reread them if you need a reminder of the requirements for the study one literature review.

b. For Paper III, you will need ten references total. You already have five references from the study one literature review, so feel free to keep those as is. That means you only need five more for Paper III, though most of the new references will go into the Literature Review section for Study Two

c. Just remember to revise, revise, and revise your study one literature review. We gave you a lot of recommendations for improving Paper I, so if you do not modify that section for Paper III, you will not get all three points in this section!

1. Methods section content

a. Revise your methods from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for methods still apply for this section.

b. Again, revise, revise, revise or risk losing points in this section. Make sure to include your demographics table right after the Table 1 callout

1. Results section format

a. Revise your results from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for the results still apply for this section. Make sure to include the tables for the chi square and ANOVAs after their callout

b. Do I need to mention revise?

1. Discussion section format

a. Revise your discussion from study one for this section based on feedback we gave you in Paper II. The Paper II instructions for the discussion still apply here.

b. One word – Revise!

1. The first page of literature review two

a. Your study two literature review starts right after the study one discussion. There is no page break. It comes immediately after the discussion on the very next line.

b. Make sure to include a title to distinguish the Study Two literature review from the prior Study One Discussion section. A general title might include something as simple as “ Study Two” (in bold). But if you know your new IV, feel free to go with something more specific like “ The Impact of XYZ Variable on Social Loafing”

2. APA formatted citations for literature review two

a. Between the literature review for study one and the literature review for study two, you must have at least 10 references combined. You have five references in your study one literature review, so you only need five more.

i. I am looking for 10 total, but where they are in your paper is up to you. You can have 7 references for study one and 3 for study two, or 6 and 4, or 5 and 5 (I recommend the 5 and 5 option!).

ii. At least 8 references must be based on peer-reviewed, primary articles (that is, each of these 8 cited articles should have a literature review section, a methods section, a results section, a conclusion / discussion, and references). The remaining 2 can be primary sources or secondary sources (books, law reviews, newspaper articles, etc.). I recommend sticking with primary sources for all 10 references, but the choice is yours.

iii. Note: Internet blogs and Wikipedia are not acceptable, even as secondary sources, and referring to your first study does not count as a reference.

b. As in Paper I, I am not setting a maximum number of citations, but between studies one and two you need 10 minimum! Sources may overlap among students, so it is okay to read the same articles as your classmates. You should find some new references (especially ones that focus on your new independent variable).

c. Proper citations must be made in the paper – give credit where it is due, and do not make claims that cannot be validated! If it sounds like a fact, then you must provide a citation to support that fact

d. DO NOT plagiarize. You will turn this in on Canvas, and we can check for plagiarism via turn-it-in. Paraphrasing is okay, but you must still cite the original author even if you do not use his or her words verbatim. If you rewrite what they say, it is still them that had the original idea, and they deserve credit for it

e. If you directly quote a source, make sure to provide a page number for where you found that quote. However, I prefer paraphrasing to direct quotes. I allow three quotes total for the whole paper (including the two that I allowed in Paper I). If you quote more than three times in your paper, you will lose one point for each additional quote.

a. Your study two literature review should use your study one results and prior research studies as a jumping off point, once again starting with a broad theme and then narrowing it down – think about the hourglass example your instructors have given you. Now imagine that you have a second hourglass right below the original one. Start broadly with information about the new study independent variable, and then once again narrow down as you near your hypotheses for study two.

b. Think about your study two literature review this way: You are writing a sequel to study one, so your new story picks up where that original study one story left off.

i. I want you to pay close attention to your own brief discussion from study one (Paper II discussion). You drew some conclusions there, but now is your chance to build on those conclusions. At the beginning of your new study two story, your audience knows some of the story from study one, so there is no need to rewrite what you already presented. Rather, you need to set the stage for the new sequel storyline. Introduce your new “character” (your new independent variable). Talk about this somewhat in isolation (what does research say about this variable on its own). Once you define and clarify what this new variable is and how it has been used in prior research, start to show how it connects studies one and two.

1. For example, imagine that your new independent variable alters the focus of the participant, with some participants asked to focus deeply on their emotions while others are asked to focus deeply on their thoughts (their cognitions). Thus, the new IV has two levels: emotions versus thoughts. In your second literature review, you would talk about research that focuses on emotions versus thoughts impacts respondents. After discussing that research, you THEN start to discuss how this might interact with social loafing.

2. So, step one introduces the new concept while step two shows how the new concept fits in with your original study.

ii. At the end of the story, lead the reader to the big cliffhanger (your study two hypotheses). By now you have introduced the characters as well as the plot, but next you want to build some anticipation in your reader – you want them to wonder what comes next! The last part of the literature review brings the reader to your study two predictions. That is, “Given what we saw in the literature, what happens if we do XYZ?” Thus end your paper with the study two hypotheses. The next chapter (Paper IV Methods, Results, and Discussion) focuses on the study that you actually did! In other words, at the end of your study two literature review you should …

1. give a general overview of your research question

2. state your specific predictions / hypotheses given the studies you talked about in the literature review. This should look at both main effects and interactions, so you’ll need to address each IV on its own (main effect for the Social Loafing condition – Individual Total vs. Group Total – and main effect for the Focus condition – Emotions versus Thoughts) and the interaction of the two IVs as they work together (Social Loafing X Focus).

a. The literature review for study two must have a minimum of two (2) full pages of text and a maximum of five (5) pages.

