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A Absent fathers, 328, 329 Achieved status, 101–2 Adolescence, 91 Adulthood, 91–92, 94 Adulthood, transitional, 90, 91 “Adultolescents,” 90, 91, 313–14 Advertising

body image in, 80, 117 of cigarettes, 242 and gender, 80, 117, 242 and social stratification, 185

Affirmative action, 246, 249, 295–97

Africa. See also specific countries colonialism in, 194 ethnic conflicts in, 264 female circumcision in, 240 genocide in, 278 prostitution in, 227 pygmy from, on exhibit, 277 slavery in, 188

African Americans, 285–90. See also Race–ethnicity and AIDS, 288 and civil rights movement, 287 comparative well-being statistics,

286 on death row, 177 discrimination against, 33, 272,

273, 285, 287, 289–90 and education, 246, 247, 286,

288 ethnic identity, 270 family structure of, 314–15 and internalization of norms,

271 interracial marriage of, 265,

279, 304, 310, 334 lynching/murder of, 10, 287,

290 and mortgages, 272, 273 numbers of, 280, 296, 297 and politics, 258, 285, 287–88 and poverty, 11, 220, 286, 288,

315 race vs. social class, 289–90 in the rental market, 290 and slavery, 188, 267 suicide methods, 8 terms for, 49, 280 and tornado, 122–23 in Tuskegee experiment, 263 and unemployment, 286

Age. See also Children; Elderly; Life course and divorce, 324–25, 326 at first marriage, 321, 334 and poverty, 220 of rape victims, 256

Agents of socialization, 82–88 Aggregate, 135, 136 Aggression, 230, 231, 233 Aging. See Elderly Agricultural revolution, 130 Agricultural societies, 92, 130–31 AIDS/HIV, 12

among U.S. racial-ethnic groups, 288

Airport security, 113 Albania, 79 Alcohol abuse, 29 Alcoholics Anonymous, 88 American Sociological Association,

10, 32, 232 Amish, 109, 138 Amsterdam, 227 Animals

deprived, 69–70 domestication of, 129–30, 131 extinction of, 57 as food, 42 genetic engineering of, 132 as sport, 41, 162 in subcultures, 53

Anime, 81 Anomie, 135, 165, 209, 210 Anticipatory socialization, 87–88 Anti-Semitism, 137, 272, 274–75 Apartheid, 268, 279, 287 Applied sociology, 12–13, 33

and job discrimination, 33 vs. basic sociology, 12–13,

32–33 Armenians, 279 Aryan Nations, 271 Aryans, 264 Asch experiment, 145–46 Ascribed status, 101 Asian Americans, 291–92. See also

Race–ethnicity assimilation of, 40, 291–92 comparative well-being statistics,

286, 291–92 country of origin of, 291 discrimination against, 278, 291 diversity among, 291 and education, 246, 247, 286,

292 family structure of, 291, 315,

316–17 interracial marriage of, 292 numbers of, 280, 296, 297 in politics, 292 and poverty, 286, 291 and relocation camps, 278, 291 and spillover bigotry, 291 unemployment of, 286

Assimilation, 276, 279 of Asian Americans, 40, 292 and language, 47 through education, 292 types of, 279 and WASP culture, 281–82

Assumptions. See Background assumptions

Atlanta University, 10 Attention deficit disorder (ADD),

180 Authoritarian leaders, 144, 145 Authoritarian personality, 274 Authority

in the family, 304 power of, 147–48

Avatars, 133 “Average,” ways to measure, 23

B Back stages, 114 Background assumptions

and assumptions of normality, 38–41, 154–55

and deviance, 155 and microsociological

perspective, 118–19 and race–ethnicity, 282

Barbie dolls, 62 Baseball, 71, 72 Basketball, 244 Beauty/looks

and advertising, 80, 117 and culture, 43, 117 and discrimination, 110 effects of, 112, 117, 143 and income, 112, 117 and skin color, 271 and socialization, 80, 81 and standards of gender, 229 and stereotypes, 80, 112

Berdache, 303 Berlin University, 10 Between Two Worlds (Marquart), 327 Bias

in crime statistics, 178–79 in criminal justice, 169–70, 177,

181 in death penalty, 174–77 in medicine, 244–45 in research, 25, 230

Big Brother, 301 Bikers, 52, 54, 162 Bilineal system of descent, 304 Biology and human behavior. See

Nature vs. nurture Biotech society, 132–34 Births, to single mothers, 222, 315,

318 Blended families, 320, 327 Bloods, the, 127, 137 Bloomingdale’s, 167 Blue-collar workers. See Working

class Body image, 53, 117 Body language, 113 Body weight, 117 Bonded labor, 187 Bonded laborers, 239 “Boomerang children,” 313–14 Boot camp, 89 Bourgeoisie, 7, 17, 201 Brazil, 44, 153, 191, 267 Bronx Zoo, 277 Buchenwald concentration camp,

266 Bullfighting, 41 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 293 Bus boycott, 287

C California, 287, 291, 295, 296 Cambodia, 66, 68, 196–97, 326

Camilla, Georgia, 122–23 Capital punishment, 154, 174–77,

235 Capitalism. See also Globalization

of capitalism and class conflict, 7, 17, 200 and crime, 166–67 and cultural leveling, 62 and religion, 8–9 spirit of, 9 and workers’ revolution, 200

Capitalist class. See also Corporations characteristics of, 210–11 and exploitation of working

class, 7, 169–70, 200, 275–76

Cascades, 146 Case study, 26 Casinos, 294 Caste, 188–89, 279, 309 Caste system

racial, in U.S., 188–89 religious, in India, 188–89

Catastrophes, 122–23 Categories, 135, 136 Causation, 29 Censorship, 164 Census, and race, 265 CEOs (Chief Executive Officers),

204–5, 253, 324 Cheerleaders, 244 Cherokee, the, 293 Child abuse, 330–31, 332 Child labor, 187, 188

in history, 15, 90, 169 in India, 187 in Least Industrialized Nations,

90 Child pornography, 164 Child rearing. See also Parenthood

and day care, 84–85, 312, 313 by grandparents, 322–23 in history, 90 by married couples, 306–8, 312,

313 by nannies, 312–13 and race–ethnicity, 317 and serial fatherhood, 329 by single mothers, 221, 312,

313 and social class, 83–84, 313 in U.S., 312–13

Childbirth, 15. See also Reproduction of humans death during, by race–ethnicity,

273 emotions on birth of girl, 76 and marital satisfaction, 311–12 midwives vs. doctors, 237 surrogate mothers, 319

Children and childhood bonding with mothers, 84–85 “boomerang,” 313–14 and Brazilian death squads, 191 and culture, 90–91 custody of, in divorce, 318

SUBJECT INDEX

S-1