Discussion Understanding of Economic Development

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University of California, Berkeley Fall 2015 Department of City and Regional Planning Wurster 106 Mon. & Wed. 11:00am‐12:30pm Sara Hinkley Office hours: Monday 12:30‐1:30, Wurster 106 & by appt. [email protected]

CP 113B: COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course introduces the political, economic, and social issues at stake in the theory and practice of community economic development. This includes (1) alternatives to traditional economic development strategies, focusing on equity and sustainability, and (2) community‐based strategies for improving access to jobs, housing, and opportunity.

The goal of the course is to introduce students to the different scales at which community and economic development are approached; the evolution of goals, theories, and tools in the field; and the controversies and tensions involved in community change. Students will come away from the course well‐versed in the scope of policies that address issues of inequality, poverty, unemployment, access to services, affordable housing, and jobs. You will also be able to describe the forces that have shaped the field over the past 60 years, the broad economic and political trends shaping U.S. communities today, and the current debates and approaches dominating both theory and practice.

We will study the broad range of local, state, and national policies and programs that address community and economic development, from housing to workforce development, wage standards to tax incentives. Students will be challenged to think critically about how issues come to be seen as the purview of different actors, how certain policies are seen as community development and others as promoting economic growth. We will challenge the dichotomies that often characterize the field: between people and place, market and society, top‐down and bottom‐up, development and growth. We will also pay special attention to the theories of poverty, inequality, and change that drive policy, policy critiques, and community activism.

We will study how people in diverse cultural, economic, racial, and ethnic communities and institutions mobilize around issues of economic opportunity and equity. We will also learn how different levels of government use public resources in an attempt to shape the economy and address persistent poverty. We will pay special attention to the diverse universe of nonprofits, public‐private entities, foundations, community organizations, unions, and other players in the field.

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COURSE FORMAT & REQUIREMENTS

This class will be a mix of lectures and discussion, with student participation an important element of our learning. Your grade will be based on the following:

 Class participation (including classroom and online discussions): (20%)  In‐class & online critical response paragraphs (20%): weekly  Research paper (30%): final paper due in class December 2  Final exam (30%): Thursday, December 17, 11:30‐2:30pm

Students are expected to do the readings and participate in class. We learn by doing. You will have several reading responses due throughout the semester and will have many opportunities to participate in classroom and online discussions.

Students will write a significant research paper over the course of the semester, with an outline, abstract, first draft, and final draft all counting towards the final paper grade. Students will be able to choose their topic, guidelines for topics will be discussed on Wednesday, September 2.

For our second meeting, please write a one‐page letter of introduction of yourself to me. Guidelines will be posted on bcourses Aug. 26. Please include or embed a photo. Your letter may be typed or handwritten, bring it to class or upload by August 31.

CLASS POLICIES

The use of laptops, cell phones, and other electronic devices is not permitted in class. In my experience the use of laptops distracts all students in the class, even those who are not using them. Taking notes by hand is highly recommended, and has been proven to increase retention of material presented in class. Class notes will also help you review materials and ideas discussed in class, and prepare for tests.

I encourage questions during lectures. Students are expected to participate actively in a way that demonstrates familiarity with the course readings and engagement with the material. One way to do this is to jot down questions while you are doing the reading at home and bring them up in class.

If you think you may need special accommodations for any type of disability, you should contact the Disabled Students’ Program as soon as possible: http://www.dsp.berkeley.edu

Readings

Students are expected to complete all required readings before the class session for which they are assigned, and to be prepared to discuss the readings in class. Short reading quizzes will be given at the start of class on Thursdays, which are designed to be easy if you have done the reading. Supplementary readings related to the group case study will be circulated during the course.

Assigned readings are in a course reader which will be available for purchase at Copy Central, at 2576 Bancroft near Telegraph (just across from campus); phone (510) 848‐ 8649. Many readings will also be available on bcourses.

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Bcourses & online discussions

I will use bcourses extensively to post announcements, upload files (including slides & handouts from class, and online articles for you to read), and post assignments. We will also be using an online forum for discussing current events and sharing ideas and resources related to class. I will discuss this in class Monday August 31. Your class participation grade will be based in part on your participation in these online discussions.

