an 1500 words essay on analyzing a modern Chinese cultural phenomenon or an example of specific cultural output in relation to domestic and/or international historical, economic, social or political contexts in China.

PAAS 151

MODERN CHINESE CULTURE

Guidelines for Referencing in the Course Paper

References and a full bibliography in the appropriate format are an essential part of the

scholarly exercise of writing coursework essays, reports and dissertations. You are expected to

adopt adequate, consistent and correctly formatted referencing in your course paper. These

notes are intended as a guide to explain the specific requirements and to help you understand

how to avoid plagiarism.

Department of Pacific and Asian Studies Policy Regarding Penalties for Plagiarism

and Cheating

The possible penalties for plagiarism and cheating are outlined in the Calendar. An

instructor will notify the Chair of the Department of cases of a suspected violation and the

Chair will contact the student to arrange an interview with the student and instructor to

review the case. If it is determined that a violation of University policy has occurred, the

Chair will notify the Director of Academic Advising of the case and a letter of reprimand will

be issued to the student. Any repeat offenses will be dealt with directly by the Dean. In the

Department of Pacific and Asian Studies, the minimum penalty for a first offence will be a

grade of zero for the assignment, examination or test. Depending upon the seriousness of

the offence and the weight of the assignment, the instructor in consultation with the Chair

may assign a failing grade (less than 50%, zero GPA) for the course. Students will not be

permitted to rewrite an assignment, examination or test on which they have been found to

have cheated or plagiarised, nor will they be permitted to complete supplemental

assignments. A formal letter of reprimand will be issued to the student and kept on file.

Records of any violation will be held by the Office of the Registrar. Such records are held

five years after the offence. A repeat offence may result in the additional penalty of

Disciplinary Probation being placed on the student’s Official Transcript.

Recognizing and Avoiding Plagiarism

Plagiarism is presenting the work of another person as if it were your own. It is plagiarism to

quote another writer directly in your coursework without "quotation marks" and a reference to

the original source, including page numbers. It is also plagiarism to summarise the views of

another writer without attribution, even if you use your own words. The important thing is

never to let it be thought that you are claiming that a particular position is original to you when

it is not, and proper referencing will achieve this.

Example: This passage on Mao and the Cultural Revolution is a direct quote from Jack Gray,

Rebellions and Revolutions (Oxford: OUP, 1990), pp. 378-9:

In 1967, after encouraging hopes of a Paris Commune alternative to Party dictatorship, he

repudiated the Shanghai Paris Commune established in his name, and insisted on the

restoration of Party authority. At the moment of truth he chose the vanguard party. This

final failure of nerve provides an a fortiori argument that Marxism-Leninism cannot

democratize itself.

In your essay you might make a statement like this:

Mao's failure to follow through with the implementation of the Paris Commune model in

1967 showed that the socialist system could not democratize itself.

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This is a paraphrase of a specific argument made by another writer, Jack Gray, and must be

footnoted with page numbers as if it were a direct quotation. The same sentence could be

rephrased as:

As Jack Gray has argued, Mao’s failure to follow through … etc.

Provided the passage is footnoted with page numbers that would be full and correct

attribution. Anything less could constitute plagiarism.

All pieces of coursework will be checked for plagiarism. The instructor will use his own

knowledge of the source materials, and reserves the right to use plagiarism detection software

or other platforms to assess the integrity of student work. In most cases plagiarism is obvious

to experienced teaching staff, so don’t take the risk.

Do I need to cite page numbers?

Since your note-taking and preparation of the course paper should include the exact page

number(s) for any quote or information or data item used, citing the page number involves

very little additional effort and shows desirable accuracy. The instructor recommends that page

numbers are always cited for direct quotes.

Referencing systems

In your course paper, you may use either the footnote or the Harvard (or similar) in-text

referencing systems. You cannot mix Harvard-style referencing with footnotes. Descriptions

and details of other referencing styles commonly used at UVic can be found at:

http://www.uvic.ca/library/research/citation/guides/index.php

You must decide which of these systems to use and then use it consistently.

Examples of the format for notes and bibliography entries are given below. You should ensure

all your references conform to these models. Poorly and incorrectly formatted referencing will

be penalised. References, including those relating to material on the Internet, will be checked

when your course paper is marked, so ensure you keep an accurate record of page numbers,

full publication details, web-page addresses, date of access, etc., as you research your essay.

It is very time-consuming to find these again later if you haven't kept careful note of them,

and inaccuracies may affect your mark.

