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Yuchenli
paper.docxPUBLIC RELATIONS AND GOVERNMENT 1
PUBLIC RELATIONS AND GOVERNMENT 7
Public Relations and Government
Yuchen LI
GMCS-599
2019/12/3
Directory
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Relationship between business and The Government
4. A.Funding
5. B.Tax cut
6. C.Resource
7. Case Analysis
8. Conclusion
Introduction
The government and business are interrelated in very many ways and they are interdependent upon each other. Businesses are the driving force of the economy in any country, therefore, the government has to intervene and it is responsible for shaping the business activities within the country. Since it is controlling the economy, the government has to provide a conducive environment which is suitable for business to be carried out. The businesses also have a role to play as they have to follow the rules and regulations which have been set up the government. This allows for the business to run its activities in a smooth manner and ensure a level playing field for all the businesses which exist within the economy.
The main aim of any business that has been set up is to make profits. The government’s goal is also to ensure that there is economic stability and growth within the country. The roles are very different but they have a very strong co-dependent relationship. Therefore, the government and the businesses are always trying to influence and persuade each other on matters which are affecting either of the parties. The government and the businesses have to have a balanced relationship between the government and business for the economy and the nation to prosper.
The government influences businesses in very many ways. First, it formulates laws and regulations which are aimed at guiding businesses in how to carry out their operations. Some of the laws and regulations which have been formulated include the company law and partnership law. There are government agencies and regulatory bodies which are also aimed at regulating the activities of the various categories of businesses. The banking institutions are also mandated with providing financial assistance to the businesses to ensure that they prosper. Finally, the trade policy also control the imports and exports within the country hence enabling the provision of a conducive environment for the businesses to operate.
The rules and regulations which are formulated by the government are often changed which forces the businesses to change the way they are operating. There are key areas of the government policy which affect businesses. First is the economic policy which defines the role which the government gives to businesses in the economy. In China the government intervenes in the economy because all enterprises are under the jurisdiction of the state.
The taxation policy is aimed at having an impact on the business costs. An increase in the corporation tax on the business profits has a similar effect just as an increase in the prices of the raw materials and the operational costs of the business. Other taxes which have an impact on the business are the environmental taxes and value added tax. Value added tax is mostly passed down to the final consumer, however, the businesses are responsible for the administration of the VAT system. The government is also responsible for setting interest rates for financial loans that the businesses may have received. An interest in the interest rates leads to an increase in the operational costs of the business, an increase in the cost of the final product and a reduction in the purchasing power of the consumer.
The government spending policy also has an impact on businesses. The sector in which the government spends the most in, the businesses in that sector end up benefiting the most. An example is in the construction of roads and buildings, the industries which sell materials used are the ones which benefit the most. Government subsidies also help to reduce the cost of running businesses, this often come in the form of tax subsidies and subsidies on the raw materials used to process the final products and services that they are offering. Therefore, there is a continuous change in the legal framework within the country. Therefore, in China, enterprises should ensure that they are within the country's existing legal framework, convenient and smooth to operate (Scherer & Palazzo, 2011).
The relationship between the government and businesses has to be one which is based on accountability and responsibility with each party fulfilling their obligations and duties. The government wants companies to take some responsibility. They should be paying their taxes on a regular basis because this is a major source of the government’s revenue. Taxes should be paid on the sales, inputs and income. The businessmen also have the responsibility of deducting income tax from their employees’ salaries and remit these amounts to the government treasury. The government also expects that the business firms should cooperate with the government agencies on a voluntary basis with regard to some programs. Some of them include cultural growth, sponsoring social welfare programs, promoting education, assistance in connection with national disasters such as drought, population control and environmental preservation. These should be embedded into the business’s culture and they should carry them out willingly since it is their social responsibility (Kolk, 2016).
