Read the Book(Uploaded) and write about the questions(each 1150~200 words)

pluralism the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the government

pluralistic society a society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and ori- entations to life

police discretion the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter

polyandry a form of marriage in which women have more than one husband

polygyny a form of marriage in which men have more than one wife

population a target group to be studied

population transfer the forced movement of a minority group

positive sanction a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material award

positivism the application of the scientific ap- proach to the social world

postindustrial (information) society a society based on information, services, and high tech- nology, rather than on raw materials and manu- facturing

poverty line the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low-cost food budget

power the ability to get your way, even over the resistance of others

power elite C. Wright Mills’ term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military, and poli- tics who make the nation’s major decisions

prejudice an attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way

prestige respect or regard

primary group a group characterized by inti- mate, long-term, face-to-face association and co- operation

proletariat Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

property material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cars, fur- niture, land, and stocks

public sociology sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspec- tive (of how things are related to one another) guiding politicians and policy makers

race a group whose inherited physical charac- teristics distinguish it from other groups

racism prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

random sample a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

rapport (ruh-POUR) a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying

real culture the norms and values that people actually follow

minority group people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

mores norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or to the well-being of the group

multiculturalism (also called pluralism) a phi- losophy or political policy that permits or en- courages ethnic differences

negative sanction an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, infor- mal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution

new technology the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on so- cial life

nonmaterial culture (also called symbolic cul- ture) a group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of be- havior, including language and other forms of interaction)

nonverbal interaction communication with- out words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

norms expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior

nuclear family a family consisting of a hus- band, wife, and child(ren)

objectivity value neutrality in research

open-ended questions questions that respon- dents answer in their own words

operational definitions the way in which a re- searcher measures a variable

organic solidarity Durkheim’s term for the in- terdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs

out-groups groups toward which people feel antagonism

pan-Indianism a movement that focuses on common elements in the cultures of Native Americans in order to develop a cross-tribal self- identity and to work toward the welfare of all Native Americans

participant observation research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting

pastoral society a society based on the pastur- ing of animals

patriarchy a society in which men as a group dominate women as a group; authority is vested in males

patrilineal (system of descent) a system of reckoning descent that counts only the father’s side

patterns recurring characteristics or events

peer group a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests

personality disorders the view that a person- ality disturbance of some sort causes an individ- ual to violate social norms

laissez-faire leader an individual who leads by being highly permissive

language a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

latent functions unintended beneficial conse- quences of people’s actions

leader someone who influences other people

leadership styles ways in which people express their leadership

life course the stages of our life as we go from birth to death

looking-glass self a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others to us

machismo an emphasis on male strength, high sexuality, and dominance

macro level an examination of large-scale pat- terns of society

macrosociology analysis of social life that fo- cuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one an- other; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

manifest functions the intended beneficial consequences of people’s actions

marriage a group’s approved mating arrange- ments, usually marked by a ritual of some sort

mass media forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, television, and blogs that are directed to mass audiences

master status a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

material culture the material objects that dis- tinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hair- styles, clothing, and jewelry

matriarchy a society in which women as a group dominate men as a group; authority is vested in females

matrilineal (system of descent) a system of reckoning descent that counts only the mother’s side

means of production the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth

mechanical solidarity Durkheim’s term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks

medicalization of deviance to make deviance a medical matter, a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

meritocracy a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit

micro level an examination of small-scale pat- terns of society

microsociology analysis of social life that fo- cuses on social interaction; typically used by symbolic interactionists

G2 G l o s s a r y