Footnote referencing

Footnotes are used to cite the source of direct quotations, indirect quotations or paraphrases

as above, statistics, and other non-obvious facts. (Endnotes may be used instead of footnotes,

but use one format or the other, not a mixture of both.)

What is a non-obvious fact? For example, it is an obvious and well-known fact that Mao

Zedong proclaimed the founding of the People's Republic of China in a speech on 1 October

1949 in Tiananmen Square, so there is no need to footnote it. But if you assert that Mao made

that speech wearing his lucky socks, it would require a footnote telling the reader where you

found this information.

Footnotes, if used, will count towards the word limit. They cannot be used to smuggle in text

which you have edited from the main body of the essay. They can be used for short

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explanations of terms or brief asides which would clutter the flow of the essay, but keep these

to a minimum. In general, if the material is not important enough to go into your text, it is not

important enough to put in a footnote, either.

At the end of your essay you should include a full bibliography listing all the books, articles,

etc., which you have consulted. A bibliography is often called a reference list. You should follow

the examples given below when laying out your notes and bibliography. The key thing to

remember about references is that they are there to enable the reader to find the sources of

your information quickly and easily, so clarity and consistency are very important. The

bibliography does not count towards the word limit.

Layout in bibliography

Items in your bibliography should be listed alphabetically by the family name of the

author(s). If the bibliography includes more than one item by the same author, put them in

date order starting with the oldest work. If it includes both single- and co-authored works by

the same writer, list the single-authored ones first in date order, then the co-authored ones in

date order.

Book details should be given in this order: author (family name first), title (in italics or

underlined), place of publication, publisher, and publication date. A hanging indent paragraph

is a common paragraph formatting style. Example:

Kampen, Thomas, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the evolution of the Chinese Communist

leadership, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, 2000.

Article details should be given in this order: author (family name first), title (in inverted

commas), name of journal (in italics or underlined - use the same format as you are using for

book titles), volume and issue number, date of issue (in brackets), and page numbers on

which the article starts and finishes. Example:

Dirlik, Arif, "Narrativizing revolution: The Guangzhou Uprising (11-13 December 1927) in

workers' perspective", Modern China 23, 4 (October 1997), 363-397.

Chapter in an edited volume: first give the author (family name first) and title (in inverted

commas) of the chapter, then the editor and title of the volume as for books. Example:

Strauss, Julia C, "The evolution of Republican government", in Frederic Wakeman and

Robert L Edmonds (eds.), Reappraising Republican China, Oxford: OUP, 2000.

Layout in footnotes

You do not need to give full publication details here because they are in your bibliography. For

the first mention of a work, give full details of the author and title (and the name and issue of

the journal for articles), and use a shortened version for all subsequent mentions. Always give

the exact page number or number range for direct quotations, and give at least a range of

pages where you are referring to more than one passage in a work – do not leave the reader

wondering where in an entire book or article they can find the point to which you have

referred. Examples:

1. Thomas Kampen, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the evolution of the Chinese

Communist leadership, 43-4.

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2. Arif Dirlik, "Narrativizing revolution: The Guangzhou Uprising (11-13 December 1927)

in workers' perspective", Modern China 23, 4 (October 1997), 368.

3. Julia C Strauss, "The evolution of Republican government", in Wakeman and Edmonds

(eds.), Reappraising Republican China, 118-124.

And subsequently:

4. Kampen, Mao Zedong, 67.

5. Dirlik, "Narrativizing revolution", 372.

6. Strauss, "Evolution of Republican government", 125.

In footnotes, where you are referring to material that has been quoted in another work, you

should give the original source of the material first, then details of the work in which it is

quoted. Do NOT cite the original source as if it was the source you consulted. That will be

deemed plagiarism because you have not actually read the source. Example:

1. Mao Zedong, "A single spark can start a prairie fire" (1930), quoted in Jonathan

Spence, The Search for Modern China, 622.

Use of ibid. and op. cit.

These are short for "ibidem", meaning "in the same place", and "opere citato", meaning "in the

work cited". In contemporary books and articles these are often avoided. Instead, an

abbreviation of the original footnoted work is used. This is especially useful when you are

editing and perhaps swapping around paragraphs, which risks an ibid, for example, referring to

an incorrect previously referenced work.

Ibid. is useful – where you make two or more consecutive references to a work – instead of

repeating all the details in your footnotes, you can just use ibid. and the page number/s after

the first reference, like this:

1. Jack Gray, Rebellions and Revolutions, 161.

2. ibid., 163.

