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P3-CreationAndPurpose-Sp18b1.pptxIntroduction to Islam
Creation and purpose of creation
Course: REL 233
NOVA Community College
Dr. Daoud Nassimi
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Allah: The Creator
According to Islam:
Allah is the creator of the entire universe (all existence, living and non-living)
Allah has created everything based on a plan, for a special purpose, and for a fixed life cycle
Allah is watching all of His creation all the time and He has full knowledge about every aspect of their conditions
“Allah is the creator of everything and He is the guardian of everything” (39:62)
“Allah did not create the heavens and the earth and everything between them except with truth/purpose and for a specific term” (30:8)
Therefore, everyone and everything is created based on Allah’s absolute power, infinite wisdom, and eternal knowledge
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Allah’s Power of Creation
Whenever God decides to create something, He makes a single verbal command of “be“, and that thing comes into existence
“Verily when He intends a thing, His command is "Be" and it is!” (Qur’an 36:82)
Allah has infinite ways and powers to make things happen as He wants them to happen
He just intends and all the processes and resources keep coming into play automatically to achieve exactly what He wants to achieve
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Major Stages of Creation
Creating the pen and writing about the creation and every detail of every creature in a book “Preserved Slate or Preserved Tablet” (Lawhi Mahfooz) – also called Ummul Kitaab (mother of the book)
Creation of physical world (universe)
Creation of angels and Jinn
Preparing earth for life
Creation of plants and animals
Creation of human beings
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(85:21– 22), the tablet where the Glorious Qur’an was identified and known before it was manifested in the Prosperous House (al-Baytu’l- Ma‘mur), and this realm is therefore an all-comprehensive notebook in which both this world and the next, with whatever there is in each, are recorded.
There is nothing left unrecorded in it (6:59).
Everything has been written down and kept in it (36:12).
It is a register where there is the knowledge of everything that has happened and will happen (50:4).
It is a notebook where everything that has happened and will happen to every being eternally exists (57:22).
Truly, the Supreme Preserved Tablet is the main record in which all the worlds, whether we know them or not, and all things and events that occur in these worlds are recorded.
God effaces what He wills, and He confirms and establishes (what He wills): with Him is the Mother Book (13:39).
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Creation of Physical World
Process of formation of universe started with:
“Have those who disbelieved not considered that the universe used to be together (as one mass), so We ripped them apart; and from water we made every living thing? Would they still not believe (that We created all this)?” (21:30)
Developmental process in six days/stages/periods
A systematic approach
“We created the heavens and the earth and all in between them in Six Days/periods, and no sense of weariness touched Us” (50:38)
“Then He directed Himself to the heaven while it was smoke (gaseous) …” (41:11)
Referring to the initial gaseous state of the heavens
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Creation of World
God created/decreed universal laws of nature for operation of universe (see Verse 41:12)
Universe is in state of submission to God
Specific data, such as age of universe, its process details, etc. not shared with us, because …
Beyond our grasp and need, and
Necessary knowledge for it should become available in finite forms through scientific research for human progress
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Creation of World and Life
While the Qur’an does not talk about the process of creation, it drops some hints here and there as signs for people to reflect. For example, in the matter of the creation, it says:
“Glorify the name of your Lord, the Most High, Who created then optimized, Who predetermined then guided.” (87:1-3)
One of the contmeporary Muslim scholars* of Qur’an explains the four stages mentioned (in bold) in these verses in the following way:
Creation refers to the first steps such as big bang, creation of RNA, DNA, single cell organisms, and so on
Optimization is the long process of development and growth through which the universe and everything went through
Predetermination includes things like the initial parameters of the universe, four fundamental forces, laws of nature (physics, chemistry, biology),etc.
Guidance includes instincts as well as the revealed guidance
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* Ayub Hamid
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Creation of Angels
Angels: A living creature, but invisible to human eyes (in general)
They are created to perform various kinds of duties
For nature, in addition to natural laws
For human beings and other living creatures
Not meant to help God in any form, but to obey
They have no physical needs, such as eating, drinking, sleeping, etc.
