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S-8 S u b j e c t I n d e x

Research (Continued ) and values, 32 women in studies of social

mobility, 217 Research method, 21, 23 Reserve labor force, 275 Resocialization, 88–89 Resources, conflict perspective

on, 200 Respondents, 23, 24 Revolution(s)

agricultural, 129, 130–31 biotech, 129, 132–34 domestication, 129–30 French, 5, 6 Industrial (See Industrial

Revolution) information, 129, 132 and rising expectations, 287 social, 128–34 of workers, 200

Riddle of Amish Culture, The (Kraybill), 109

Rights. See Civil rights Riots/rioting, 287 Rising expectations, 287 Rites of passage, 91 Ritual purification, 188, 189 Ritualism, 165 Rituals, 88, 91 Role conflict, 115 Role confusion, 306 Role exit, 116, 118 Role expectations, 101 Role performance, 114–15 Role strain, 115 Role taking, 70, 71–72 Roles, 103, 113–18. See also

Gender roles Roman Catholic Church, and

capitalism, 8–9 Romantic love, 56, 308–10 Rome, ancient, slavery in, 186–87 “Roughnecks,” the, 121, 162–63 Ruling class. See Power elite Rural area, poverty in, 220 Rwanda, 237, 264, 278

S “Saints,” the, 121, 162–63 Sample(s), 22–24, 23

biased, 25 Sanctions, 48, 156 “Sandwich generation,” 92, 324 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 48 Scapegoats, 274 Schools. See also College; Education

as agent of socialization, 85–87 and cultural lag, 61 functions of, 85 and gender, 87 graduation/dropout rates, 121,

286 preschools, 216 private, 216 violence in, 109

Science, 5. See also Experiment(s); Research as a core value, 54 gender and doctorates in, 249 and morality, 164 as a social institution, 105 and theory, 5 and tradition, 5–6

Scientific method, 6 Sears, 166–67

“Second shift,” the, 306–8 Second world, 190 Secondary analysis, 26 Secondary groups, 135–37 Segregation, 279. See also

Apartheid; Caste in education, 188 extent of, 279 in housing, 272–73, 289, 290 in regions, 283, 293 in the South, 10, 11, 189, 285,

287 and the split labor market,

275–76 Selective perception, 276 Self (the), 70. See also Identity

and decision making, 59 development of, 70–73 as dynamic, 93 and emotions, 76–77 global aspects of, 73 and labels, 161–62 presentation of, 113–18 and primary groups, 135 socialization into, 70–73 as a symbol, 137

Self control, 159–61 Self interviewing, computer-

assisted, 24, 26 Self-fulfilling prophecies

in marriage, 333 and stereotypes, 276

Self-fulfilling stereotypes, 112, 276 Self-fulfillment, as emerging value,

57 Semiperiphery, 195 Sensorimotor stage, 72, 73 September 11th, 137 Serial fatherhood, 329 Serial murder, 176, 178 Sex. See also Gender; Masculinity;

Women and culture, 155, 308–10 vs. gender, 228

Sex change, 232–33 Sex roles, in 1800s, 9 Sexism

and beauty/“looksism,” 110 and death, 244–45 in everyday life, 243–44 in medicine, 244–45, 246 in sociology, 9 and violence, 330, 331–32 at work, 250–55

Sexual assault. See Rape Sexual attraction, 56, 308–10 Sexual behavior, 58, 133, 155 Sexual harassment, 254–55 Shamans, 128 Shaming, 160 Sick Societies (Edgerton), 42–43 Sign vehicles, 115–16 Significant others, 70, 71 Single mothers

births to, 222, 315, 318 and child rearing, 221, 312, 313 and poverty, 220, 221, 318

Sioux Manufacturing, 169 “Six degrees of separation,” 140 Skywalk, 294 Slave states, 187–88 Slavery, 186–88

buying freedom from, 187 causes of, 130, 186 conditions of, 187 in earlier societies, 130, 186–87

ideology of, 187 today, 188 in U.S., 187–88, 267

Small world phenomenon, 140 Smiling, cultural diversity in, 113 Smith College, 242 Smoking, 242 Snake handling, 106 Social change

among the Amish, 109 and deviance, 164 gender relations, 235 and gender relations, 60–61,

306–8 in India, 307, 309 in Iran, 235 and religion, 8–9 and social revolutions, 128–34 and technology, 60–62, 131–34 and value contradictions, 56 women and smoking, 242

Social class, 100, 189, 201–16. See also Social stratification; specific classes among African Americans, 218,

315 among Latinos, 283–84 capitalist (See Capitalist class) and child rearing, 83–84, 313 and conflict, 7, 17, 200 consequence of, 213–16 and crime, 157, 166–68,

169–70, 175, 179, 216 and crime statistics, 179 in criminal justice system, 121,

162–63, 169–70, 175, 216

and death, 213 and death penalty, 175 and delinquency, 121, 162–63,

179 determination of, 201–2 and deviance, 121, 157,

162–63, 179 and education, 85, 166, 215–16 and emotions, 76 and the family, 83–84, 215,

313, 315 and health and health care,

213–14 of the homeless, 212–13 and life expectancy, 213 lower middle, 212 and marriage, 215, 309, 313 Marx on, 201–2 and mental illness, 214 and neighborhoods, 84 and opportunities, 121 and politics, 213, 216 and religion, 216 and schools, 85, 121 as social structure, 100 and socialization, 83–84, 313 and streetcorner men, 97–98 underclass, 212–13 upper middle, 211–12 in U.S., 203–9 vs. race, 289 Weber’s components of, 202 and work, 83–84 and workers’ revolution, 200 working class, 212 working poor, 212

Social construction of reality. See Reality, social construction of

Social control, 155

conflict perspective on, 169–70 control theory, 159–61 functionalist perspective

on, 106, 163–68 and gender, 230 mass media, influence of, 104–5 and norms, 48–50, 105, 155 reactions to deviance, 170–82 and self and emotions, 76–77 symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 157–63 Social Darwinism, 6–7 Social functions, of Horatio Alger

myth, 222 Social inequality, 81. See also

Gender stratification; Global stratification; Social stratification in agricultural societies, 130–31 in criminal justice system,

169–70, 174–77 in different societies, 128–34 in health care, 244–45, 246 ideology of, 208 and income, 204–6, 286, 288 and industrialization, 131 in marriage, 304 origin of, 128–31 and plant/animal domestication,

129–30, 131 Social institutions, 104–9. See also

specific institutions Social integration, 8

suicide and, 7–8 Social interaction, 18, 96–125, 98.

See also Communication; Community; Social structure animals deprived of, 69–70 children deprived of, 65, 66,

68–69 and microsociology, 98, 110–21 and roles, 71–72, 103, 113–18

Social isolation, 65, 66–67, 69, 306

Social location, 4, 93, 98–100. See also Social class

Social mirror, 71, 77 Social mobility, 189, 216–18

of African Americans, 218 downward, 217 gender and, 217 Horatio Alger myth and, 222 intergenerational, 217 pain of, 86 structural, 217 types of, 217 upward, 217 women and, 217

Social networks, 139–40. See also Groups

Social order, 155 Social reform, 6, 9–13, 32–33. See

also Social change Social Register, 211 Social research. See Research Social revolutions. See

Revolution(s) Social setting, 115 Social solidarity, 107–9 Social status, 100–103 Social stratification, 185–222. See

also Gender stratification; Global stratification; Power elite; Social class and advertising, 185 caste system, 188–89, 279, 309 class system, 189