3. ibid., idem.

The use of “idem” in the example note 3 means the reference is to the same page of the same

work cited in note 2, but most authors these days simply repeat the page number. Try to avoid

having long strings of ibids at the foot of every page of your essay, as it will look as if you

haven't read many references.

As stated above, the use of a shortened version of the original is more common these days,

especially in journals that retain footnotes. For example:

1. Gray, Rebellions, 161.

2. Gray, Rebellions, 163.

Op. cit. (“opere citato”, meaning “in the work cited”) is not commonly used anymore and

should generally be avoided. If you move sentences and paragraphs around extensively when

editing a section that uses op. cit. the likely consequence is a chaotic jumble of out of

sequence or seemingly inaccurate references.

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Harvard referencing

This style of referencing is commonly known as in-text referencing. The reference is in the text

rather than in separate notes. It is widely used in the social sciences disciplines such as

business, economics, political science, and so on. You may use it for your essay if you prefer it

to the footnote style. It can be cumbersome if your references include many original

documents and less conventional sources, but if you are only referencing published material, it

works well. It must not be mixed with references in footnotes - use one or the other, but not

both. Harvard referencing for the works mentioned above would look like this in the text of the

essay:

Mao Zedong played a leading role in the CCP's switch to a rural strategy (Kampen 2000:

43), being one of the first to recognize the futility of persisting with disastrous urban

insurrections such as the one in Guangzhou in December 1927 (Dirlik 1997: 368; Strauss

2000: 120).

Harvard referencing requires a different bibliography format or reference list from footnote

referencing and is often called the author-year system. The publication year must follow the

author's name (author-year system). If there is more than one work by a particular author on

the list, use date order starting with the oldest. Here is an example:

Dirlik, Arif, 1997, "Narrativizing revolution: The Guangzhou Uprising (11-13 December

1927) in workers' perspective", Modern China 23, 4 (October), 363-397.

Kampen, Thomas, 2000, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and the evolution of the Chinese

Communist leadership, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.

With Chinese authors, whichever system of referencing you use, it is advisable to give the

name in full every time, to avoid confusion between authors with the same family name.

Referencing internet material

The general rule for references to documents, articles or data taken from internet sites is that

you use a form of citation that makes it easy for others who wish to locate them. In the text,

references should include the author and title of the document, the date, and the web page

address of the document. Examples:

For footnote-style references:

1. China Labour Bulletin, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law", http://www.china-

labour.org.hk, 2002.

For Harvard-style references the in-text citation is rather long:

(China Labour Bulletin 2002, http://www.china-labour.org.hk)

Because Internet addressees can be long, it is useful to abbreviate the reference. For example,

you could simply have (CLB, 2002) in the in-text reference or footnote, but you must ensure

full details are in the bibliography, including the abbreviation.

Bibliography entries must include the full web page address of the article or information and

the date on which you accessed it. Examples:

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Bibliography entry, footnote-style:

China Labour Bulletin, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law" (28 February 2002),

http://www.china-labour.org.hk/iso/article_pvadp?article_id=1976, accessed 13

March 2004.

Bibliography entry, Harvard-style:

China Labour Bulletin [CLB], 2002, "CLB analysis of the new Trade Union Law" (28

February 2002), http://www.china-labour.org.hk/iso/article_pvadp?article_id=1976,

accessed 13 March 2004.

Referencing newspaper material

References to newspaper articles generally give only the title of the publication (not the author

or title of the article), the date, and the page number/s. The publication title should be in

italics, like book and journal titles. In the footnote system, a reference would look like this:

1. South China Morning Post, 31 August 2004, 4.

In the Harvard system, it would look like this:

The private sector in China is still at a marked disadvantage in terms of access to capital,

with more than 70% of bank loans still going to state-owned companies (South China

Morning Post 31 August 2004: 4).

Newspaper articles are not usually listed in the bibliography of either referencing system, but if

you have referred to articles in the same newspaper several times, you can list the newspaper

in the bibliography like this:

South China Morning Post, dates in text.

Or:

South China Morning Post passim.

"Passim", meaning "here and there", indicates that the publication is mentioned quite

frequently throughout the text.

Referencing sources not published in English

If the title of a work or the name of a publication is not in English, you should provide an

English translation in brackets in both notes and bibliography. For Chinese titles or publication

names, common practice is to use pinyin only rather than characters. Increased ease of adding

Chinese characters to English language text means that Chinese characters are more

frequently included. Either approach is acceptable.