Office hours

My office hours are Mondays after class, 12:30 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. in 106 Wurster and by appointment (email [email protected]). GSIs will also hold office hours, to be posted.

Plagiarism and Academic Honesty

Students are expected to demonstrate integrity in all academic endeavors. All members of the academic community must be confident that each person's work has been responsibly and honorably acquired, developed, and presented. A violation of academic honesty is a breach of trust, and will result in penalties, including possible suspension or expulsion. Assignments that contain plagiarized material will be given a zero. Any quiz, test, paper or report submitted by you and that bears your name is presumed to be your own original work. Work that has previously been submitted for credit in another course is not allowed.

You must give proper attribution if you wish to use words or ideas written by other individuals in publications, web sites, or other sources. “Proper attribution” means that you have fully identified the original source and the extent of your use of the words or ideas of others that you have used, usually in the form of a footnote or parenthesis. It is dishonest to paraphrase, that is, to summarize someone else’s ideas or change someone else’s words slightly, and then present them as your own original work. This applies to all of your assignments. It is never acceptable to copy and paste text from another website, book, paper, or any other document, without putting quotes around it and citing the source.

Plagiarism includes resubmitting work prepared for another class, appropriation of whole passages with or without credit, appropriation of words and phrases without credit, appropriation of both main and supporting ideas without credit, and paraphrasing without credit. Plagiarism also includes submitting a paper written by someone else. If you are unsure of how to properly cite sources, ask me for guidance.

We will discuss how to avoid inadvertently committing plagiarism in class.

GSIs

We have two students from DCRP to help me teach this course.

Nabihah Azim: [email protected]

Francisco Trejo Morales: [email protected]

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COURSE SCHEDULE

WEEK READING ASSIGNMENT Week 1: Class Introduction Wed. August 26 Introduction letter, to be completed this week! Week 2: Theories of Poverty and Inequality: Before studying any policy or program, we need to understand its underlying theories of problem causation and change. Mon. August 31 LETTER OF INTRODUCTION DUE

Chapple, K., & Teitz, M. B. (1998). The Causes of Inner‐City Poverty: Eight Hypotheses in Search of Reality. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 3(3), 33–70 Bradshaw, T. K. (2007). Theories of Poverty and Anti‐Poverty Programs in Community Development. Community Development, 38(1), 7–25.

Wed. Sept. 2 PAPER ASSIGNMENT INTRODUCED

Crane, R., & Manville, M. (2008). People or Place? Revisiting the Who Versus the Where of Urban Development. Land Lines. Green, G. P., & Haines, A. (Eds.). (2012). Asset building & community development (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE. Chapter 1: The role of Assets in Community‐Based Development

Week 3: Models of community development: We will cover the basics of how community development is implemented as a set of programs and funding mechanisms. Mon. Sept. 7 Labor Day Holiday – no class Wed. Sept. 9 Briggs, X. de S., Popkin, S. J., & Goering, J. (2010). Moving to

Opportunity: The Story of an American Experiment to Fight Ghetto Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press. Chapter 2 “Ghetto Poverty Before and After Katrina” and Chapter 10 “Lessons” ONLINE ‐ Soifer, S. D., McNeely, J. B., Costa, C. L., & Pickering‐ Bernheim, N. (2014). Community Economic Development in Social Work. New York: Columbia University Press. Chapter 3 “The Making and Unmaking of Cities and Neighborhoods” and Chapter 7 “A Taxonomy of Community Development Organizations” (optional)

Week 4: The history of community policy: Overview of the history of community development in the U.S. Federal policies of development, poverty alleviation, and housing, including the War on Poverty, the CDC model and its evaluation, the changing role of federal policy, and the Obama Administration’s approaches to urban poverty. Mon. Sept. 14 PAPER ABSTRACT DUE

Stoecker, R. (1997). The CDC Model of Urban Redevelopment: A Critique and an Alternative. Journal of Urban Affairs, 19(1). Kirkpatrick, L. O. (2007). The Two “Logics” of Community

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Development: Neighborhoods, Markets, and Community Development Corporations. Politics & Society, 35(2), 329–359.