The businesses have the responsibility of giving feedback to the government with regard to the decisions which have been made by the political leaders. Businesses have knowledge and experience on their side which is vital when one wants to argue out on an issue. Therefore, they are able to provide facts and problems of a decision made by the government officials and argue out the necessary modifications and changes to be made so that it becomes a good decision. This is done by a single business or many businesses coming together and carrying out the activity in a collective manner. The businesses also help the government in carrying out its operations by executing a number of the government contracts. This is the case because many economies in the world have been privatized. The businesses apply for the government contracts through tenders and once it has been granted, the businesses should carry them out while following the required specifications and standards(Brander & Lysell, 1995).
Some of the most competent and influential businessmen are often included in the advisory boards which are formulated by the government. Others are appointed as members of delegations which are designated to go represent the government in foreign countries or explore trade and industry prospectus. This is part of the role of businesses providing services to the government. The businesses can also contribute to the government in various ways. For example, donate hope primary school, donate a lot of materials and money during the disaster.
Before 2012, private companies had a significant impact in the growth of the Chinese economy. They accounted for approximately 50% of all the investment that was made in China and about 75% of the economic input. However, when Xi Jinping took power in 2012, there has been a change in dynamics. Now the private market driven growth of the Chinese economy has changed and there is an increase in the role that the government plays in the economy. Therefore, unlike before, businesses have to create good public relations with the government in order to succeed in their operations. Before, only the state firms had the obligation of carrying out this activities, however, presently, every firm has to maintain good public relations in order to operate successfully in China (Tingchi & Chang, 2007).
The government carries out preferential business in China in many ways, which requires the government to maintain good public relations with enterprises. These methods include start-up capital and business in general, giving tax incentives, providing resources to run the business, and providing a favorable environment for the business.
Government involvement in Business in China
Funding
The government is involved extensively in businesses in the process of trying to control the economy of the country. This has made a big difference to business in China. There are numerous governmental agencies and regulatory acts which have been implemented by the government to help the government deal with the complex nature of businesses and they are able to respond to the changing societal needs. The various agencies carry out varied functions but they all have an influence of the daily business activities. Other than through regulations and agencies, the government helps to finance the business through funding and resource allocation.
The Chinese government offers funding to start-up companies in the private sector with the hope that there will be an acceleration in the economic growth. Under the Ministry of Science and Technology’s Torch Programme, the government runs at least 1500 incubators. They provide financing, policy and consulting services to high tech companies which are venturing into the market. Through the ministry, the government is also running an innovation fund where researcher are financed in their research work in order to come up with new innovations that would help in the growth of the economy.
Incubation in China is mostly on IT initiatives and this is demonstrated by the Beijing government which funded the Zong Guan Cun which can be considered as the Chinese Silicon Valley. Zong Guan Cun has bred approximately 50% of the unicorns in Chinese technology including Meitun and DiDi. The government helps in leading the direction of Research and development and provides sufficient resources for the corporations associated with it. This is the reason why China experiences great advancements in terms of technological advancements.
The funding provided by Zong Guan Cun, a technology hub, either be part or full funding for the startup of the business. The entrepreneurs are often required to present a business plan and after analysis, the technology hub then determines whether it is a viable project to invest in. The grants are given to those business ideas which are viable and the hub has been able to ascertain that they are struggling and hence they warranty the support. The good thing about the grants offered by the technology hub is that they do not need to be repaid or accumulate any interest. Because of this, the application of these grants follows very strict guidelines and can only be applied to the business ideas which are have a high probability of succeeding. The technology hub together with the grants that it offers is part of the government’s effort towards enhancing technological innovation within the country and the city of Beijing to be specific.
The funding by Zong Guan Cun provides a direct interaction between the government and the businesses hence enabling the creation of close ties. The startups and innovations also feel indebted to the government for the major role that it has played in its beginning. This often creates good relations between the businesses and the government because of the gratitude that they hold. Hence the businesses are able to adhere to the requirements of the government easily. An example is the payment of taxes, the business can easily pay their taxes because of the boost they got from the government towards achieving their success.