1. APA citation format and examples

a. All of your in-text citations must be correct (correct APA formatting, correct dates, correct page numbers if you are directly quoting a source, and correct use of et al. and the &). This is a new separate category for Paper III, so make sure to look over each citation carefully. We will deduct 1 point each time you cite incorrectly.

b. Avoid using author first names, initials, or the title of the article author(s) wrote

c. Include the last name of the author followed by the date of publication. If there is one author, use that author’s name every time you cite. If there are two authors, use both author names every time you cite. If there are three or more authors, use the last name of the first author every time you cite followed by the phrase et al. to replace other authors.

i. One author example:

1. “According to Piper (2020) …”

2. “The author found XYZ (Piper, 2020).”

ii. Two authors example:

1. “According to Piper and Holmes (2020) …”

2. “The authors found XYZ (Piper & Holmes, 2020).”

iii. Three + authors example:

1. “According to Piper et al. (2020) …”

2. “The authors found XYZ (Piper et al., 2020).”

iv. Author you did not read cited by author you did read example:

1. “Piper et al. (2020, as cited by Evans, 2021) found that …”

a. Above, YOU read Evans, but Evans discussed Piper.

1. Reference format

a. The References section starts on its own page, with the word References centered. Use proper APA format in this section or you will lose points.

b. All ten references that you cited in the literature review must be in this section (there should be more than ten references if you cited more than ten articles). However, at least eight references must come from empirical articles

c. For references, make sure you:

i. use alphabetical ordering (start with the last name of the first author)

1. Do not break this down by Study One versus Study Two. It should be one continuous list of 10 alphabetically ordered references

ii. use the authors’ last names but only the initials of their first/middle name

iii. give the date in parentheses – e.g. (2007).

iv. italicize the name of the journal article

v. give the volume number, also in italics

vi. give the page numbers (not italicized) for articles

vii. provide the doi (digital object identifier) if present (not italicized)

1. Table format and placement

a. Each table is placed within the text after a “callout”, but you will get a separate point for the tables. Thus, tables are located within the text ( not as an appendix)

i. Table 1: Include your Study One tables for age, gender, and ethnicity.

ii. Table 2: Include your Study One tables for your chi square and crosstabs

iii. Table 3: Include your Study One tables for your first scaled DV

iv. Table 4: Include your Study One tables for you second scaled DV

v. Table 5 or beyond: If needed

Make sure you check your paper for proper spelling and grammar. The FIU writing center is available if you want someone to look over your paper (an extra eye is always good!) and give you advice. I highly recommend them, as writing quality will become even more important on future papers.

1. Paper length

a. Pay attention to the page length requirements – 1 page for the title page, 2-5 pages for the study one lit review, no minimum page lengths for the study one methods, results, and discussion sections, 2-5 pages for the study two literature review, and at least 1 page for the references page. If you are under the minimum, we will deduct points. If you go over the maximum, we are a little more flexible (up to a half page or so), but try to keep it less than the maximum!

3. Paraphrasing and Direct Quotes

a. When summarizing articles for your literature review and doing so in your own words, you still need to cite the original source. Always use proper referencing procedures, which means that:

i. If you are inserting a direct quote from any source, it must be enclosed in quotations and followed by a parenthetical reference to the source. “Let’s say I am directly quoting this current sentence and the next. I would then cite it with the author name, date of publication, and the page number for the direct quote” (Winter, 2022, p. 10).

1. Note: We will deduct points if you quote more than three times in the paper, so keep quotes to a minimum. Paraphrase instead, but make sure you still give the original author credit for the material by citing it or using the author’s name (“In this article, Smith noted that …” or “In this article, the authors noted that…”)

4. Spelling and grammar

a. Use a spell checker to avoid unnecessary errors. Proofread everything you write. I actually recommend reading some of your sentences aloud to see if they flow well or asking family or friends to read your work. If they can understand your paper then I will, too!

The above information is required for your paper, but I wanted to provide a few tips about writing your study two literature review as well. Hopefully this will give you some good directions:

1. First, remember that you need ten references total, eight of which MUST be peer-reviewed. I prefer that all ten are peer-reviewed, but there is some flexibility here

2. Second, I do not expect a lengthy discussion for every article that you cite for either study one or study two. You might spend a page on one study and a sentence or two on another. The amount of time you spend describing an article you read should be proportional to how important it is in helping you defend your hypotheses. If you do a near replication of a prior study, then I would expect you to spend more time discussing that prior research since it has a big impact on your own study. If an article you read simply supports a global idea that ties into your study but has very different methods (like "frustrated people get mad!"), you can easily mention it in a sentence or two without delving into a lot of detail. Tell a good story in your literature review, but only go into detail about plot elements that have a direct bearing on your study!

3. Third, like Paper I, Paper III is all about supporting your study two hypotheses. Know what your hypotheses are before you write the paper, as it will help you determine how much time to spend on each article you are citing.

4. Fourth, make sure to proofread, proofread, proofread! Use the Pearson Writer for help, but note that their suggestions are just that – suggestions. It is up to you to make sure the flow of the paper is easy to understand.

5. Fifth, please note that a different grader might grade your Paper III than Paper I or II. As a forewarning, the new grader might mark off for Paper I and II elements that the prior grader thought was okay. That is, the two graders may not agree with each other on everything. Unfortunately, this happens, even when I try to publish a paper in a journal. Two reviewers may have no problem with my paper while two others nitpick a lot. The same happens here. Just be aware that graders all use the same paper checklist and grade rubric. They may emphasize some elements more than others depending on their personal grading style, but if YOU pay attention to ALL checklist elements then grading will not differ much regardless of who graded your paper! So, USE THE CHECKLISTS!

a. For example, I tend to mark off if reference article titles use incorrect capital letters. I mark off if the letters p, F, M, and SD are not in italics. Another grader might give these a simple warning while I mark off for these elements. Just note that everything I might mark off is included in the checklist, so if your paper passes the checklist, I will not mark off for them and a more lenient grader would not even need to give you a warning! So, use the checklist (and look at the example paper and grade rubric as well!)