Ieee format for 6 pages

1

1

1

Table of contents:

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………......... 3 Keywords………………………………………………………………………………...... 3

1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………. 4

2 An Overview of IoT…………………………………………………………………… 4

2.1 IoT Definition…………………………………………………………………. 4

2.2 IoT Essential Characteristics………………………………………………….. 5

2.3 IoT Architecture………………………………………………………………. 6

3 IoT Security…………………………………………………………………………… 7

3.2 Security Requirements for IoT………………………………………………... 9

3.3 Security by Design for IoT…………………………………………………..... 10

3.4 Best Practice for Securing IoT Devices……………………………………….. 11

3.5 IoT Security Attacks…………………………………………………………… 13

4 IoT Privacy…………………………………………………………………………….. 14

4.1 IoT Privacy Threats……………………………………………………………. 15 5 IoT Safety…………………………………………………………………………........ 16

6 IoT Ethics………………………………………………………………………………. 16

6.1 Ethical Design for IoT………………………………………………………….. 16

6.2 Ethics Challenges in IoT……………………………………………………….. 17

7 Case Study: Smart Cities……………………………………………………………….. 17

7.1 Security Threats in Smart Cities……………………………………………….. 17

7.2 Security Solutions for Smart City……………………………………………… 18

8 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………… 19

9 References……………………………………………………………………………… 20

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological breakthrough that allows practically all environmental objects to connect to the Internet and share data in order to generate new services and apps that improve our quality of life. The Internet of Things (IoT) uses low-cost sensors to make numerous gadgets and items around us addressable, identifiable, and locatable. Although the Internet of Things has numerous advantages, it also poses a number of concerns, particularly in terms of security and privacy. Taking care of these challenges, as well as maintaining the security and privacy of IoT goods and services, must be a top focus. Users must have faith that IoT devices and services are safe. Furthermore, IoT security must be considered in order to prevent the IoT system and its components from posing an unacceptable risk of injury or physical damage, while also taking into account social behavior and ethical use of IoT technology. The security, privacy, safety, and ethics of IoT are discussed in this chapter. It begins with an overview of the IoT system, including its architecture and key properties. Following that, we'll talk about IoT security problems, requirements, and best practices for safeguarding IoT devices. IoT privacy is also explored, with numerous IoT privacy dangers and ways to protect IoT device privacy highlighted. IoT security, ethics, the necessity for ethical design, and the issues faced are all discussed. Finally, smart cities are used as a case study to look into various security threats and solutions for maintaining a high degree of security in a smart city.

Keywords

Internet of things IoT security and privacy Ethical design for IoT· · safety · Security ·

by design · Privacy by design

1 Introduction

The Internet of Things (IoT) is currently one of the most talked-about issues among researchers and specialists. It is seen as a universal presence that enables all objects/things in our environment to be connected to the Internet and communicate with one another without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things (IoT) includes a wide range of objects that can be connected via wireless or wired networks. These items have a unique addressing scheme that allows them to interact and collaborate to create new applications and services including smart homes, smart transportation, connected autos, smart grids, smart cities, smart traffic control, and others [1].This chapter's major goal is to give a broad overview of IoT security, privacy, safety, and ethics. It begins with an overview of the IoT system's architecture and key properties. The next step is to look at IoT security by highlighting security needs, security by design, security assaults, and IoT system security issues. IoT privacy is also examined, along with threats to privacy and potential solutions. IoT security and ethics are also examined, with a focus on the need for ethical design and ethical difficulties in the IoT system. Finally, a smart city case study is presented to address security threats and solutions in the context of smart cities.

2 An Overview of IoT

This section discusses IoT terminology, layer architecture, and fundamental characteristics to provide an overview of the IoT system.

2.1 IoT Definition

The Internet of Things (IoT) system has expanded to include the idea of creating a worldwide network of interconnected physical and virtual things. These objects/things are linked together via wired or wireless networks to transfer data amongst IoT devices and generate new applications and services [2].

What's more, Guillemin and Friess [3] have recommended perhaps the most straightforward definition that portray the IoT in a smooth way. It expressed: 'The Internet of Things permits individuals and things to be associated Anytime, Anyplace, with anything and anybody, in a perfect world utilizing any way/organization and any assistance'. A few definitions were proposed by numerous specialists depicting the IoT framework according to alternate points of view however the significant thing that greater part of scientists have conceded to the IoT is made to build data sharing that prompts a superior world for every one of the people.