Made from light
Have wings (exact nature of wings unknown to us)
Can appear in human form in very exceptional circumstances when God orders
More info about angels coming in “Articles of Faith”
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Creation of Jinn
Jinn (Genii): Another living creature, but invisible to human eyes
They were created from smokeless fire and before human beings
They have freedom of will
They can be believers or disbelievers
They will have accountability
Disbelieving Jinn: Disobedient to God and they are the source of temptation and evil to human beings (similar to concept of Demons, Devil, ghost, and evil spirits)
Satan: A prominent Jinn who disobeyed God and became a disbeliever
His initial name was Iblis and he is the leader of all disbelieving Jinn
Satan was not an angel (or fallen angel) because angels would never disobey God
The cause of misunderstanding: Iblis initially lived among angels and they were worshiping God together. Also, angels and Jinn are mentioned together in the same verse because both are invisible creation.
Qur’an clarifies the identity of Satan in Verse18:50 “And recall when We said to the angels: "Prostrate yourselves before Adam"; all of them prostrated, except Iblis. He was of the Jinn and so disobeyed the command of his Lord”
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Human’s good thoughts do not come from believing Jinn, but they come from Allah and sometimes through the angels.
Differences of Jinn with human beings: Disbelieving Jinn is a source of temptation for believing Jinn. They can see the angels and some of the unseen, but we can not. They are tested mainly for obedience, and not for believing the unseen. They have less mental power. Some of them have exceptional other capabilities.
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Creation of Jinn
Satan and its followers have power of only suggestion and temptation to human beings, with permission of God
But, they have no authority and no power of control to force them to do anything unless people give in to them
Human beings are advised to avoid following Satan and its followers, and avoid dealing with all Jinn in general
Believing Jinn (mixed with angels in some religions) are like believing human beings
They could be very devoted, half-hearted, or corrupted
Jinn are created to …
Be a creature with will and choice among the non-visible creatures
Become an invisible source of temptation for human beings (as part of the test of human beings’ fidelity to God)
And more (only God Knows)
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Satan always incites people through nice attractive slogans and deceives them by posing as their well-wisher who has nothing but their best interest at heart. The same is true for his human counterparts. But it is up to human beings to use their God-given intelligence and make rational decisions according the guidance provided by God so mercifully.
Satan plays with people’s emotions and feelings; fans their lusts and arouses their desires; influences their ideas, thoughts and philosophies; contaminates their literature, art, culture, and fashion; and poisons their social customs, traditions, civilization, economy, politics, etc.
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Preparing Earth for Human life
Creation of a system for life and many sub-systems to support it
Water
Plants
Animals – dinosaurs, etc.
Providing all kinds of resources for human beings to survive and thrive
Creation of human beings
A new creature with no prior existence in another form
A very unique creature
The climax and crown of the creation
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Evolution theory can be accepted about life in earth in general, but the exception of human beings.
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Creation of Human Beings
Creation Process
First human (Adam)
His mate (Eve/Hawaa)
Human reproduction and marriage process (see Verses 4:1, 32:7, and 49:13)
For more details, read “Origin of Life” article by Maurice Bucaille in Bb Course Documents
Human components
Physical (elements from dust / earthly elements)
Spiritual (soul)
Intellectual (mental faculties: consciousness, conscience, capacity to reason and make choices, ability to receive and analyze the knowledge, assess what goes through one’s mind, etc.)
Important to integrate and harmonize all three components and develop a holistic view
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An Islamic scholar, Ayub Hamid says:
Allah does not describe the process He used for creation. Rather, He declares that He has infinite ways and powers to make things happen as He wants them to happen. He just intends and all the processes and resources keep coming into play automatically to achieve exactly what He wants to achieve. However, the Qur’an does drop some hints here and there as signs for people to reflect. In the matter of the creation, For example, He said: 1 Glorify the name of your Lord, the Most High, 2 Who created then optimized, 3 Who predetermined then guided. (87:1-3).