The basic rule for any publication not in English – book, article or Internet site – is that you

have sufficient information to enable it to be properly identified and followed up as you would

with an English-language book, article, or Internet site. Here are some examples from Chinese

language sources of typical entries in a bibliography or reference list in the Harvard style (use

the examples above for footnotes and in-text citations for how to model the Chinese citation –

they follow the English-language format):

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Li, Jiaju 2005, Shangwu yinshuguan yu jindai zhizhi wenhua de zhuanbo (Commercial

Press and the dissemination of modern knowledge), Beijing: Shangwu yinshuguan.

The same title using pinyin for author (Chinese authors must be listed alphabetically by family

name) but with characters instead of pinyin for the other details:

Li, Jiaju (李家驹) 2005, 商务印书馆与近代知识文化的转播 (Commercial Press and the dissemination of modern knowledge), 北京：商务印书馆.

For a journal article, the format again follows the English-language format, as in the example

below. Note that this Chinese journal provided an English-language title for the article, which is

used rather than translating the article title again, though sometimes these official translations

may not be the most accurate:

Cao, Shuji, 2005, ‘1959-1961 nian Zhongguo de renkou siwang ji qi chengyin’ (English

title given as: ‘The deaths of China’s population and its root cause during 1959-

1961’), Zhongguo Renkou Kexue (Chinese Journal of Population Science), No.1

(February), 14-28.

The same journal item above, but with Chinese characters instead of pinyin in the title of the

article and the journal name:

Cao, Shuji (曹树基), 2005, ‘1959~1961 年中国的人口死亡及其成因’ (English title given as:

‘The deaths of China’s population and its root cause during 1959-1961’), 中国人口科 学 (Chinese Journal of Population Science), No.1 (February), 14-28.

Using materials from the internet for your course paper

If you use internet material in your coursework, remember that it must be listed in your

references and bibliography. The basic rule for any Internet source is that there must be

sufficient information to enable it to be properly identified and located.

E-Journals

The online editions of scholarly journals have the same status as the print editions. Articles in

them have been subject to peer review (critical analysis by referees and editors). For

referencing and bibliographic practices, there is no difference between the online e-journal

version of the article and the hardcopy paper version. It is cited and listed exactly the same.

Do not list the sometimes very long web address from the full-text journal database.

Online news sites and journalism

Some of these sites are the online editions of daily or weekly newspapers (e.g.

www.guardian.co.uk; www.washingtonpost.com); others might collect news stories relevant to

China from other publications and agencies. Journalistic sources are very useful to the study of

contemporary China, especially on topics where the scholarly literature is thin, but they are not

subject to the same standards of methodology or evidence as academic works. Specialist

country correspondents have to justify the space they get in their publication by making their

reports seem significant, even dramatic, which can lead to sensationalism. Journalists also

tend to re-use old cuttings for background when they return to a topic, which can mean that

errors made in the heat of the moment get reproduced and end up being accepted as fact just

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by being repeated often enough. Journalistic material must therefore be handled critically, and

corroborated by more reliable sources wherever possible.

Some sites offering news stories on China should be treated with particular caution. If you

search the web on China topics, especially any to do with human rights, you are bound to

come across the Epoch Times (http://en.epochtimes.com). This bills itself as a source of

independent and uncensored news about China, but is linked with the Falun Gong organization,

and has a distinct anti-Chinese Communist Party (CCP) bias. Bear in mind with this and similar

sites that someone is making editorial decisions about which stories to run and which to

ignore; many dwell on bad news about the PRC and material which lends itself to criticism of

the CCP government. This does not necessarily mean the stories are not true, but it does

indicate that they are being chosen with an agenda. It is also important to distinguish between

reportage, which, even when clearly biased or tendentious does give an account of actual

events, and editorials, which reflect the opinions of the writers or the site owners.

NGO sites

Some of these can be valuable research resources, if handled critically. Factors to consider

when deciding on the reliability of NGO site material include the reputation of the organization

and how transparent it is about running the site and explaining its own agenda. For example,

Amnesty International’s (www.amnesty.org) research reports are accepted by the Home Office

in the UK as evidence in applications for refugee status, so their factual accuracy can be

trusted to a considerable degree. There are one or two other well-established human-rights

organizations which would come into a similar category, e.g. Human Rights in China

(www.hric.com), and Human Rights Watch-Asia (www.hrw.com). If you are trying to research

the enforcement of the one-child policy in China, for instance, these sites would generally be

more reliable than those of campaigning anti-abortion organizations.

