Read the Book(Uploaded) and write about the questions(each 1150~200 words)

G l o s s a r y G1

of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis

dyad the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons

egalitarian authority more or less equally di- vided between people or groups (in marriage, for example, between husband and wife)

ego Freud’s term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society

electronic community individuals who reg- ularly interact with one another on the Inter- net and who think of themselves as belonging together

endogamy the practice of marrying within one’s own group

ethnic cleansing a policy of eliminating a pop- ulation; includes forcible expulsion and genocide

ethnic work activities designed to discover, en- hance, or maintain ethnic and racial identity

ethnicity (and ethnic) having distinctive cul- tural characteristics

ethnocentrism the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individ- uals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors

ethnomethodology the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life

exchange mobility about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class lad- der, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change

exogamy the practice of marrying outside one’s own group

experiments the use of control and experimen- tal groups and dependent and independent vari- ables to test causation

experimental group the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

expressive leader an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; also known as a socioemotional leader

face-saving behavior techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction) that is going sour

false class consciousness Marx’s term to refer to workers identifying with the interests of cap- italists

family two or more people who consider them- selves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

family of orientation the family in which a person grows up

family of procreation the family formed when a couple’s first child is born

feminism the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal; organized activities on behalf of this principle

feral children children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans

folkways norms that are not strictly enforced

free the view that a sociologist’s personal values or biases should not influence social research

front stage places where we give performances

functional analysis a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism

Gemeinschaft a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

gender the behaviors and attitudes that a soci- ety considers proper for its males and females; masculinity or femininity

gender role the behaviors and attitudes ex- pected of people because they are female or male

gender socialization the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female

gender stratification males’ and females’ un- equal access to property, power, and prestige

generalized other the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people “in general”; the child’s ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self

genetic predisposition inborn tendencies (for example, a tendency to commit deviant acts)

genocide the systematic annihilation or at- tempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity

Gesellschaft a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accom- plishments, and self-interest

gestures the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another

glass ceiling the mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work

globalization the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism

globalization of capitalism capitalism (invest- ing to make profits within a rational system) be- coming the globe’s dominant economic system

group people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group

group dynamics the ways in which individu- als affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals

groupthink a narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer, in which to even sug- gest alternatives becomes a sign of disloyalty

hate crime a crime that is punished more se- verely because it is motivated by hatred (dislike, hostility, animosity) of someone’s race-ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, disability, or national origin

homogamy the tendency of people with simi- lar characteristics to marry one another

Horatio Alger myth the belief that due to lim- itless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough

horticultural society a society based on culti- vating plants by the use of hand tools

household people who occupy the same hous- ing unit

hunting and gathering society a human group that depends on hunting and gathering for its survival

hypothesis a statement of how variables are ex- pected to be related to one another, often accord- ing to predictions from a theory

id Freud’s term for our inborn basic drives

ideal culture a people’s ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them

ideology beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements

illegitimate opportunity structure opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life

impression management people’s efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

incest sexual relations between specified rela- tives, such as brothers and sisters or parents and children

incest taboo the rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives

income money received, usually from a job, business, or assets

independent variable a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable

individual discrimination the negative treat- ment of one person by another on the basis of that person’s perceived characteristics

Industrial Revolution the third social revolu- tion, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power

industrial society a society based on the use of machines powered by fuels

in-groups groups toward which people feel loyalty

institutional discrimination negative treat- ment of a minority group that is built into a society’s institutions; also called systemic dis- crimination

institutionalized means approved ways of reaching cultural goals

instrumental leader an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a task-oriented leader

intergenerational mobility the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next

internal colonialism the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain

labeling theory the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into ei- ther deviance or conformity