Read the Book(Uploaded) and write about the questions(each 1150~200 words)

SUMMARY and REVIEW Laying the Sociological Foundation How is race both a reality and a myth? In the sense that different groups inherit distinctive phys- ical traits, race is a reality. There is no agreement regard- ing what constitutes a particular race, however, or even how many races there are. In the sense of one race being superior to another and of there being pure races, race is a myth. The idea of race is powerful, shaping basic rela- tionships among people. Pp. 264–265.

How do race and ethnicity differ? Race refers to inherited biological characteristics; ethnicity, to cultural ones. Members of ethnic groups identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and cultural heritage. Pp. 265–268.

What are minority and dominant groups? Minority groups are people who are singled out for un- equal treatment by members of the dominant group, the group with more power and privilege. Minorities origi- nate with migration or the expansion of political bound- aries. Pp. 268–269.

What heightens ethnic identity, and what is “ethnic work”? A group’s relative size, power, physical characteristics, and amount of discrimination heighten or reduce ethnic identity. Ethnic work is the process of constructing and maintaining an ethnic identity. For people without a firm ethnic identity, ethnic work is an attempt to recover one’s ethnic heritage. For those with strong ties to their culture of origin, ethnic work involves enhancing group distinctions. P. 269.

Prejudice and Discrimination Why are people prejudiced? Prejudice is an attitude, and discrimination is an action. Like other attitudes, prejudice is learned in association with others. Prejudice is so extensive that people can show

prejudice against groups that don’t even exist. Minorities also internalize the dominant norms, and some show prej- udice against their own group. Pp. 269–271.

How do individual and institutional discrimination differ? Individual discrimination is the negative treatment of one person by another, while institutional discrimi- nation is negative treatment that is built into social insti- tutions. Institutional discrimination can occur without the awareness of either the perpetrator or the object of dis- crimination. Discrimination in health care is one example. Pp. 271–273.

Theories of Prejudice How do psychologists explain prejudice? Psychological theories of prejudice stress the author- itarian personality and frustration displaced toward scapegoats. P. 274.

How do sociologists explain prejudice? Sociological theories focus on how different social envi- ronments increase or decrease prejudice. Functionalists stress the benefits and costs that come from discrimina- tion. Conflict theorists look at how the groups in power exploit racial–ethnic divisions in order to control workers and maintain power. Symbolic interactionists stress how labels create selective perception and self-fulfilling prophecies. Pp. 274–276.

Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations What are the major patterns of minority and dominant group relations? Beginning with the least humane, they are genocide, population transfer, internal colonialism, segrega- tion, assimilation, and multiculturalism (pluralism). Pp. 276–279.

298 C h a p t e r 9 R A C E A N D E T H N I C I T Y

Toward a True Multicultural Society The United States has the potential to become a society in which racial–ethnic groups not only coexist, but also respect one another—and thrive—as they work together for mutually beneficial goals. In a true multicultural society, the minority groups that make up the United States would participate fully in the nation’s social institutions while maintaining their cul- tural integrity. Reaching this goal will require that we understand that “the biological differ- ences that divide one race from another add up to a drop in the genetic ocean.” For a long time, we have given racial categories an importance they never merited. Now we need to fig- ure out how to reduce them to the irrelevance they deserve. In short, we need to make real the abstraction called equality that we profess to believe (Cose 2000).