Campaigning sites such as www.eastturkestan.net, on the ongoing Uyghur Muslim

independence campaign in northwest China, do at least make their intentions and biases clear.

But if you are researching this topic, treat any factual claims made on these sites with caution

and phrase your references to them carefully unless you can find at least one corroborating

source than can be regarded as independent.

Wikipedia

Wikipedia is not a reliable source for academic research, and should not be used nor

should it appear in your citations, references or footnotes! The whole point of Wikipedia is that

anyone can edit entries and post whatever they like, although some effort is made to flag

entries which are particularly disputed or felt to be biased. However, the flagging is done by

the same people as the posting. For example, the Wikipedia site on the Epoch Times, which

appears to be accurate and fairly phrased, is heavily flagged as biased and problematic by

Falun Gong people, who never ignore a media reference to their organization and who appear

to resent being tagged as politically conservative and anti-CCP (they are widely thought to be

both).

If you can find an entry on your research topic where asserted facts are backed by footnotes,

follow up the sources cited in those footnotes instead of relying on the Wikipedia entry itself.

And, as with NGO sites, if you cannot find a more reliable corroborating source, do not base

your whole argument on an unreliable assertion – phrase references carefully in your

coursework to make it clear you are aware of the problems with the source (this is the

meaning of being ‘critical’).

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People’s Republic of China (PRC) Government sites

These generally have propaganda and an informational function, but they can be useful in

research, at least in giving the CCP party line on issues. Government white papers are

available online, as are the text of many reform-era laws, speeches and writings of top leaders,

and the state-controlled press. While always remaining aware that these sources are unlikely

to dwell on problems that don’t yet have solutions or anything else which they think might

make the PRC look bad in the eyes of the world, it is not safe to assume that the truth is the

opposite of whatever they say. As with all sources, consider bias and plausibility, and look for

corroboration before relying on any information in print.

A particularly useful PRC site is the National Bureau of Statistics (国家统计局), which has both a

Chinese and English-language web sites (http://www.stats.gov.cn/). You can access back

copies of the Chinese Statistical Yearbook and download tables directly to Excel for your own

data analysis and the drawing of charts. There are also many reports and analyses of current

economic and business conditions. Statistics, however, are not value free, and the decisions all

national statistical bureaux make about how to define and classify economic and social activity

can strongly influence the picture conveyed by the numbers.

Romanization of Chinese names

When you read books on China, you will notice that there are two main systems for romanizing

(i.e. writing in the English alphabet) Chinese names and words. The older system is known as

Wade-Giles, while the modern one used within the PRC is pinyin. Most books published since

the mid-1980s use pinyin for all names except those of a few individuals well known outside

China whose names were commonly spelt in a particular way before pinyin was introduced;

they are usually kept the same so as not to confuse the reader. But generally, everybody these

days uses pinyin, so you should aim to keep to this system as far as possible in your own

writing. Below are listed the names of some of the better-known figures in 20th-century China

in both Wade-Giles and pinyin versions, and also some place-names which differ significantly in

their Wade-Giles and pinyin versions.

Pronunciation: pinyin is mostly pronounced as it is written – “ch” is pronounced exactly the

same as in English, for example – but there are a few cases where pronunciation isn’t obvious

to a non-Chinese speaker. These include:

x (as in Deng Xiaoping) is something between s and sh

q (as in the Qing dynasty) is similar to ch

zh (as in Zhao Ziyang) is like an initial j

c is a sort of tss sound

z (as in Mao Zedong) is a softer version of c, something like dz

Finally, remember that in Chinese the family name comes first - so Mao Zedong is “Chairman

Mao” – with the given name coming second. However, watch out for Chinese authors

publishing in the West who have helpfully rearranged their names in the Western order.

Counting the syllables can help you to work out which bit is the family name: Chinese family

names are almost always one syllable, with a very few exceptions such as Sima and Ouyang,

while given names are often two syllables. But if both names are monosyllabic (e.g. Tang

Tsou), check the cataloguing-in-publication data which are usually on the back of the title page

of books – these indicate which part is the author's family name.