Creation can refer to the first steps such as big bang, creation of RNA, DNA, single cell organisms, and so on. Optimization can be the long process of evolution through which the universe and everything went through. Predetermination can include things like the initial parameters of the universe, four fundamental forces, laws of nature (physics, chemistry, biology),etc. Guidance includes instincts as well as the revealed guidance. For human beings, it says: …So once I have improved him to be in due proportion and breathed into him of My spirit, …. (38:72). This can indicate some kind of evolutionary process of improvement until the human being attained mental faculties that distinguish them from other creations. The bottom line is these are signs to reflect, not lessons to teach the process of creation.
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Human: A unique creature
Human being: A very unique creature, mainly because of:
Intellect and conscience
Ability to think, analyze, and discern
Ability to receive and develop knowledge
Freedom of will
Ability to make choices
Authority and power of decision making
Human beings are gifted with great potentials and many special abilities and resources, but also with many limitations
Two main sources of temptations:
Satan and its followers (who can be from Jinn or other human beings)
Negative impulses and base desires from within (Hawaa) - instinctive lusts and desires
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Evolution Theory and Muslim Scholars
According to some contemporary Muslim scholars:
Islam affirms many of the broad principles and premises of evolution theory, such as:
Genetic mutation and micro-evolution
Extrapolation
Age of dinosaurs
Animals having a universal common ancestor
But Allah is the cause of all, and nothing happened randomly
Evolution possible for all life forms with one exception, and that is human life
It is like in a series of dominos, Allah inserted the final domino (human) directly Himself
There is no basis of many human characteristics in any animal life, such as: intellect, meta-cognition, free will, art, language, civilization, renaissance, reformation, etc.
All languages coming from one language
DNA studies also trace all human beings to one person
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Purpose of Human Life
To fully understand the purpose of human life, need to learn the following concepts:
Necessity of purpose and responsibility
Human as caliph (Khaleefa) on the earth
Life as a testing period and preparing for next life
Submission of one’s will to God
Servitude and worship of God
Seeking pleasure of God
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Necessity of Purpose and Responsibility
Qur’an emphasizes that this life is not without purpose and without consequences
We did not create the heavens, the earth and what is between them just for play (fun, entertainment) (44:38)
Do you then think that We have created you in vain and that you are not to be returned to Us? (23:115)
Its next verse explains that Allah, being supremely exalted and the Sovereign Lord of the entire universe, is high above doing anything that is aimless and unfair
Does man think that he will be left without being held accountable (eventually)? (75:36)
Allah created the universe for a valid purpose and so that everyone may be recompensed for what they have earned, and they will not be wronged (45:22)
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Plan of Two Lives
God planned two lives for human beings
A temporary life in this world
An eternal life in the next world
Life of this world is designed to be a preparing stage for the life of next world
So, quality of next life depends on the performance of a person in this world
An equation can explain the relationship of this life to next life
Equation of Human Life:
[Life of this world] x [Performance Factor] = [Quality of next life]
The Performance Factor is based on the degree of living according to the purpose of life (in terms of belief and actions)
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Human as Khaleefah
Human status in this world: Khaleefah (caliph) of the earth
Khaleefah means trustee, vicegerent, leader, successor
Trustee of God on earth
Holding life and all kinds of abilities, possessions, and all other resources as trusts
Being caretaker of trusts and their development
Treated with great honor, but with a grave responsibility
Vicegerent of God: Responsible to implement teachings of God
Leader on earth
Having control power over other creatures and resources
All resources of earth are created to be at human’s service
Even heavenly bodies and resources, such as sun, moon, etc. are subjected to fulfill human needs
Successor: Succeeding Jinn to lead the earth
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Life Full of Tests
Life in this world is meant to mark out how human beings use their abilities and resources, especially their intellect and freedom of will
Who thinks about creation and creator, and who does not?
Who recognizes favors of life & starts to appreciate the source (God), and who does not?
Who believes in God (without seeing Him) and who does not?
Who accepts and obeys teachings of God, and who does not?
Who lives a responsible life with accountability in mind, and who does not ?
To what degree they do or don’t all of the above?
