Read the Book(Uploaded) and write about the questions(each 1150~200 words)

Pay gap, 237, 248, 250–53, 259 Pearl Harbor, 149 Peer groups, 78, 80 Peer pressure, 87, 145–46 Peers

and deviance, 158 and education, 85, 87 and gender, 78, 80, 87

Pelvic examinations, 120–21 Pequot, the, 294 Perception

cultural influences on, 38–41, 119

and in-groups/out-groups, 137–38

and labels, 276 and language, 48 selective, 276

Periphery, 195 Personal identity kit, 88 Personal space, 38, 111, 113 Personality

authoritarian, 273 development of, 73–74 disorders of, 156–57

Photo essays, 53–54, 122–23, 196–97, 238–39, 270

Physical fitness, as a value, 57 Plastic surgery, 117 Play, 71–72, 78, 83–84 Plessy v. Ferguson, 285 Plow, the, effects on society, 129,

131 Pluralism, 279. See also

Multiculturalism Pluralistic society, 54 Police discretion, 178, 179 Politics. See also Power

African Americans in, 287–88 Asian Americans in, 292 and gender, 237, 258, 259 Latinos in, 284–85 and race–ethnicity, 284–85,

287–88, 292 and social class, 213, 216 as a social institution, 105 as a subculture, 51

Polyandry, 302 Polygyny, 54, 302 Poor, the. See Poverty Population

projection of, U.S., 295, 296, 297

of sample, 22 world distribution, 190

Population growth and immigration, 296 rates of, 296

Population transfer, 276, 278–79 Pornography, 164 Positive sanctions, 48 Positivism, 6 Postindustrial societies, 131–32 Poverty, 219–22. See also Homeless;

Income; Inner city; Social class and age, 220 characteristics of, 212–13, 220 and children, 84, 191, 219,

221–22 culture of, 198 in early U.S., 1 and gender, 318 and health, 214 and illegal immigration, 284 illegitimate opportunities, 166 in inner city, 289

in Least Industrialized Nations, 196–97

myths about the poor, 220 in one-parent families, 318 by race–ethnic group, 219, 220,

286, 288, 289, 291, 315 and religion, 198 and social Darwinism, 6–7 and stereotypes, 220 underclass, 212–13 working poor, 212

Poverty line, 219 Power, 207. See also Authority;

Leaders; Leadership and authority, 147–48 and class, 169–70, 200 conflict perspective on, 18,

169–70, 241 of “groupthink,” 148–50 male dominance, 230, 231,

234–36 of peer pressure, 145–46 and rape, 254–55 and social class, 207 and social stratification, 202

Power elite, 207 conflict perspective on, 104–5,

107 and criminal justice system, 178 in government, 207 use of criminal justice system,

169–70 Pregnancy. See Reproduction

of humans Prejudice, 271. See also

Discrimination; Hatred; Racism; Sexism anti-Semitism, 137, 272,

274–75 extent of, 269, 270 and hate groups, 271, 272 learning of, 271 theories of, 274–76

Premarital sex, 309, 323 Preoperational stage, 72–73 Prestige, 202, 207–8, 234, 237

of occupations, 208 Primary groups, 135, 136, 137 Prisoners. See also Criminal justice

system in Buchenwald, 266 characteristics of, 158, 170–71 on death row, 175 Japanese Americans as, 278, 291 numbers of, in U.S., 170–72 race–ethnicity of, 171, 175, 177 recidivism of, 174 resocialization of, 88 shaming of, 160 treatment of, 137–38, 173, 241

Privilege, 201 Production, means of, 201–2 Professions, 248, 259. See also

Work and workers Proletariat, 7, 17, 201 Property. See also Wealth

distribution in U.S., 204 social class and, 203–6 wealth and income as, 203–6 Weber on, 202

Proposition 8, 320 Proposition 209, 296 Prostitution, 227 Protestant ethic, 8–9 Protests, 235 Psychoanalysis, 73

Psychology, 156–57, 274 Public sociology, 32–33 Puerto Rican Americans, 283, 285,

286. See also Latinos Punishment and learning (Milgram

experiments), 147–48

Q Questions

biased, 25 formulating for research, 24

Queuing, 37–38

R Race, 264 Race–ethnicity, 262–99. See also

Discrimination; Prejudice; Racism; specific groups in Africa, 264, 268 and AIDS in U.S., 288 and Aryans, 264 background assumptions of, 282 in the census, 265 and common sense, 267 on death row, 177 discrimination by criminal

record, 33 diversity in U.S., 280–94,

314–20 and divorce, 334 and education, 246, 247, 286 in 1800s, 9–12 and family, 314–18 in the future, 294–97 and hate crimes, 170, 178 and immigration, 295, 296 and income, 286, 288, 289, 291 and interracial marriage, 265,

279, 292, 304, 310, 334 and language, 47, 49 and medical care, 263, 273 and mother/child deaths, 273 as myth and reality, 264–66 and politics, 284–85, 288, 292 population projections, 295,

296, 297 poverty and, 11, 219, 220, 286,

288, 289, 291, 315 and prison population, 171, 177 pygmy in zoo exhibit, 277 segregation by, 10, 11, 272–73,

279, 287 and self-labels, 49 as subcultures, 51, 53 and suicide, 7–8

Racism, 271. See also Discrimination; Prejudice; Race–ethnicity as an everyday burden, 289–90 anti-Semitism, 137, 272,

274–75 (See also Holocaust) learning of, 271 and lynchings/murder, 10, 287,

290 in medicine, 263 in the rental market, 290 social mobility and, 218 stealth, 290 as a value, 55

Racist Mind, The (Ezekiel), 272 Random sample, 23

stratified, 23, 24 Rape, 331–32

acquaintance, 256–57 and conquest, 186

and death penalty, 177 and ethnic cleansing, 279 and “honor killings,” 237 marital (intimacy), 331–32 in the military, 254–55 rate in U.S., 256–57 relationship of victim to rapist,

256 and serial murder, 176 victims of, establishing rapport

with, 24 Rapists, 173, 256

convicted, research on, 30 Rapport, establishing, 24, 26 Reality, social construction

of, 120 definition of the situation,

119–20, 163 germs, 119 gynecological examinations,

120–21 and racial–ethnic identity, 266,

269 through language, 48

Reasoning, development of, 72–73 Recidivism rate, 174 Redwoods, 57 Reference groups, 138–39 Reform. See Social reform Relationships

marriage and divorce, 14–15 symbols and, 13

Reliability, 21 Religion. See also specific religions

as agent of socialization, 84 and capitalism, 8–9 and divorce, 326 family size and, 310–11 functional perspective on, 106 fundamentalism in, 108 and hate crimes, 178, 179 and poverty, 198 and social class, 216 as a social institution, 105 suicide and, 7–8 and values, 56, 84

Relocation camps, 278, 291 Replication, 32, 140, 146, 148 Reproduction of humans. See also

Childbirth by cloning, 134 and technology, 134, 319 women’s reproductive organs,

medical attack on, 246 Reproduction of social structure,

85 Research, 19–30. See also

Experiment(s); Participant observation; specific topics bias in, 25 and controversy (See

Controversy in social research)

ethics in, 30–32, 148 and gender, 30 how not to conduct, 25 levels of analysis, 98 methods, 21–29 model, 19–20 objectivity in, 32 on peer pressure, 145–46 on rapists, 30 replication of, 32, 140, 146,

148 selecting a topic, 20 tables summarizing, 22

S u b j e c t I n d e x S-7