The nature of funding within the system is very elaborate that some funding projects are running out of startups to fund. An example is the SiChuan Development Guidance Fund which is running out of profitable infrastructure projects to fund. China as a country is developed extensively and has an extensive network of bridges and roads throughout the country. Therefore, there are no new opportunities which are presenting themselves to be funded. The government has also set up policies which require the local governments to set up less stricter requirements for the businesses to obtain funding. They also require the local government to bear the burden of interest subsidies from the business which relieves the financial pressure presented to the local businesses. The maximum amount of loan that can be applied and be backed by interest subsidies by the central government of China was raised by 50,000 Yuan from 100,000 Yuan to 150,000 Yuan in November last year. The maximum amount of loan which can be applied by the small and micro enterprises has the probability of also being increased to 2 million Yuan from 2 million Yuan.
As a result, maintaining a good relationship with the government is easier to succeed. For example, college students start their businesses. College students can't start their businesses without the support of the state. But the government creates a good environment for college students to start their businesses. Nowadays, choosing to start a business after graduation is no longer a novelty. According to the National Bureau of Statistics Beijing investigation team, the Beijing bureau of statistics recently released survey data. 77.2% of the surveyed college students expressed interest in innovation and entrepreneurship, among which 31% were very interested, 13.4% had entrepreneurial practices, and 60.2% had entrepreneurial plans.
Liu ye, homework box CEO. He is a college student who started a successful business. In his freshman year, Liu earned more than 10,000 yuan a day selling clothes. In school, Liu's computer skills even surpass those of the computer department. So in his sophomore year, he made six or seven hundred thousand yuan by outsourcing technology. In his junior year, he registered and founded his first company -- InMai technology. In his own words, the government's support for college students' entrepreneurship can be divided into material encouragement and spiritual support. Material incentives include providing venues, setting up bonuses, etc. Mental encouragement can be applied for by the provisions to enjoy preferential tax policies.
The government does incubations for programs dealing with different sectors including optoelectronics, pharmaceutical and healthcare among many others. While private companies such as Microsoft have ventured into the incubation of startups, many still opt for the government based ones. This is because the government’s purpose is to spurring the economy and ensuring the growth of the businesses, on the other hand, the private sectors only act as mentors to the startups. This shows that the government has an increasing impact on the private sector. In a situation where the government is responsible for funding a startup, the business is compelled to maintain good public relations with the government. This is because, lack of the good public relations may lead to consequences which may be too dire for the company and can cause its downfall.
The Chinese government encourages both state and private investments for the local business startups within the county. There are subsidiary funds which have been invested in the startups and this is a guideline which promotes innovation-driven strategy and mass entrepreneurship. This funding includes a national venture capital fund for emerging industries, founded in 2015 of 40 billion Yuan, the national fund for transforming technological achievements and the national development fund for both the small and medium sized enterprises. This funding is managed by China’s Banking Regulatory Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the National Development and Reform Commission among other ministries.
Despite the significant involvement of the Chinese government in funding startups in China, small startups find it difficult to obtain this financing. Therefore, the government should put in place measures which ensure that the small and medium enterprises are able to obtain the funding for their business. This can be achieved by helping the businesses in the capital market and giving preferential fiscal and tax policies to the businesses. By doing this, the government is able to maintain a good relationship with both the small and medium enterprises in a similar way they have attained it with the large enterprises. Small and medium enterprises are a strong backbone of the country’s economy and hence, creating good public relations and ensuring their growth will have a positive impact on the economic growth of the country.
Tax Cut
Tax cuts are granted by the government for the purpose of reducing the costs incurred in operating a business and boosting the profits which are obtained. Tax cuts helps struggling businesses to stay afloat and continue operating. There are no set guidelines in china to determine the businesses which qualify for tax cuts. Therefore, this is carried out under the discretion of the government. This year, the government has instituted tax cuts to help in the continued growth of the Chinese economy by providing a conducive environment to run businesses. This tax cuts are acting as tax incentives which will encourage many businesses to stay operational in China especially the foreign companies such as those from the United States(Chen, Liu & Z., Suárez Serrato, 2018) .