Results of tests will be given in the next world
This life is a testing period and field to prepare for next life
Most conditions and states of this life are meant to be tests, with very little rewards and punishment. Full rewards and punishment only in next world
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Human's test lies in showing whether he accepts God even though he cannot perceive it directly through his senses; and whether, after having accepted it, he has the required moral stamina to obey God even though he is endowed with the capacity to disobey Him. In sending the Prophets, in revealing the Scriptures, and even in performing miracles, God has always taken care to leave scope for testing man's power of judgement and his moral stamina. He has never disclosed reality to such a degree that man would be inevitably compelled to accept it. For if that were done, nothing would remain to be tested and the very idea of man's success or failure would be meaningless. It is pointed out, therefore, that people should not keep waiting for God and the angels to appear physically in front of them. If that were to happen, it would mark the end of everything and there would be no occasion left for man to decide anything. To believe and to bow in submission and obedience to God are of value only so long as the unseen realities are presented in such a way as to make its rejection possible. For, if the unseen realities were to be fully disclosed and if men were to see with their own eyes God on His Throne of Majesty with the entire universe acting according to His command, what would be the worth of their faith and obedience? If all these things were physically observable not even the most stubborn unbelievers and the worst sinners would dare either to disbelieve or disobey. Acceptance of faith and obedience has value only as long as there remains a veil over reality. The moment when reality is totally unveiled, it would mark the end of the period granted to man to decide, and the end of the testing period for him. In fact, that would happen only after leaving this world and at the Day of Judgement.
“Did you think We have created you in vain (with no purpose), and that you would not be brought back to Us?
So, exalted be Allah (much above such a shortcoming), the True King! There is no god but He, the Lord of the Great Throne.” (23:115-116)
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Why Tests?
Typical questions about tests of life:
Why does Allah want to test us?
Does Allah need to know the results though the tests?
If not and if He already knows the results of the tests, why does He still test us?
What are the benefits of the tests of life for us?
If He already knows the end results of our lives, do we really have any free will?
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Why Tests?
Tests of life are not meant to provide information or any other benefits to God because God has advance knowledge about future of everyone and He is free of any needs
However, the advance knowledge of God neither diminishes the significance of tests nor it takes away freedom of will from people because …
God does not judge people based on His own advance knowledge about them, but He judges them based on their own actions
In spite of God’s advance knowledge, people are free to make their own decisions (especially in the areas of belief and actions that will be judged)
Need to distinguish between knowing in advance versus predetermining something
Think of many examples, such as parents vs children, teacher vs students
Allah has advance knowledge of everything, but He has predetermined certain things
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Why Tests?
Tests of life are meant to …
Make the life of this world a life of struggling and striving for success
Lead human beings to growth and development - towards perfection
Help them realize the impact of their own choices in this world for next life
Provide them a chance to witness the absolute justice of God in next world
Learning much more about tests of life in a later presentation
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Allah could have made everyone Muslim and there would have been no Deen except Islam. But that would have deprived people of their freedom and without freedom there would be no true test. To preserve people’s freedom and keep their test valid, everything in the human society has to be left to human beings themselves.
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Freedom of Will and its Submission
Human beings are born in the state of submission to God
Both the nature and the will of the baby function according to God’s will
The human’s nature continues to submit to God until the time of death
But, the submission of human’s will becomes a choice after becoming adult
“Submission of human’s will to God” means surrendering human’s will to the will of God – accepting God’s teachings and making choices accordingly (in belief and actions)
If a person submits to God and follows His guidance after becoming an adult, this would lead to …
Harmony between the person’s nature and will (because human’s nature is already submitting to God) - leading to peace within the person
Harmony and peace with the rest of the world/nature (because the world is also already submitting to God) - leading to peace with the environment
Peace with God
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* If one stops submitting his/her will to God before the age of adulthood, not accountable to God due to influence of parents and environment.
But after becoming adult, accountability starts for the submission of will.