Wed. Sept. 16 ABSTRACT COMMENTS DUE SEPT. 18

O’Connor, A. (1999). Swimming Against the Tide: A Brief History of Federal Policy in Poor Communities. In R. F. Ferguson & W. T. Dickens (Eds.), Urban Problems and Community Development. Brookings Institution Press. Rothstein, R. (2014). The Making of Ferguson: Public Policies at the Root of its Troubles. Economic Policy Institute.

Week 5: Economic development: What is economic development? At what geographical scale does economic development policy make the most sense? What theories of economic growth and sustainable development have been dominant in different times? How do local governments engage in economic development? How are local economic development programs evaluated? We will learn about strategies such as business recruitment, industrial clustering policies, and “business climate” improvement. Mon. Sept. 21 Teitz, M. B. (1989). Neighborhood Economics: Local Communities and

Regional Markets. Economic Development Quarterly, 3(2), 111–122. Leigh, N. G., & Blakely, E. J. (2013). Planning Local Economic Development: Theory and Practice (Fifth Edition.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Chapter 3: Concepts and Theory of Local Economic Development

Wed. Sept. 23

Moretti, E. (2013). The New Geography of Jobs. Boston, Mass.: Mariner Books. Chapter 3 “The Great Divergence” and Chapter 5 “The Inequality of Mobility and Cost of Living” Porter, M. E. (1997). New Strategies for Inner‐City Economic Development. Economic Development Quarterly, 11(1), 11–27.

Week 6: Financing community & economic development: Public and private financing strategies for community and economic development. Basic overview of the structure of city government finances, the sources of federal and state funding, including tax breaks. The role of community development financial institutions, leveraged private investment, and foundations in funding community development programs. Mon. Sept. 28 Class handouts on community development financing strategies Wed. Sept. 30 ONLINE: Researching community and economic development

programs (guided links on bcourses)

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Week 7: Methods and evaluation of community and economic development: We will cover some of the “tools” of the field: asset mapping, problem assessment, program evaluation, and basic demographic and economic research. Overview of library and research services at Berkeley. Analyze documents produced by public and private agencies to evaluate local community needs and develop strategic plans. Mon. October 5 PAPER OUTLINE DUE

Reese, L. A. (2014). The Alchemy of Local Economic Development. Economic Development Quarterly, 28(3), 206–219. ONLINE: Data source websites (see bcourse page)

Wed. October 7 OUTLINE COMMENTS DUE OCTOBER 9

ONLINE: Readings on writing research papers (see bcourse files)

Week 8: Housing and Displacement: Affordable and inclusionary housing as a community development project, theories of the drivers of change in housing markets; the role of housing prices in urban decline and recovery; the subprime & foreclosure crisis; contemporary debates about gentrification and displacement. Mon. October 12 Wyly, E., Newman, K., Schafran, A., & Lee, E. (2010). Displacing New

York. Environment and Planning A, 42(11), 2602 – 2623. Dreier, P., Bhatti, S., Call, R., Schwartz, A., & Squires, G. (2014). Underwater America: How the so‐called housing “recovery” is bypassing many American communities. Berkeley, CA: Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society. (Select pages)

Wed. October 14 ONLINE: Maps and reports from the Urban Displacement Project @ Berkeley and other online resources

Week 9: Race and the American City: The construction and experience of race in the United States continues to shape policy, politics, and daily life in cities. Racial segregation and inequality are also legacies of racist housing and economic policies. We will use recent events in Ferguson, Oakland, New York City, and other cities to discuss the many ways that racial experience shapes community and economic development today. Mon. October 19 Pattillo, M. E. (2007). Black on the Block: The Politics of Race and Class

in the City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Chapter 4 “Remedies to ‘Educational Malpractice’” and Chapter 6 “The Case for Public Housing”