2.2 IoT Essential Characteristics

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology that intends to improve people's quality of life by creating new applications that make regular tasks easier. There are a number of common features in the IoT system, including the following:

· Large Scale: The number of IoT devices is increasing by the billions. To allow devices to connect with one another, this large-scale network of devices must be controlled. Furthermore, this large-scale network generates a massive amount of data, posing a serious problem in terms of data interpretation and analysis.

· Intelligence: IoT devices can become smart by combining powerful software algorithms with hardware. These intelligence capabilities enable IoT devices to make intelligent judgments and engage intelligently with other communicating devices in a variety of settings.

· Sensing: Sensors are the most important component of an IoT system since they are used to detect changes in the environment and generate data that reveals their state. Sensors, which use a variety of detecting technologies, provide a good understanding of surroundings and raise human awareness of the physical environment. [4]

· Limited Energy: Because most IoT devices are small and light, and have limited resources, they are designed to use as little energy as possible.

· Connectivity: The capacity to link numerous devices with diverse characteristics and use their shared information to generate unique applications and services is one of the primary aspects of the IoT system.

· Unique Identity: Each IoT object is identified and recognized within the IoT network using a unique identifier such as an IP address. IoT manufacturers supply these identities so that devices can be upgraded to the relevant platforms. These devices also include user interfaces that allow people to collect required data from them, record their status, and administer them remotely.

2.3 IoT Architecture

In October 2014, the architecture committee of the IoT World Forum (IWF) published an IoT reference model [5]. This approach serves as a common foundation for accelerating IoT deployments in the industry. The goal of this reference model is to bring together and support the development of IoT deployment models. It is organized into seven layers, with each layer providing extra information to help build a shared vocabulary. It also categorizes where various types of processing are carried out throughout the IoT reference model's many tiers.

Furthermore, this architecture enables multiple manufacturers to create IoT products that are compatible with one another, transforming the Internet of Things from a theoretical concept to a tangible and reachable system. The physical layer is the first layer. It is made up of physical devices and controllers that operate a variety of items. These items represent entities in the Internet of Things that include various types of equipment that send and receive data, such as sensors that collect data about the environment [6]. Layer 2 is responsible for communications and connectivity. Using connectivity devices such as switches, gateways, routers, and firewalls, this layer is used to connect different IoT entities to each other. Edge computing is the third layer. This layer collects data from the connectivity layer and turns it into information that can be stored and processed at a higher level. The processing components at this layer operate with a large amount of data and may do data transformations to reduce the size of the data. The data accumulation layer is the fourth layer. This layer is responsible for storing data from various IoT devices. This data is filtered and processed by the edge-computing layer, which absorbs vast amounts of data and stores it in storage so that higher levels can access it. The edge-computing layer may generate many sorts of data in diverse forms and from heterogeneous processors for storage. The data abstraction layer gathers and formats stored data in a way that makes it more manageable and efficient for programs to access. The application layer is layer 6. This layer is responsible for interpreting data from various IoT applications. This layer includes a wide range of apps that use or control IoT devices [6]. Layer 7 is where collaboration and procedures take place. Individuals who can communicate and contribute to make the IoT system more useful are identified in this tier. It also includes a variety of Internet-based apps for exchanging data and controlling information.

3 IoT Security

The majority of researchers and professionals agree that one of the most serious hurdles to the successful adoption of IoT devices is protecting the IoT system. The IoT system adds value by connecting all small and large systems and allowing them to communicate with one another over the Internet.

To improve acceptance of IoT applications, addressing security challenges in the IoT context should be a top priority. Users must have complete confidence in the security of their IoT devices and applications. As their technologies become more integrated into people's daily lives, they must ensure that they are completely secure against numerous known risks [7].

3.1 Security Requirements for IoT

Traditional security and risk analysis measures can be used to analyze the security of an IoT system [8]. In the IoT system, standard CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) security criteria should be used.