** Note that God has granted human beings freedom to choose between good deeds and bad deeds and to choose their response to a stimulus. A person can choose to adopt good or bad behaviour at every step of the way in life. He has also made human nature such that whatever path one chooses to follow, that path becomes easy for him. (see verses 92:7 and 92:10). A person’s aptitude grows and intensifies in whatever direction he wants to take it. If a person keeps on doing good things and making the right choices, his personality develops in that direction and good behaviour becomes easier for him. On the other hand, if a person insists on doing wrong, he gets more deeply entrenched in his wrong attitude. Whatever path a person chooses to stays on, that path becomes his natural way. That is how we form habits and become conditioned to certain patterns of behaviour. Also, that is why the more time and effort we spend on a certain hobby, project or activity, the more interesting and enjoyable it becomes for us.
Now, if a person closes his mind because of his own biases, prejudices, jealousies, and other negative emotions, he cannot understand a different point of view regardless of how true and reasonable that point is. On top of that, if the person starts defending his own stance and arguing and fighting for it, he becomes more and more fixated on his position. In his insistence on his opinion and in his efforts to justify it, a point comes when he does not accept the other point of view even if it is clearly evident and proven without doubt. That is a stage when you can say that the heart and mind of the person is sealed.
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Worship of God
Worship has a broad meaning that could include all good deeds in life (any actions pleasing to God)
Worship (Ibaadah) used in 3 senses:
Submission of thoughts and will
Adoring, praising, glorifying, bowing down, and prostrating
Obedience and servitude
Human beings are created to worship Allah by their own choice
But, worship of God by human is neither meant to be a favor to God nor needed by God - because God is perfect and free of all needs
Worship of God is a process of growth and moving towards perfection for human beings
With correct meaning and spirit of worship, the more they worship the better they become (more useful, more integrity, etc.)
Examples: prayers, charity, self-purification, helping others, etc.
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Worship of God
In its broad meaning, the whole life and every aspect of it is meant to be a life of worship and opportunity for rewards
Even intimacy with one’s spouse is something rewarded by Allah
There are special acts of worship, such as daily prayers, fasting, etc. and there are general acts of worship
After performing special acts of worship and obedience, any other action can be counted as a general act of worship as long as two conditions are met:
Having pure intention, and
The action to be within teachings of God (approved by God)
Special acts of worship are not meant to be mere rituals, but they are very meaningful activities that should engage the body, soul, mind, and heart (the full character)
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Integrating concepts of purpose of life
Purpose of life becomes more clear by integrating the concepts of being Khaleefa, tests in this life and results in next life, freedom of will and its submission, servitude and worship of God, and pleasure of God:
Life with all kinds of resources (including intellect and freedom of will) are given to human beings as a favor and opportunity along with responsibility
Human is appointed as Khaleefa of the earth: Caretaker of all of those resources which are under their control
Tests of Life: How a person uses those opportunities and resources
Main test: Submission to God, His worship and servitude
Testing period is temporary and provisional followed by death and returning for judgment and eternal life
Main secret of success in the tests: Following guidance of God
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Integrating concepts of being Khaleefa, tests, submission of will, and worship:
God created human beings as a very unique creature, and granted them intellect and freedom of will to have special potentials and authorities
Arranged to have a temporary life in this world followed by an eternal life in the next world.
In this world, God showers human beings with His mercy and abundant favors, including life, provisions, and guidance. Depending on people’s attitude and reactions towards God and His favors in this life, the quality of their next life will be determined.
Life of this world is set to be a life of tests and trials so that human beings are in a continuous and dynamic state of struggling and striving for growth and excellence, thereby measuring people’s attitude towards God in various situations of life.
The main tests are recognizing God’s favors, submitting to Him, and following His guidance.
Striving to succeed in these main tests leads human beings to live a life in servitude and worship of God (in its broad meaning as a process of continuous growth and development).
Since pure intentions and genuine efforts of human beings towards excellence and success in the tests of life lead to approval and pleasure of God, earning God’s pleasure becomes the real objective of life.
Supreme objective of life : Seeking pleasure of God in every action and every aspect of life.
If we did not have free will, we would have obeyed God all the time like angels. In that case, there was no need for human beings to be created because angels were already doing that. Allah wanted to create a new creature (human) so that they worship God based on their own choice.
