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S-2 S u b j e c t I n d e x

Children and childhood (Continued ) in day care, 84–85, 312, 313 of divorce, 318, 326–28 effects of industrialization, 90–91 enslavement of, 188 family size, 310–11, 318, 334 feral, 66 and gender socialization, 77–82,

243 historical views of, 90–91 in Industrializing Nations, 191 institutionalized, 68–69 isolated, 65, 66, 68, 69 labor of (See Child Labor) and the life course, 90–91 living with both parents, 334 and marital satisfaction, 311–12 meaning of, 14–15 play of, 71–72, 78, 83–84 and poverty, 84, 219, 221–22 rearing of, 14–15 and reasoning skills, 72–73 of single mothers, 220, 221,

312, 313 socialization, 66–69, 77–82,

83–87, 313 China

body image in, 117 brides for dead sons, 303 foot binding in, 237 monkey feast in, 42 profiteering in, 154

Chinese Americans. See Asian Americans

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 291 Chromosomes, 156, 229 Circumcision

female, 189, 240 medical accident during,

232–33 Citigroup, 167 City, inner, poverty in, 220, 289 Civil rights

and female circumcision, 240 in Iran, 235 voting, 241

Civil Rights Act of 1964, 287 Civil Rights Act of 1968, 287 Civil rights movement

brief history of, 287 photos of, 287

Class. See Social class Class conflict, 7, 17, 169–70, 200 Class consciousness, 202 Cliques, 139 Cloning, 134 Closed-ended questions, 24, 26 Clothing, 160 Coalitions, 141–42 Cohabitation, 321–22

and commitment, 322, 323 and divorce, 322 and marriage, 322, 323 meaning of, 323 trends in, 322, 334

College. See also specific universities affirmative action, 246, 249,

295–97 attendance, and pay gap, 251 attendance, by gender, 245–49,

259 attendance, by race–ethnicity,

246, 247, 286 graduation statistics, 286 professors, 248

Colonialism, 194, 198, 279 Colored Baptist Ministers’

Conference, 277 Columbia, space shuttle, 149 Commitment, in marriage, 14

vs. cohabitation, 322, 323 Common sense

and ethnomethodology, 118 language and perception, 48 and race, 267 sociological findings vs., 19–20

Communication. See also Language; Mass media by body language, 113 and cultural leveling, 61–62 gestures in, 44–45 global, 46 and nonmaterial culture, 60–61

Communism, 7 Community

electronic, 140 Gemeinschaft, 106, 109

Compartmentalization, 278 Computer-Assisted Self-

Interviewing, 24, 26 Computers, in medicine, 61 Concrete operational stage, 73 Conflict perspective

on class conflict, 7, 17, 169–70 on crime and criminal justice

system, 169–70 on divorce, 18 on education, 85 and feminists, 107 on gendered violence, 257 on the homeless, 19 as macrosociology, 98 on marriage and family, 17–18,

306 on mass media, 104–5 on power, 98, 169–70, 241 on power elite, 12, 105,

169–70 on prejudice, 275–76, 279 on social institutions, 104–5,

106–7 on social stratification, 200

Conflict theory, 17–18 and feminists, 17

Conformity, 76–77, 89, 145–46, 158, 165

Construction of reality. See Reality, social construction of

Control group, 28 Control theory, 159–61 Controversy in social research

deception, 31–32, 147–48 subject protection and, 30–31 Tuskegee syphilis experiment,

263 Core nations, 194 Corporate crime, 166–67, 169,

170 Corporations

CEOs, 253, 324 and day care, 324 and elder care, 324 in Japan, 141 and “sandwich generation,” 324 women in management of, 253

Correlation, 29 Correlation coefficient, 29 “Corridor curriculum,” 85 Countercultures, 51, 54 Courtship, 308–10 Cowboys, 55, 82

Crime, 154. See also Criminal justice system; Delinquents/delinquency; Deviance; Gangs; Murder; Rape as cause of slavery, 186 conflict perspective on, 169–70 corporate, 166–67, 169, 170 decline in, 174 functionalist perspective on,

163–68, 174 and gangs, 127–28, 158, 159,

167 and gender, 168, 171, 175, 177,

230 hate crimes, 170, 177–78 and illegitimate opportunity,

166–68 and police discretion, 178, 179 relativity of, 154, 177 and social class, 157, 162–63,

166–68, 169–70, 175, 179, 216

statistics on, 168, 178–79 street, 156, 166, 167–68,

170–74, 181 symbolic interactionist

perspective on, 157–63, 179

violent, 168, 172, 174 white-collar, 166–67, 169–70,

181 Criminal justice system, 169. See

also Prisoners conflict perspective on, 169–70 death penalty, 154, 174–77, 235 and race–ethnicity, 171, 175,

177 reaction to deviance, 170–82 and social class, 169–70, 175,

216 “three strikes” laws, 171, 172–74 women in, 168, 175, 176, 177

Criminal records, and discrimination, 33

Crips, the, 127–28, 137 Crying, 44 Cuban Americans, 283–84, 285,

286. See also Latinos Cultural diffusion, 61–62 Cultural diversity. See Diversity Cultural goals, 165 Cultural lag, 61 Cultural leveling, 61–62 Cultural privilege, 282 Cultural relativism, 41–44, 93, 155 Cultural universals, 58–59 Culture, 36–63, 38, 39, 100. See

also Countercultures; Subcultures and beauty, 43, 117, 229 and biological explanations,

228–33, 234–36 and body image, 117 and childhood, 90–91 in education, 61 and emotions, 75–76 and gender changes, 79 and gestures, 44–45 ideal, 56, 58, 155 internalization of, 38–41 and language, 45–48, 68 mainstream, 54–56 material, 38, 60, 61 and morality, 38, 41 and new technology, 60–61 nonmaterial, 38, 44–51, 60–61 and privilege, 282

real, 58, 155 as social structure, 100 symbolic, 44–51 and taken-for-granted

assumptions, 38–41 and values, 54–56, 56–58

Culture clash (or conflict), 58 Culture of poverty, 198 Culture shock, 39, 40 Culture wars, 58

D Dalits, 189, 198 Dating, online, 305 Day care

in corporations, 324 effects on children, 84–85 and the Internet, 312 numbers of children in, 313 quality of, 312

Death. See also Murder adjusting to, 314 in agricultural societies, 92 contemplating, 92 and race–ethnicity, in

childbirth, 273 and sexism, 244–45 and social class, 213 by suicide, 7–8, 293 from unsafe products, 166,

167 Death penalty, 154, 174–77,

235 Death row, 177 Death squads, 191 Debt, as cause of slavery, 186 Declining Significance of Race, The

(Wilson), 289 Definition of the situation. See

Reality, social construction of DEFYIT (Drug-Free Youth in

Town), 158 Degradation ceremony, 88, 160,

161, 179 Dehumanization, 277, 278 Delinquents/delinquency

and differential association, 157–59

and labeling, 161–63 as separate type of crime, 177 and social class, 121, 162–63,

179 and techniques of neutralization,

161–62 and testosterone levels, 233

Democracy, 54 Democratic leaders, 144, 145 Dependent variable, 28 Descent, systems of, 304 Deviance, 152–83. See also Crime;

Social control conflict perspective on, 169–70 control theory of, 159–61 and differential association,

157–59 explanations of, 156–57 and the family, 158 and friends, neighborhoods,

subcultures, 158 functionalist perspective on,

163–68 functions of, 163–65 and the homeless, 180–81 and honor, 158, 237 humane approach to, 181 labeling theory of, 161–63