Classification implies trading messages between a sender and collector ought to be secured against any vindictive or unauthenticated client [9]. For the IoT framework, secrecy need not exclusively to be ensured inside the correspondence organization yet in addition when sending messages between different IoT gadgets. Respectability is utilized to ensure the substance of messages traded between the sender and recipient which is secured against any control by an interloper without the collector having the option to follow this control. In the IoT framework, the respectability looks at can be conveyed at every hub engaged with the message trade between the sender and recipient. Accessibility is utilized to ensure that a vindictive client isn't fit for disturbing or destructively influencing correspondence or nature of administration given by IoT gadgets or correspondence network [10].

For the availability or organization layer, correspondence safety efforts are required just as personality verification to forestall illicit hubs. Additionally, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) assault is normal at this level, so there is a need to secure against DDOS assault in unprotected hubs in this layer, particularly it is more extreme in the IoT setting [11]. For information deliberation, aggregation and edge-processing level, numerous application security systems are expected to get information put away in distributed computing. Solid encryption calculations are required other than a refreshed antivirus. While for the application and cooperation level, there is a need to embrace confirmation and key consent to ensure client's security. In addition, instruction and secret phrase the executives are fundamental for data security at this level.

3.2 Security by Design for IoT

Security by configuration is a clever methodology proposed by a few associations to execute required safety efforts in the product and equipment advancement life cycle and not subsequent to distinguishing a security break. The need to take on security by configuration becomes fundamental to ensure billions of IoT gadgets that are ineffectively gotten against normal security assaults. Since these gadgets are associated with the Internet, they become a flimsy part that can be taken advantage of by any security assailant to take delicate data or disturb the help. Additionally, most of these gadgets were worked without security incorporated into their framework, making them obvious objectives for security assailants [1].

The UK government demand security by design in new products to address IoT security. The government argued that companies should integrate sufficient security mechanisms into their IoT devices to protect them from potential threats [12]. The government is also looking into providing incentives for the IoT industry to promote security by design for vendors and provide more information about built-in device security for consumers at purchase. Their strategy includes encouraging companies and developers to build safety features into their products from the beginning, to ensure connected devices are secure in both the design phase and throughout the life cycle of various products.

3.3 Best Practice for Security IoT Devices

The security vulnerabilities linked with IoT devices pose a threat to our lives. Prior to the Internet of Things, a security breach may result in the loss of your money; but, with the Internet of Things, a security breach can result in the loss of your life. Securing IoT devices necessitates following a set of recommended practices, which include:

· Hardware Tamper Resistant: The key stages to making your IoT devices tamper proof or tamper obvious include isolating them and limiting physical access to only a few persons. Physical security measures such as closing unused ports and covering the camera on IoT devices are also useful ways to prevent possible attackers from accessing your data [13].

· Strong Authentication: Many IoT users continue to use default or weak passwords that have not been updated. Before utilizing the gadget, manufacturers should prompt the customer to update the default password with a strong one. Alternative techniques to recognize device identification and trust are also required, as username and password are not feasible for all devices, particularly for Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, which is rapidly growing [14].

· Firmware Updates: With a good digital signature, IoT devices must be patchable or upgradeable. On the Internet, there are a number of major dangers that harm IoT devices. Vendors and service providers should plan for future software changes to keep their devices current. These updates had to be completed within a certain amount of time or in accordance with the update's relevance. [15]

· Device Identify Spoofing: It is necessary to identify the sending and receiving nodes as legitimate devices. As a result, securing against IoT device identity spoofing is critical, as defining and managing unique identities for IoT devices has been difficult due to their small and lightweight nature.

· Dynamic Testing: It is vital that IoT devices undergo testing and implement the bare minimum of security protections. There are two types of static and dynamic tests for IoT device security. Dynamic testing, as contrast to static testing, focuses on identifying software hazards.

· Failover Design: In the event that Internet access is lost or disrupted, IoT devices should continue to function normally. Few IoT devices, on the other hand, are designed to work in scenarios where the Internet is down, or data is lost. For IoT devices that feature user safety, such as door lock mechanisms, video monitoring, and environmental monitors and alarms, failover architecture is critical. In the case of disconnected operations, these devices should have additional features [16].

3.4 IoT Security Attacks

The distributed and dynamic structure of the IoT system creates weak communication channels, which malevolent objects might exploit to open new hazards in terms of tracking, monitoring, and reporting of users' behavior. As the number of IoT devices in our community grows, so does the number of security threats that must be addressed. Physical, software, network, and encryption threats are the four basic forms of attacks in the IoT system. In this part, we'll go through each sort of attack and some common cases in IoT systems. The following is a list of several security attacks in the IoT system.

