For Daisy Arabella

Introduction.

Surgery refers to a medical specialty that involves the usage of instrumental techniques and operative manual on an ailing person to investigate or instead deliver treatment to a pathological circumstance for instance; an injury, disease. This is done relatively to improve the function of body mechanisms or to repair any ruptured area. Every form of surgery involves risks and this is a pertinent issue that must be disclosed to the patient before the surgical procedure as it may include the worst scenario such as death. Thus it is highly recommended that the patient must undergo informed consent process to get acquainted with the possible risk complications. This will enhance the decision making of the patient.

Classification of Surgery Risks.

There are five classes risks involved in surgery. Grade I is a minor risk which is any deviance from the standard operating procedure but does not necessitate the intervention of any surgical, Radiological or endoscopic procedure. Usage of drugs or physiotherapy treatment is preferred. Grade II involves potentially life-threatening impediments which require invention or more extended hospitalization to mitigate the situation at hand. This may include procedure such as blood transfusion or parenteral nutrition. Grade III refers to major complications that require surgical, radiological and endoscopic intervention. In this group, some intervention is administered under general anesthetic whereas the rest is done without consideration of the anesthetic. Grade IV involves life-threatening complications such as CNS complications which necessitates intensive care but excludes transient ischaemic attacks. A disability which is defined as body function impairment is also another risk involved. Lastly, Grade V is the death of the patient. This is one of the worst threats involved in surgery. (Dindo, Demartines & Clavien, 2004)

Risks associated with patients can be classified into two groups, that is, risks engaged during surgery and those after the surgical procedure. Most common risks involved include the anesthesia complication which is concerning intubation process or use of the breathing tube especially when a patient reacts to the anesthesia drugs. Another risk involved during surgery is bleeding problems and blood clots. When bleeding is beyond the reasonably expected rate, then transfusion is necessary. The surgery can be terminated if the bleeding is more severe causing a crisis. Blood clotting is a significant surgery risk and in most cases, medications such as heparin are administered. Other risks involved after surgery could be death due to the procedure, infections after the surgery, paralysis, scaring and delayed healing primarily to patients with problems with the immune system or chronic illness. (Fenoy & Simpsons, 2014)

Healthcare professionals’ environment is always complicated, governed by many laws, standards of practice and health regulations. Risks involved could be related to any form of malpractice. Surgery injury, use of defective equipment or medical products, an omission of care or causing harm to the patient deliberate could result to suing the professional involved. The practitioners may incur risks such as fatigue, injuries caused by continual usage of machines, psychological trauma and physical assault from the patient or relative. There is also a significant risk of acquiring an illness in the course of practice. He or she may conduct infectious diseases such as HIV or airborne infections. (Treanor, 2000)

Risks linked to the health facilities is hardly eliminated and in some instances, some patients are vulnerable in contacting infections more than others. During the patients stay at the hospital one may contact healthcare-associated infections such bloodstream, urinary tract infections. These diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or bacteria. When surgical objects are left in the patient's body during an operation could result in impairment of their public image which leads to losing of confidentiality and trust with the particular organization.