The government grants the tax cuts to companies which it is willing to see that they continue their operation in China. Therefore, the companies need to have public relations with the government to increase the chances of obtaining the tax cuts. In a situation where a business does not have good public relations with the government, there is a possibility of the government granting tax cuts to its competitors and it is left out. This makes it difficult to operate since the competition is able to lower its prices and offer better deals to the customers hence making the customers prefer their products or services. In such a situation, it becomes difficult to operate since the competition environment is unfair with the competitors having better terms of operation. This may push a business out of the market due to the stiff competition due to the government granting tax cuts to its competitors. Therefore, in order to stay operational, a business should maintain good public relations so that it can be granted tax cuts to ease operation and remain in the market (Chandra & Fealey, 2009).
In 2019, the government has announced massive tax cuts in China as its renewed commitment towards the private businesses. Boosting these businesses is aimed at helping n the economic growth of the country. The tax cuts that were announced were massive which was a surprise to many people in the business sector. The tax cuts represent approximately 2% of China’s GDP and is even more than the individual economies of several countries in the world such as Chile, Egypt, Vietnam, and Finland among many others. The largest cuts are in the manufacturing industry where the Value Added Tax is being reduced from 16% to 13%. Reductions were also experienced in the corporate income tax which is charged against the profits made. Businesses with turnover of less than 1 million Yuan, the tax is reduced from 10% to 5% and those with less than 3 million Yuan, the tax rate is 10% less 50,000 Yuan (Chinadaily, 2019).
The tax cut has been the government’s objective since 2012 but in 2019 is when it has been fully implemented after a pilot program in Shanghai where business tax was replaced with VAT. The tax cuts are aimed at lowering the company’s costs which will consequently increase the demand of their products because they will become cheaper. The tax cuts are an effective way of boosting the economy of China. This has helped to increase the flow of cash within the country which helps in the growth of the economy without overly relying on external funding. The tax cuts do not benefit the domestic industries only but also those from the overseas (Chinadaily, 2019). With the tax cuts, the businesses feel that the government is collaborating with them more. Therefore, there will be good relations between the government and both the local and overseas businesses.
Resource
The government is in possession of resources which are fundamental to the operation of any business. The resources can be categorized into three, natural, economic and non-profit state assets. Without proper regulations, these resources can easily be recklessly exploited without yielding much benefit to the country. Therefore, the government has put in place measures which are meant to ensure that the available resources are utilized in an efficient manner. The government has a regulation for the natural resources which requires that they are registered to improve the paid-use mechanism. The communist Party of China (CPC) has often acknowledged that the market should play a decisive role in resource allocation. This was made possible after the country shifted into being a socialist market economy in 1992. However, this has not completely eliminated the prospect of government’s intervention in resource allocation. When the market is given a decisive role in resource allocation, the resources are allocated with reference to an open and unified market which has orderly competition. However, due to the existence of barriers in the market, the system cannot be allowed to operate independently, hence the need for government intervention.
The possession of resources is fundamental to the running of a business. Therefore, for a business to operate well, it has to depend on the resources which are in the possession of the government. Despite the law dictating that the allocation of resources be market based, the government still intervenes in the process. Many state owned businesses have free access to this resources. In some instances, the access is unregulated which leads to the misuse of the resources by the public owned businesses. When it comes to private businesses, there access to the resources is greatly limited. Having access is a privilege which is confined to those privately owned businesses which have a good relation with the government. Therefore, for a privately owned business in China to have access to these resources, it has to develop good public relations with the government (Zhu, wu & Xiong, 2017).
