Read the Book(Uploaded) and write about the questions(each 1150~200 words)

validity the extent to which an operational def- inition measures what it is intended to measure

value cluster values that together form a larger whole

value contradiction values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other

values the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly

variables a factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another

WASP White Anglo-Saxon Protestant; nar- rowly, an American

wealth the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts

white ethnics white immigrants to the United States whose cultures differ from WASP culture

white-collar crime Edwin Sutherland’s term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occu- pations; for example, bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false adver- tising, and price fixing

world system theory economic and political connections that tie the world’s countries to- gether

techniques of neutralization ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect (or neu- tralize) society’s norms

technology in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

theory a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an ex- planation of how two or more facts are related to one another

Thomas theorem William I. and Dorothy S. Thomas’ classic formulation of the definition of the situation: “If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”

total institution a place that is almost totally controlled by those who run it, in which people are cut off from the rest of society and the soci- ety is mostly cut off from them

transitional adulthood a term that refers to a pe- riod following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily as- sociated with adulthood; also called adultolescence

triad a group of three people

underclass a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations

unobtrusive measures ways of observing peo- ple so they do not know they are being studied

upward social mobility movement up the so- cial class ladder

subculture the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

superego Freud’s term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups

survey the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions

symbol something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others

symbolic culture another term for nonmater- ial culture

symbolic interactionism a theoretical perspec- tive in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communi- cate with one another

system of descent how kinship is traced over the generations

taboo a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it

taking the role of the other putting oneself in someone else’s shoes; understanding how some- one else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act

teamwork the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly

G4 G l o s s a r y