Establishing justice and fairness in all dimensions of life – individual, family and social –are given the highest priority in Islam.
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Supreme Objective: Seeking Pleasure of God
Pure intentions and any genuine efforts lead to pleasure of God
Any efforts to act as a true Khaleefa on the earth lead to pleasure of God
Any efforts to pass the tests of life lead to pleasure of God
Submission of human’s will to God leads to pleasure of God
Obedience and worship of God leads to pleasure of God
Any good deeds lead to pleasure of God
Since every effort leads to pleasure of God, the supreme objective of life becomes seeking pleasure of God in every action and every aspect of life
Purpose of life can also be stated: To live a good life in obedience to the laws of God, having a good connection with God as well as good dealings with people, thereby attaining inner happiness in this world, and at the same time, preparing for much more happiness in the eternal life.
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Note that there is a huge difference between 'God's will' and 'God's pleasure'. The failure to differentiate between the two often gives rise to serious misconceptions. If a certain thing takes place in accord with the universal will of God, and thus by His sanction, that does not necessarily mean that God is pleased with it. This is because nothing at all takes place in the world unless God permits it to take place, unless He makes it a part of His scheme, and unless He makes it possible for that event to take place by creating its necessary conditions. The act of stealing on the part of a thief, the act of homicide on the part of a murderer, the wrong and corruption of a wrong-doer, the unbelief of the unbeliever and the polytheism of the polytheist - none of these are possible without the will of God. Likewise, the faith of the believer and the piety of the pious are inconceivable without the will of God. In short, both these require the will of God. But whereas the things in the first category do not please Him, those in the second do. Even though the will of God is oriented to ultimate good, the course of the realization of that good is paved with conflict between the forces of light and darkness, of good and evil, of what is sound and pure on the one hand and what is corrupt and defiled on the other. With larger interests in view, God has endowed man with the disposition of obedience as well as of disobedience. He has created in man Abrahamic and Mosaic as well as Nimrodic and Pharaonic potentialities. Both the pure, unadulterated human nature and the satanic urges are ingrained in man's being and have been provided with the opportunity to work themselves out by coming into conflict with each other. He has granted those species of His creatures who are possessed of authority (viz. man and jinn) the freedom to choose between good and evil. Whosoever chooses to act righteously has been given the power to do so, and the same is the case with him who chooses to be evil. People of both categories are in a position to use material resources within the framework of the broader considerations underlying God's- governance of His universe. God will be pleased, however, only with those who are working for good. God likes His creatures to exercise their freedom of choice properly and commit themselves to good of their own volition. Unlike the angels, who carry out God's commands without resistance from any quarter, the task entrusted to men is to strive to establish the way of life sanctioned by God in the face of opposition and hostility from evil-doers and rebels against Him. In the framework of His universal will, God allows even those who have chosen the path of rebellion to strive for the realization of their goals, even as He grants the believers every opportunity to strive along the path of obedience and service to God. Despite this granting of freedom and choice to all there is no doubt that God is pleased with, and guides, directs, supports and strengthens the believers alone because their overall direction is to His liking. Nevertheless, they should not expect that by His supernatural intervention God will either force those who are disinclined to believe into believing or that He will forcibly remove the satanic forces - among both men and jinn - who are resolved to spare neither their mental and physical energy nor their material resources to impede the triumph of God’s path. Those determined to strive in the cause of God’s path, and of virtue and righteousness are told that they must prove their earnest devotion by struggling against the devotees of wrong paths. For had God wanted to use miracles to obliterate the wrong paths and usher in the reign of the God’s path, He would not have required human beings to accomplish the task. He could have simply seen to it that no wrong paths remained in the world, leaving no possibility for polytheism and unbelief to exist.
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Summary
God is the creator of everyone and everything
Major stages of creation
Creation of world, angels, Jinn, plants, animals, and human beings
Human’s main components
Plan of two lives for human
Purpose of human life in this world
Human beings are created to have a fulfilling and productive life in this world, but temporary and full of tests and trials
All results and full justice in the next world
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