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S-4 S u b j e c t I n d e x

on divorce, 18 on education, 85 on the family, 106, 128 on the homeless, 19 on marriage, 304–6 on mass media, 104 on prejudice, 274–75 on social institutions, 104, 106 on social stratification, 199–200

Fundamentalism, 108 Furman v. Georgia, 177

G Gambling, 294 Games, 71–72, 78, 81, 82, 133 Gangs

biker, 54, 162 Crips, 127–28, 137 functions of, 167 and honor, 158 as in-/out-groups, 137 Mafia, 158, 159 and murder, 127–28, 158 participant observation of, 167

Gemeinschaft, 106, 109 Gender, 226–61, 228. See also

Femininity; Masculinity; Women and advertising, 80, 117 affirmative action for men, 246,

249 and beauty, 110, 229 and biology, 228–33, 234–36,

245 (See also Childbirth) and body images, 117 and caste, 188 and crime, 168, 171, 175, 176,

177, 230 and death penalty, 175, 176,

177 and discrimination, 130–31,

230, 234–40, 241–49, 253–54, 290

and division of labor, 128, 130–31, 230, 234–36, 238–39, 306–8

and doctorates in science, 249, 259

double standard of, 137 in earlier societies, 128, 130–31 and education, 245–49, 259 in 1800s, 9 and emotions, 76 in everyday life, 243–44 and eye contact, 113 and the family, 77–78 and feminist sociologists, 30, 74,

107, 217 future of, 259 and global stratification,

130–31, 234–40 and housework, 306–8, 334 and illiteracy, 237 in India, 188–89, 238–39, 309 and inequality (See Gender

stratification) in marriage: roles, 306–8 and mass media, 80–82 as a master status, 228 and medicine/health care,

120–21, 237, 244–45, 246, 248

and morality, 75 and pay, 237, 250–53

and peers, 78, 80, 87 photo essay on, 238–39 and play, 83–84 and politics, 237, 258, 259 and poverty, 318 in research, 30 and social change, 60–61, 82,

128, 168, 259 and social inequality, 81,

226–61 as a social location, 9 and social mobility, 217 and social stratification, 188,

189, 200 as social structure, 107, 228 socialization into, 77–82, 91,

230, 231, 243, 248 and sports, 78, 80, 128,

243–44, 245 stereotypes of, 80–82, 112, 243,

253–54 symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 257, 306–8 and technology, 60–61 and toys, 78 and transition to adulthood, 94 and violence (See under

Violence) women living as men, 79 and work, 118, 230, 234–36,

238–39, 243, 250–55 Gender gap

in education, 237, 245–49, 259 in pay, 237, 248, 250–53, 259 in politics, 237, 258

Gender messages, 77–82 Gender roles, 79, 80, 81, 82,

234–36, 238–39, 306–8 Gender stratification, 226–61, 228

in agricultural societies, 130–31 biology vs. culture, 228–33 future of, 259 global perspective on, 234–40 in politics, 258, 259 in U.S., 241–49 and violence, 256–57 in the workplace, 250–55, 259

Gender tracking, 248, 249 Generalizability, 26, 140 Generalized other, 70, 71 Genes and human behavior. See

Nature vs. nurture Genetic engineering, 132 Genetic predispositions, 156 Geneva Convention, 149 Genocide, 276

Holocaust, 137, 148, 264, 266, 278

of Native Americans, 278, 292–93

by ordinary people, 278 in Rwanda, 264, 278 in Yugoslavia, 278–79

Gesellschaft, 106, 109 Gestures, 44–45 Glass ceiling, 253–54 Global perspective

on beauty, 43 on capitalism (See Globalization

of capitalism) on child development, 73 on dominant and minority

groups, 268–69 on emotions, 75 on gender inequality, 234–40 on love and courtship, 308–10

on marriage and family, 302–4, 308–10

on racial–ethnic relations, 276–79

on reasoning, 73 on the self, 73 on technology, 60–62

Global stratification, 190–94. See also Capitalism; Social stratification distribution of land and

population, 190 origin of, 194–98 strains in, 200–201 and women, 130–31, 189,

234–40 Global superclass, emergence of,

190 Global village, 34, 60–62 Globalization, 34

and communication, 46 and social structure, 107 and sociology, effects on, 34

Globalization of capitalism and cultural leveling, 62 and maquiladoras, 195, 198 and trade, 195, 198

Government. See also Politics and groupthink, 148–50

Grandparents, 322–23 Greece, ancient, slavery in, 186 Greenland, 173 Grey’s Anatomy, 114 Group dynamics, 141–49 Group size, 129, 141–43 Groups, 103–4, 128, 135–49

control, 28 dominant, 268 experimental, 28 in-groups, 137–38, 275 labeling and prejudice, 276 minority, 268–69 out-groups, 137–38, 275 primary, 135, 136, 137 reference, 138–39 secondary, 135–37 small, 141 social networks, 139–40

Groupthink, 148–50 Gun use, by prisoners, 173 Gynecological examinations,

120–21

H Harlow experiments, 69–70 Harvard University, 10, 245, 265 Hate crimes, 170, 177–78 Hate groups, 137, 138 Hatred, 271, 272. See also Ku Klux

Klan Health and health care. See also

Medicine discrimination in, 244–45, 246,

273 gender discrimination in,

244–45, 246 inequality in, 214–15, 244–45,

246, 273 life expectancy of Native

Americans, 293 and lifestyles, 214 mental health (See Mental

illness) and obesity, 117 physical health, 213–14,

244–45, 246

Heart disease and fat, 146 Height, 37, 44, 45, 143, 252, 264 Hell’s Angels, 54 Heredity, 156. See also Nature vs.

nurture “Hidden curriculum,” 85 Hispanics. See Latinos History

and biography, 4 of childhood, 90–91 as class struggle, 200 women and smoking, 242

HIV/AIDS. See AIDS/HIV Hmong, 40 Holocaust, 137, 148, 264, 266,

278 Homeland Security, 107 Homeless, the, 212

author’s experience with, 3, 97–98, 180–81, 185

and deviance, 180–81 doing research on, 3, 30 in earlier societies, 131 and mental illness, 180–81 in shelters, 3, 185 sociological perspectives on,

18–19 streetcorner men, 97–98,

99–100 as underclass, 212–13

Homicide. See Murder Homogamy, 310 Homosexuals

and access to power, 170 and families, 320 and the “gay gene,” 59–60 and marriage, 303, 320 sexual harassment of, 254 as victims of hate crimes, 178,

179 Honor, and killing, 158 “Honor killings,” 237 Hopi, the, 48 Horatio Alger myth, 222 Horticultural societies, 129–30 Households, 302 Housework, 306–8, 334 Housing, segregation in, 272–73,

289, 290 Hualapai, the, 294 Hull–House, Chicago, 10 Human genome, decoding of, 132 Human nature, 66–70 Human sexuality, 155, 232–33,

308–10 Human trafficking, 188. See also

Slavery Humor/jokes, 110 Hunting and gathering societies,

128–29, 230 Hutus, 264, 278 Hygiene, 37–38, 119, 153 Hypothesis, 21 Hysterectomies, 246

I Id, 73–74 Identity. See also Self (the)

and initiation rites, 91 and labels, 49 personal identity kit, 88 racial–ethnic, 49, 265, 267,

269, 270, 280–81 and roles, 116, 118 and total institutions, 88–89 and work, 88, 209

Functionalist perspective (Continued )