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manhood and the reputation he wanted to maintain among his friends and family.
As women put in more hours at paid work, men gradually began to do more housework and to take on more responsibil- ity for the care of their children. When men first began to change diapers—at least openly—it was big news. Comedians even told jokes about Mr. Mom, giving expression to common concerns about a future of feminized men. (Could Mr. Mom go to war and defend the country?)
Ever so slowly, cultural ideas changed, and housework, care of children, and paid labor came to be regarded as the responsibili- ties of both men and women. (And ever so gradually, women have become soldiers.) Let’s examine these changing responsibil- ities in the family.
Who Does What? Figure 10.2 illustrates several significant changes that have taken place in U.S. families. The first is likely to surprise you. If you look closely at this figure, you will see that not only are husbands spending more time taking care of the children but so are wives. This is fascinating: Both husbands and wives are spending more time in child care.
How can children be getting more attention from their parents than they used to? This flies in the face of our mythical past, the Leave-It-to-Beaver im- ages that color our perception of the present. It also contradicts images like that in our opening vignette, of both mothers and fathers working as they struggle to support themselves and their children. We know that
Marriage and Family in Theoretical Perspective 307
Housework Child care Other services Paid work
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
H o u rs
p er
w ee
k
Husbands Hours per week
Wives 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000 1965 1975 1985 1995 2000
10.6
58.8
7.7
6.0
34.5
2.7
59.2
3.7
47.2
5.6
8.8
55.0
5.8
15.2
25.2
3.0
61.4
5.2
42.5
10.7
9.3
59.4
7.9
19.7
22.5
5.0
60.8
5.1
39.8
10.9
11.0
65.4
7.9
24.9
21.6
6.5
64.0
5.3
42.5
9.7
12.9
64.9
8.8
23.8
19.4
5.3
2.6
60.1 47.8
4.4
FIGURE 10.2 In Two-Paycheck Marriages, How Do Husbands and Wives Divide up Their Responsibilities?
Source: By the author. Based on Bianchi et al. 2006. Housework hours are from Table 5.1, child care from Table 4.1, and work hours and total hours from Table 3.4. Other services is derived by subtracting the hours for housework, child care, and paid work from the total hours.
In Hindu marriages, the roles of husband and wife are firmly established. Neither this woman, whom I photographed in Chittoor, India, nor
her husband question whether she should carry the family wash to the village pump.
Women here have done this
task for millennia. As India industrializes, as
happened in the West, who does the wash will be questioned—and may eventually become a source of strain in marriage.