Case Analysis
There has been staggering growth in the Chinese economy in the last 20 years. Most of this growth up until recently has been from the production of low value-added goods from labor-intensive processes. The trend has changed in the recent past and competitiveness in the Chinese business industry is no longer from the creation of low-end products. Policymakers in China have made it a personal initiative to help Chinese companies move up in the industrial chain and expand internationally to satisfy the policy maker’s desire of going global. This desire has made them make efforts at building brands that are globally recognizable and commensurate with the growing global clout in China. Policies set up to accomplish these goals have, at times, come up as setting a tone that is protectionist and nationalistic and has raised global concern in the government and corporate sectors. The desire to reduce China's foreign exchange reserves is also fueling the encouragement by the China government for international expansion.
Various Chinese companies have risen and are challenging international companies that were dominant traditionally. This study looks at the case of two such companies and examines some of the factors that led to their rise, their competitiveness state against their international peers, and implications brought about by policies. The involvement of the Chinese government in the market may lead to competitive indicators that are misleading. Government involvement might play an outsized role in encouraging initial market share being more critical to companies as compared to near term profitability as a strategy because of it being a part of the competitive landscape. The study examines the effect government involvement have on competitiveness and the long term implications that come with it. The two companies reviewed in this study are Huawei and Alibaba.
Huawei
Huawei is the second-largest telecommunication equipment company globally by revenue with offices in over 140 countries. The company was founded in 1988 as a phone switch distributor and is now a telecommunications company that is fully comprehensive with mobile broadband services, convergence services, network equipment and handsets. The company has also moved into offering customer solutions in addition to the development of products. Ren Zhengfei, the founder and president of Huawei, was a former Peoples Liberation Army member who used parlayed the skills acquired from the military to lay the groundwork for the success of the telecommunication company. The founder owns only 1.42% of the company with the rest owned by employees.
The government of China started to explicitly support local telecommunication companies in 1996 by removing policies on the particular import of telecommunication equipment and, together with the military, started flaunting Huawei as a national champion. In the same year, the vice-premier and vice chairman of the Central Military Commission visited Huawei’s Shenzhen headquarters. The company started winning large contracts with China’s national railway system, a state body overlooking the development of infrastructure in the Yellow River Valley and major cities such as Guangdong and Beijing, helping it get more financing.
It is not possible to fully quantify the nature of government support towards Huawei, but according to the company, its relationship with the government was critical for a startup company trying to catch up with competitors already established. The company’s founder once said that “Huawei was somewhat naïve to choose telecommunications equipment as its business domain in the beginning. Huawei was not prepared for such an intensified competition when the company established. The rivals were internationally renowned companies with assets valued at tens of billions of dollars. If there had been no government policy to protect local companies, Huawei would no longer exist. An excellent point to keep in mind is that the support Huawei got from the Chinese government was not only to boost the development of one company but that of the entire local telecommunication network for it to be robust and self-sustaining.
In recent years countries have been claiming that Huawei threatens their national security. According to skeptics, the company has violated several international sanctions by stealing intellectual property and has the capability of committing cyber espionage for the Chinese government. Intelligence services are worried that the Chinese government capacity to use Huawei as a spy due to their relationship.
Alibaba
It is common knowledge to anyone conversant with china that the country is obsessed with changing the perception of the globe to its view that it has a closed economy, making competition from foreign investors almost impossible. Alibaba, the e-commerce giant from China, has received considerable special treatment from the government of china helping it establish itself as a global brand name with rapid growth.
The government of China banned Google, Facebook, and Twitter from the country by prohibiting them from operating either through selective discrimination by authorities in China or by direct privacy violations by China authorities. Companies from countries like the United States have outrightly banned from operations in China, but bureaucracy from policymakers makes it hard for foreign companies to operate in the country. Alibaba recently purchased a 75% stake in Youku Tudou, which is an imitation of Google’s YouTube and runs the same videos, clips, and other content just like YouTube but the Chinese government has no issue with its citizens accessing it as it did with Youtube. The company also has a stake in Weibo, the equivalent of Twitter in China which just like Youku Tudou, the government has no problem with as it did with Twitter.