3.4.1 Physical Attacks

These attacks target the hardware components of the IoT system, and the attacker must be physically present near the IoT system to carry them out. These attacks are difficult to carry out since they necessitate the employment of expensive substances [17]. Physical assaults can take a variety of forms, including the following:

· Node Tampering

· RF Interference on RFIDs

· Malicious Node Injection

· Malicious Code Injection

· Physical Damage

· Sleep Deprivation

· Social Engineering

3.4.2 Software Attacks

In practically all software systems, software assaults are the primary source of security vulnerabilities. They use the system's communication interfaces to target the system's weaknesses and threats [17]. There are several types of software attacks, including the ones listed below.

· Malicious Scripts

· Phishing Attacks

· Virus, Worms and Spyware

· DoS Attack

3.4.3 Network Attacks

The Internet of Things (IoT) system is a collection of networks that operate together to send data between different IoT devices. Network attacks target the IoT network, and the attacker does not need to be physically close to the network to carry out the attack. There are several types of network assaults, including:

· Traffic Analysis Attacks

· RFID Spoofing

· RFID Cloning

· RFID Unauthorized Access

· Sinkhole Attack

· MITM Attack

· Routing Information Attacks

3.4.4 Encryption Attacks

Through numerous communication routes, the IoT system connects all items. Encryption methods are used to protect the communication process. Nothing, however, is impregnable. The goal of encryption attacks is to get into the IoT system's encryption structure [18]. There are a variety of encryption attacks, including the ones listed below.

· Side Channel Attacks

· Cryptanalysis Attacks

· MITM Attack

3.5 IoT Security Challenges

Like all new technologies, security issues are still the biggest problems that stand in the path of effective developments of the IoT system. There are several security challenges that need to be addressed to increase people trust in adopting IoT devices.

· Resource Limitations

· Big Data

· Authorization and Access Control

· Secure Communications

· System Resilience

· Complex System

4 IoT Privacy

The IoT system privacy can take numerous forms, the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how, and to what extent information about them is disseminated to others. Information, communications, the body, and territory are all related with the concept of privacy. Information privacy refers to the protection of data transmitted between two communicating nodes through any communication medium by an organization, such as financial and medical data. Communication privacy refers to the protection of data transferred between two communicating nodes utilizing any communication means. Body privacy is concerned with people's bodily safety as well as any external barriers, whereas territorial privacy is concerned with establishing boundaries on physical space such as the home, workplace, and public spaces. [19]

1.Late Firmware Updates - Vulnerabilities that are as of now took advantage of and not fixed through normal firmware updates could open an indirect access for programmers to assume control over a large group of information.

2. Embedded Credentials - IoT gadgets accompany hardcoded passwords that can get avoided in various ways like secret phrase speculating, accreditation stuffing or savage power assault, and so on.

3. Open API - IoT interfaces with open source API/Internet making it helpless against infusion assaults, cross-webpage prearranging, character assault, and man in the center.

4.1 IoT privacy Threats

One of the vital characteristics of the IoT is the capability of objects to see and sense their environment. But this capability leads to following and observing client activities and exercises which damage client protection and comes about in numerous issues that can actually lead to losing individuals lives. This segment gives a talk of common protection dangers within the IoT system.[20]

 Identification: The IoT system is unavoidable in nature that permits gadgets to detect and gather different kinds of information about clients and their communications with the climate. Ordinarily, this information is prepared at specialist organizations, which are situated outside of clients' control. ID is the danger of relating an identifier (e.g., name, address) with private information about a person. In the IoT, new innovations and interconnection of different procedures grow the danger of ID. The utilization of a reconnaissance camera, in non-security settings, is an illustration of such strategies, where clients' conduct is read for examination and promoting. To resolve this issue, property-based confirmation is prescribed to limit the information a gadget can gather in the IoT and keep up with authority over the revelation of information.[21]

5 IoT safety

The security in the IoT device ought to be considered since a gadget might work securely in ordinary use, yet in the event that the gadget is hacked, the aggressor will attempt to control the usefulness of the gadget making hurt items constrained by the gadget or compromise individuals drawing closer into contact with it .