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Wade-Giles Pinyin

Late-Imperial Ch’ing dynasty Qing dynasty (1644-1911)

China: Lin Tse-Hsu Lin Zexu

T’ai-p’ing rebellion Taiping rebellion

Chang Chih-tung Zhang Zhidong

Tseng Kuo-fan Zeng Guofan

Li Hung-chang Li Hongzhang

Tzu Hsi Ci Xi

Kuang-Hsu Emperor Guang Xu Emperor

K’ang Yu-wei Kang Youwei

Liang Ch’i-ch’ao Liang Qichao

Yuan Shih-kai Yuan Shikai

Warlords: Tuan Ch’i-jui Duan Qirui

Feng Yu-hsiang Feng Yuxiang (aka “The Christian General”)

Wu P’ei-fu Wu Peifu

Yen Hsi-shan Yan Xishan

Chang Hsueh-liang Zhang Xueliang

Chang Tso-lin Zhang Zuolin

Republican Sun Yatsen Sun Zhongshan (Nearly always “Sun Yat-sen”)

China: T’-ung-meng-hui Tongmenghui (Sun’s Revolutionary Alliance)

Kuomintang (KMT) Guomindang (GMD) (Nationalist Party)

Chiang Kaishek Jiang Jieshi (Usually Chiang Kaishek)

Wang Ching-wei Wang Jingwei

Communist Ch’en Tu-hsiu Chen Duxiu

Era: Li Tachao Li Dazhao

P’eng P’ai Peng Pai

Mao Tse-tung Mao Zedong

Teng Hsiao-p’ing Deng Xiaoping

Chou En-lai Zhou Enlai

Liu Shao-ch’i Liu Shaoqi

Chang Kuo-t’ao Zhang Guotao

Chu Te Zhu De

P’eng Te-huai Peng Dehuai

Chiang Ch’ing Jiang Qing (aka Madame Mao; Mao’s 4th wife)

Chang Ch’un-ch’iao Zhang Chunqiao

Yao Wen-yuan Yao Wenyuan

Wang Hung-wen Wang Hongwen

Lin Piao Lin Biao

Hua Kuo-feng Hua Guofeng

P’eng Chen Peng Zhen

Ch’en Yun Chen Yun

Chao Tzu-yang Zhao Ziyang

Place Wade-Giles Pinyin Other

Names: An-hui Anhui* Anhwei

Pei-ching Beijing Peking

Pei-p’ing Beiping (Alternate name for Beijing 1927-49)

Po-hai Bohai

Ch’ang-sha Changsha

Ch’eng-tu Chengdu

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Ch’ung-ch’ing Chongqing Chungking

Ta-lien Dalian Dairen, Dalny

Ta-chai Dazhai

Feng-t’ien Fengtian* (Pre-1949 province)

Fu-chien Fujian* Fukien

Kansu Gansu*

Kuang-tung Guangdong* Kwangtung

Kuang-hsi Guangxi* Kwangsi

Kuang-chou Guangzhou Canton

Kuei-chou Guizhou* Kweichow

Kuei-lin Guilin Kweilin

Han-k’ou Hankou Hankow

Hang-chou Hangzhou Hangchow

Ho-pei Hebei* Hopeh

Hei-lung-chiang Heilongjiang* Heilungkiang

Ho-nan Henan* Honan

Hu-nan Hunan*

Hu-pei Hubei* Hupeh

Huang-ho Huanghe Yellow River

Chi-nan Jinan Tsinan

Chiang-hsi Jiangxi* Kiangsi

Chiang-su Jiangsu* Kiangsu

Chi-lin Jilin* Kirin

Chiu-chiang Jiujiang Kiukiang

K’ai-feng Kaifeng

Manchukuo Manzhouguo Manchuria

Nan-ch’ang Nanchang

Nan-ching Nanjing Nanking

Ch-ing-t’ao Qingdao Tsingtao

Je-ho Rehe* Jehol (Pre-1949 prov.)

Shan-hsi Shaanxi* Shensi

Shan-tung Shandong* Shantung

Shan-hsi Shanxi* Shansi

Shen-yang Shenyang Mukden

Ssu-ch’uan Sichuan* Szechwan

Sui-yuan Suiyuan* (Pre-1949 province)

T’ai-wan Taiwan** Formosa

T’ien-chin Tianjin Tientsin

Wu-ch’ang Wuchang

Wu-han Wuhan

Hsi-an Xi’an/Xian Sian

Xizang* Tibet

Hsia-men Xiamen Amoy

Hsin-chiang Xinjiang* Sinkiang

Hsu-chou Xuzhou Hsuchow

Yen-an Yan’an Yenan

Yang-tzu Yangzi Yangtze (River)

Yun-nan Yunnan*

Chih-li Zhili* (Pre-1949; now Hebei)

Ts’un-I Zunyi

* denotes a province or autonomous region;

** regarded by PRC government as a province of China