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and Yugoslavia split into warring factions. When the Serbs gained power, Muslims rebelled and began guerilla warfare. The Serbs vented their hatred by what they termed ethnic cleansing: They terrorized villages with killing and rape, forcing survivors to flee in fear.

Internal Colonialism In Chapter 7, the term colonialism was used to refer to one way that the Most Industrialized Nations exploit the Least Industrialized Nations (p. 194). Conflict theorists use the term internal colonial- ism to describe the way in which a country’s dominant group ex- ploits minority groups for its economic advantage. The dominant group manipulates the social institutions to suppress minorities and deny them full access to their society’s benefits. Slavery, re- viewed in Chapter 7, is an extreme example of internal colonialism, as was the South African system of apartheid. Although the dom- inant Afrikaners despised the minority, they found its presence necessary. As Simpson and Yinger (1972) put it, who else would do the hard work?

Segregation Internal colonialism is often accompanied by segregation—the separation of racial or ethnic groups. Segregation allows the dominant group to maintain social distance from the minority and yet to exploit their labor as cooks, cleaners, chauffeurs, nan- nies, factory workers, and so on. In the U.S. South until the 1960s, by law African Americans and whites had to use separate public facilities such as hotels, schools, swim- ming pools, bathrooms, and even drinking fountains. In thirty-eight states, laws pro- hibited marriage between blacks and whites. Violators could be sent to prison (Mahoney and Kooistra 1995; Crossen 2004b). The last law of this type was repealed in 1967 (Spickard 1989). In the villages of India, an ethnic group, the Dalits (un- touchables), is forbidden to use the village pump. Dalit women must walk long dis- tances to streams or pumps outside of the village to fetch their water (author’s notes).

Assimilation Assimilation is the process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture. There are two types. In forced assimilation, the dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, to speak its language, or to follow its customs. Be- fore the fall of the Soviet Union, for example, the dominant group, the Russians, re- quired that Armenian children attend schools where they were taught in Russian. Armenians could celebrate only Russian holidays, not Armenian ones. Permissible assim- ilation, in contrast, allows the minority to adopt the dominant group’s patterns in its own way and at its own speed.

Multiculturalism (Pluralism) A policy of multiculturalism, also called pluralism, permits or even encourages racial–ethnic variation. The minority groups are able to maintain their separate iden- tities, yet participate freely in the country’s social institutions, from education to poli- tics. Switzerland provides an outstanding example of multiculturalism. The Swiss population includes four ethnic groups: French, Italians, Germans, and Romansh. These groups have kept their own languages, and they live peacefully in political and eco- nomic unity. Multiculturalism has been so successful that none of these groups can properly be called a minority.

Global Patterns of Intergroup Relations 279

As immigrants assimilate into a new culture, they learn and adapt new customs. These Muslim girls at an elementary school in Dearborn, Michigan, are in the process of assimilating into U.S. culture.

ethnic cleansing a policy of eliminating a population; in- cludes forcible expulsion and genocide

internal colonialism the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain

segregation the policy of keeping racial-ethnic groups apart

assimilation the process of being absorbed into the main- stream culture

multiculturalism (also called pluralism) a philosophy or polit- ical policy that permits or en- courages ethnic differences

pluralism the diffusion of power among many interest groups that prevents any single group from gaining control of the government