There are not kidding security issues accompanying open and unused ports of IoT devices as it permits assailants to infuse malevolent codes making harms devices particularly wellbeing basic devices. Thusly, this issue ought to be addressed in future item configuration to keep up with actual security and wellbeing of IoT devices.[22]

6 IoT Ethics

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that defines human conduct and behavior in the society. Ethics considers what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust, while rationally justifying our moral judgments. Ethics in the IoT context deal with defining the correct regulation for human activities towards others and themselves; hence, ethics can be considered as a way to define what is good and bad, right and wrong. With the IoT growth, it will possibly give rise to other moral dilemmas, especially as the technology continues to outperform the development of regulations and policies. The IoT will change everything about how society works and plays.

Therefore, there is a need to develop an ethical framework that helps ensure the IoT is used for the good of humanity and not the other way around.

6.1 Ethical Design for IoT:

With billions of IoT gadgets, the measure of information produced by these gadgets will be flighty. Coordinating this measure of information with advancements and improvements of productive and powerful enormous information investigation apparatuses will change individuals pondering IoT and the immense financial advancement that can be accomplished utilizing this information. All various ethical options and choices will be embedded in the algorithms that are created by programmers and developers. These choices will include different degrees of privacy and data protection to allow users to choose what is best for their purposes.

6.2 Ethics Challenges in IoT:

Although the IoT framework has been broadly acknowledged in our general public and billions of gadgets are existing, there are a few issues to apply morals in the IoT setting. These difficulties incorporate the accompanying:

1. Owner Identification

2. Public and Private Border Line

3. People’s Life Attacks

7 Case Study: Smart Cities

The idea of a smart city is utilized to depict the better utilization of public assets to further develop individual’s personal satisfaction utilizing the limitless advantages given by the IoT framework and simultaneously diminishing functional expenses of public organizations. The IoT gives various benefits in controlling and streamlining public administrations, like lighting, upkeep of public regions, transport and stopping, protection of social legacy, reconnaissance and trash assortment.

7.1 Security Threats in Smart Cities

Like all other IoT applications, smart cities provide an extensive range of vulnerabilities that can be exploited by attackers and other malicious actors causing serious damage to either people or physical devices. The security threats in the context of a smart city should not be ignored as it can affect productivity and efficiency of services provided by the smart city. There are several security threats in smart cities, some of the most common threats involve the following:

· Data and Identity Theft: Data created by unprotected smart city infrastructures such as parking garages and surveillance can be used to provide attackers with a huge amount of data to steal personal information that can be exploited for fake transactions and identity theft.

· Device Hijacking: In this type of attack, the attacker captures and controls a certain device without changing its basic functionality which makes it very difficult to be detected. In a smart city context, an attacker can exploit hijacked smart meters to launch ransomware on energy management systems.

· Software Bugs: Since smart cities contain thousands of systems and devices, a simple software bug can have an enormous effect on the system devices and applications.

7.2 Security Solutions for Smart City

Providing various security mechanisms to secure a smart city is a mandatory operation to keep the innovation of new services and applications that improve people lives and the quality of their lives.

These solutions involve

· Mutual authentication

· Security monitoring and analysis

· Data integrity and confidentiality.

1. Mutual Authentication: Different kinds of gadgets associated with a smart city network ought to be verified before any information transmission happens. This will approve the character of conveying gadgets and guarantee just legitimate gadgets are allowed to send and get information. Thus, common confirmation, where two elements gadget and administration approve their personality to one another, can assist with securing against malignant assaults.

2 Security Monitoring and Analysis: The system data should be captured and monitored to detect potential security violations or potential security threats.

3 Data Integrity and Confidentiality: Keen urban areas use information to further develop administrations and personal satisfaction for residents. This information ought to be solid and exact. At the end of the day, respectability measures ought to be utilized to guarantee information is precise and no control happens through the transmission interaction. In addition, safety efforts ought to be utilized to ensure against the unapproved exposure of delicate data.

8 Conclusion:

The IoT has the capability to connect and communicate with almost all real-world objects over the Internet to increase information sharing. With the help of sensors, the IoT has the ability to collect, analyze and deploy a huge amount of data which in turn will be converted into meaningful information and knowledge that can be used to create new application and services to improve our quality of life. Security and privacy are considered to be the major issues in the IoT system.