Wed. October 21 ONLINE: News articles posted on bcourses

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Week 10: Workforce Development, Education, and Job Quality People‐focused strategies: the debate over the skills gap and spatial mismatch, preparing workers for the “new economy,” and strategies for connecting people with jobs. We will discuss the range of strategies that focus on local labor force, from job training to K12 education. We will also focus on the diverse range of approaches taken to raise incomes at the bottom of the economy, through strategies such as minimum wage laws, guaranteed income, tax policies, and subsidies for basic goods. Mon. October 26 Reich, M., Jacobs, K., Bernhardt, A., & Perry, I. (2014). The Impact of

Oakland’s Proposed City Minimum Wage Law: A Prospective Study. Berkeley, CA: Institute for Research on Labor and Employment. Luce, S. (2004). Fighting for a living wage. Ithaca, N.Y: ILR/Cornell University Press. Chapter 2 “Setting the Stage” and Chapter 3 “Overview of the Movement”

Wed. October 28 Giloth, R., ed. (2003) Workforce Intermediaries for the 21st Century. Temple University Press. Chapter 1: Introduction: A Case for Workforce Intermediaries. Green, G.P. & Haines, A. (2012) Asset Building and Community Development. Sage Publications). Chapter 6: “Human Capital.”

Week 11: Community benefits agreements: We will discuss the recent movement toward negotiating benefits for local communities with developers and businesses receiving public incentives. We will revisit debates over how to keep development benefits local, how to balance private and public needs, and delve into strategies for bringing capital into neighborhoods while managing the challenges that can bring. Mon. Nov. 2 Saito, L., & Truong, J. (2015). The L.A. Live Community Benefits

Agreement: Evaluating the Agreement Results and Shifting Political Power in the City. Urban Affairs Review, 51(2), 263–289. ONLINE: Sample community benefit agreements posted on bcourses.

Wed. Nov. 4 FIRST DRAFT PAPER DUE

Moore, E., & Barhoum, N. & Alvarez Franco, A. (2015). Anchor Richmond: Community Opportunity & Anchor Strategies for the Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay. Berkeley, CA: Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society.

Week 12: The Great Inversion: Suburban Poverty and the Return to the City: We will discuss the changing demographics of central cities and suburbs, as well as theories of the “creative class” and city approaches to attracting “middle‐class” residents. Mon. Nov. 9 Ehrenhalt, A. (2012). The great inversion and the future of the

American city (1st ed). New York: Knopf. Prologue “Trading Places” & Chapter 6 “Uneasy Coexistence” ONLINE: Articles about suburban poverty posted on bcourses, maps.

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Wed. Nov. 11 Holiday, no class Week 13: From the War on Poverty to the Great Recession: How does today differ from the 1960s? From the 1990s? What lessons have been learned from past failures and successes? How has the recession reshaped approaches to community economic development? We will focus on recent examples of gentrification, the resurgence of interest in inequality, and a fiscal climate of austerity. Mon. Nov. 16 Hyra, D. S. (2012). Conceptualizing the New Urban Renewal:

Comparing the Past to the Present. Urban Affairs Review, 48(4), 498– 527. Newman, K., & Ashton, P. (2004). Neoliberal urban policy and new paths of neighborhood change in the American inner city. Environment and Planning A, 36(7), 1151 – 1172.

Wed. Nov. 18 Florida, R. L. (2009, March). How the Crash Will Reshape America. Atlantic Monthly. ONLINE: news articles about the impacts of the Great Recession, available on bcourses.

Week 14: Microenterprise and entrepreneurship: We will revisit the role of small business and entrepreneurialism in theories of local economic development. Mon. Nov. 23 Imbroscio, D. (2013). From Redistribution to Ownership: Toward an

Alternative Urban Policy for America’s Cities. Urban Affairs Review, 49(6), 787–820. Servon, L. J. (1999). Bootstrap Capital: Microenterprises and the American Poor. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. Chapter 4 “Economic Development or Social Welfare”.

Wed. Nov. 25 Holiday, no class Week 15: Course wrap‐up Mon. Nov. 30 Pastor, M., Benner, C., & Matsuoka, M. (2011). For what it’s worth:

regional equity, community organizing, and metropolitan America. Community Development, 42(4), 437–457. ONLINE: Current events articles to be posted on bcourses

Wed. Dec. 2 PAPER DUE

Course evaluations, exam review

Dec. 17 11:30am Final exam!