Alibaba has been receiving support from the government of China since the early days when it started using the company’s sites Taobao and Tmall to transact billions of dollars between government agencies allowing Alibaba to post-high revenues and growth in its early days. The government currently still conducts most of its interagency trade using the platform from Alibaba making sure the company continues with its high yearly growth rate. With the ownership structure in China being archaic and murky together with the fact that the government controls almost everything in its economy, society and companies mean Alibaba is its current golden child.
The government protects the company in each of its various business lines from the adverse effects of foreign competitors. There is suspicion of government intra-trade and sale of fake goods on the multiple platforms of Alibaba such as B2B, C2C, and B2C and that there is no actual business taking place when observed from a view of percentage overall revenue basis. Most of the revenue on Alibaba's various auction sites are just government agencies transacting with other government agencies. Alibaba has embarked on a wild shopping spree surprising the business world with acquisitions, strategic partnerships, and joint ventures. Below are some of the purchases, partnerships, and investments made by Alibaba recently with a view of diversification from its usual trading platforms, the takeovers are due to support from the Chinese government.
· The takeover of Youku Tudou in October 2015
· On July 2015 the company signed an MOU with Chinese Academy of Science to form Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory (Chinese Academy of Science was the most significant government research and development institute f science and technology)
The government of China, mostly the Communist Party of China, has successfully managed to build a brand name in Alibaba that publicly traded without even the knowledge of the company’s investors. The government’s relationship with Alibaba has helped it maneuver the Chinese Yuan to international currencies that are viable. There has been mounting pressure on China to allow foreign companies to operate freely the same way its companies are being allowed to proceed.
Apart from a home market that is big and lucrative, Alibaba has benefited from the strong support policies enacted by the Chinese government, more so the persistent attention on the development of communication and information technologies over the past three decades. From Zhou Enlai’s “four modernisations” to Jiang Zemin’s “None of the four modernizations would be possible without informatization”, the development of a modern information industry – under the influence of the then flashy international branding of the internet as the “information superhighway” – was regarded by the top leadership as a critical opportunity to reclaim China’s historical position and to “catch up with the West”. Moreover, if in the 1980s and 1990s, ICT manufacturing was considered as a “pillar industry” that spearheaded China’s Foreign Direct Investment driven, export-oriented, and labor-intensive development, entering into the 2000s, network connectivity and online applications started to gain prominence and have been accorded a new role in propelling China’s post-2008 restructuring toward an innovation and consumption-based economy, i.e., both moving up the global production value chain and transitioning to a more domestic-oriented economy. The “Internet Plus” policy in 2015, which aims to integrate digital technologies with traditional economic sectors further, and the newly released “Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” in 2017 are only the two most recent examples of a long-standing policy focus.
Conclusion
Government policies and the economy are always interacting. Social and economic development affect the policymaking process and laws that are effective lead to an economy that is efficient and a society that is. When government policies play an essential role in the creation of a favorable environment for companies, their main aim is the elimination of factors that make the business environment unfavorable, like the banning of Google, Facebook, and Twitter. In the current market economy, policies and legislations required that can redefine market relationships and rights in the emergence of new forms of corporate structures to give determinations that are ever-changing on contractual obligations and to reinforce the rights of victims to development in technology.
For a country such as China that wants a share of the revenue from e-commerce and telecommunication and to catch up with advanced competition from other countries in this economy, it had to speed up its policymaking process in order to establish a legal environment that was predictable and consistent to support e-commerce and telecommunication development no matter the jurisdiction in which the company resides. The Chinese government also updated its laws to adapt to the development of e-commerce and technology. Companies such as Alibaba and Huawei need to pay attention to policy issues that are emerging from the government to analyze their strategies for business carefully.
It is good to note that the relationship between Alibaba, Huawei concerning the government is not unique to these two companies and the Chinese government. The government is heavily invested in the private sector and will do anything to see private companies in China grow to be the best internationally so that they can develop the economy of China.
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