References:

1. Atlam, H.F., Walters, R.J., Wills, G.B.: Internet of things: state-of-the-art, challenges, applica- tions, and open issues. Int. J. Intell. Comput. Res. 9(3), 928–938 (2018)

2.Shanbhag, R., Shankarmani, R.: Architecture for internet of things to minimize human inter- vention. In: 2015 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, ICACCI 2015, pp. 2348–2353 (2015)

3.Guillemin, P., Friess, P.: Internet of things strategic research roadmap. Eur. Comm. Inf.

Soc. Media, Luxembourg (2009)

4.ITU: Overview of the Internet of things. Ser. Y Glob. Inf. infrastructure, internet Protoc.

Asp. next-generation networks - Fram. Funct. Archit. Model., p. 22 (2012)

5. Stallings, W.: The internet of things: network and security architecture. Internet Protocol J.

18(4), 2–24 (2015)

6. Cisco: The Internet of Things Reference Model. White Paper, pp. 1–12 (2014)

7. Iqbal, M.A., Olaleye, O.G., Bayoumi, M.A.: A review on internet of things (IoT): security and privacy requirements and the solution approaches. Global J. Comput. Sci. Technol.: E Network, Web & Secur. 16(7) (2016)

8. Atlam, H.F., Alenezi, A., Hussein, R.K., Wills, G.B.: Validation of an adaptive risk-based access control model for the internet of things. Int. J. Comput. Network Inf. Secur., 26–35

(2018)

9. Maple, C.: Security and privacy in the internet of things. J. Cyber Policy 2(2), 155–184

(2017)

10.Yu, Y., Kaiya, H., Yoshioka, N., Hu, Z., Washizaki, H., Xiong, Y., Hosseinian-Far, A.:

Goal modelling for security problem matching and pattern enforcement. Int. J. Secure Softw. Eng. (IJSSE) 8(3), 42–57 (2016).

11. Abdur, M., Habib, S., Ali, M., Ullah, S.: Security issues in the internet of things (IoT): a comprehensive study. Int. J. Adv. Comput. Sci. Appl. 8(6) (2017).

12.James, M.: Secure by Design: Improving the cybersecurity of consumer Internet of Things Report (2017)

13.George, C., Fink, G.A., Mandal, S., Hrivnak, C.: Internet of things (IoT) security best practices. IEEE Internet Technol. Policy Community White Paper, no. February (2017)

14.Atlam, H.F., Alenezi, A., Alharthi, A., Walters, R., Wills, G.B.: Integration of cloud computing with internet of things: challenges and open issues. In: 2017 IEEE International

Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), no. June, pp. 670–675 (2017)

15.Kvarda, L., Hnyk, P., Vojtech, L., Neruda, M.: Software implementation of secure firmware update in IoT concept. Adv. Electrical Electron. Eng. 15(4), 626–632 (2017)

16.Venkatesh, J., Diego, S.: Scalable- application design for the IoT. IEEE Comput. Soc., 62– 70 (2017)

17.Babar, S., Stango, A., Prasad, N., Sen, J., Prasad, R.: Proposed embedded security framework for Internet of Things (IoT). In: 2nd International Conference on Wireless

Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronics Systems Technology (Wireless VITAE), no. May 2014 (2011)

18.Sopori, D., Pawar, T., Patil, M., Ravindran, R.: Internet of things: security threats. Int. J.

Adv. Res. Comput. Eng. Technol. (IJARCET) 6(3), 263–267 (2017)

19.Westin, A.F.: Privacy and Freedom. Atheneum, New York (1967)

20. Padilla-López, J.R., Chaaraoui, A.A., Flórez-Revuelta, F.: Visual privacy protection methods: A survey. Expert Syst. Appl. 42(9), 4177–4195 (2015)

21.Ziegeldorf, J.H., Morchon, O.G., Wehrle, K.: Privacy in the internet of things: Threats and challenges. Secur. Commun. Netwo. 7(12), 2728–2742 (2014)

22. Hussein, R.K., Alenezi, A., Atlam, H.F., Mohammed, M.Q., Walters, R.J., Wills, G.B.: Toward confirming a framework for securing the virtual machine image in cloud computing. Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. 2(4), 44–50 (2017)