Hi I need help with a research paper

Living Building: a Building Block of Smart Cities Driss Benhaddou

Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston Houston, TX 77204

USA [email protected]

ABSTRACT Smart cities are being developed in different parts of the world. Developments focus on how municipalities can make these cities efficient where citizen’s life is convenient, safe, and productive. Challenges in smart cities can be categorized in, networking and data processing and analysis, infrastructure development and resilience, citizen life and governance, and energy and buildings. Buildings constitute a key building block that will play a key role in developing smart cities. Residential buildings are used to develop our homes, commercial buildings are used for government services, as well as different industries. Buildings consume 50% of our energy and can be used to produce energy through rooftop solar energy. This position paper presents a concept of living a building, a building capable of behaving as if it is a living organism to achieve its objective in a sustainable way.

KEYWORDS Smart buildings; Wireless Sensors; Middleware, Cloud Computing; Edge Computing1

1Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

ICSDE '17, July 21–23, 2017, Rabat, Morocco


© 2017 Association for Computing Machinery.

ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-5281-9/17/07...$15.00

https://doi.org/10.1145/3128128.3128156

1 INTRODUCTION Imagine a building capable of turning up the heat,

activating the air-conditioning, generating its own energy, and even sending surplus energy it generates locally to the smart grid autonomously. A building that optimizes it energy consumption and adapts to it environment and emergencies while taking in consideration its users behavior and preferences as if it is “living” organism. The “living” metaphor is used to indicate the correspondence of nervous, regulatory, and immune system in a living biological organism that adapts autonomously to its environment. We envision the nervous system to be made of a network of sensors, actuators, and pervasive computing infrastructure composed of microcontrollers and multi-processors servers running smart algorithms (e.g. Artificial Intelligence); the regulatory function to be made of building control network; and immune function made of fault tolerant and failure avoidance and detection protocols and algorithms.

In a smart city environment these building are interacting among each other and collaborate to accomplish multiple functions:

• They optimize the overall resources in terms of energy consumption and water usage. Indeed, depending on their utility, buildings can include Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC), appliances, lights, motors, Chillers, Boilers, machines, pumps, etc. Buildings need to optimize the operation of these machines for energy efficiency. They collect rain water and treat all type of water to be useful for occupants.

• They generate energy from the renewable energy installed in roofs or nearby parking lots. These building can also make a microgrid actively participating in the smart grid. Depending on the number of buildings involved (Neighborhood, campus, etc.), they need to coordinate for efficient operation of the microgrid.

• They interact with occupant to make sure they are comfortable and the building utility is well accomplished.

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• They intelligently interact with their environment to implement smart city functions.

• They are sustainable: they strive to implement net-zero concept in terms of energy and carbon foot print. Sustainability requires both long term planning and design as well as a building that understands its occupant behavior and adapts accordingly.

Controlling and maintaining these functions are complex multivariable optimization objectives. Some of these objectives are even conflicting, for instance optimizing energy calls for operations that my impact the user comfort negatively. How to optimize the energy operation of building while meeting user comfort objectives is a multi- objective function with different constraints. In addition, the internal functions of sensor monitoring; parameter estimating and learning; failure detection and isolation; fault diagnosis and avoidance, and recovery poses significant technical hurdles and scientific and engineering challenges.

Figure 1 shows a typical lay out of a smart city. The city implement different distributed energy resources (DER) to enable net-zero energy city. This is a typical small city that implements a microgrid function. The microgrid is composed of Microgrid Central Controller (MGCC) that interacts with local microgrid controllers (MC) to implement energy management functions. MCs are typically interfaced with DER, such as Photovoltaic (PV) at the roof top, and implement local control of these resources. These components control electricity flow in the microgrid as well as communicate information through Energy Information System (EIS). EIS plays a key role in managing the resources within the microgrid and can be thought of as a layer on the top of the power layer. EIS has the objective of making sure microgrid is stable, reliable, and resilient (can work in normal or islanded mode). EIS has also the capability of interacting with the smart grid market as well as other nearby microgrids.

Figure 1: A smart city lay out implementing different living buildings behaving as Microgrid.

Components and occupants in the smart city produce the data that is used to develop energy prediction model, user preference and activity models, consumption profile models. The data is collected by a middleware for future use and further development. The data is accessed by a number of applications including, solar energy prediction, user activity modeling, consumption prediction, thermal and air flow setting, HVAC control, event generation for maintenance and failure detection.

This is a position paper presenting this novel concept of a living building and it role in a smart city with application on energy efficiency and microgrids. Energy efficiency and smart grid will revolutionize the way we will use and produce energy and building will play a key role. Buildings will be able to interact with other buildings in order to save and sell energy in peer-to-peer energy market. These ideas will inspire the new researcher in coming up with projects that will create innovations in smart city. Section II presents the concept of smart city and different area of research. Literature review of the state of art in energy efficiency and microgrids is presented in section III. Section IV talks about different components needed to build a living building and challenges that can be addressed. Conclusions and future work is presented in section V.

2 THE CONCEPT OF SMART CITY Smart city concept has been connoted as early as 2000 [1] and has been addressed by different research groups [2]. Research in smart city encompasses many views and involves STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) disciplines as well as social and behavioral sciences (SBS) disciplines. Smart city is about the people and how their quality of life can improve. Smart cities related challenges can be categorized in different areas including networks and data, infrastructure and resilience, mobility, energy and buildings.

Networks and data: with the penetration of Internet of Things (IoT) in all aspects of our environment, huge amount of data will be generated, transmitted through networks, for real time processing and then archived for visualization and processing [3]. These data need to be processed for knowledge to be generated and utilized for the good of people living in the smart cities. Architectural solutions include edge, fog, and cloud computing to meet challenges related to latency, network bandwidth, reliability and security. Fog computing and edge analytics, IoT, 5G, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems will allow people to generate data and consume useful information allowing services smart. Since smart city is about the people, so the over-arching question is how networks and data can be utilized to improve the quality of life of people?

Renewable Energy

Smart Office

Central Power Plant

Processor

StorageStorage

GeneratorGenerator

Industrial Plant

StorageStorage

Smart Buildings

With rooftop solar panels

PHEV

PHEV Parking Deck

MGCC

EIS MC MCMC

MC

MC MC

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Infrastructure and resilience: infrastructure such as the road, walking and biking trails, road networks, multimodal transportation systems, water network, and new overlay information technology (IT) infrastructure to make theses system smarter to benefit people. Since smart city is about how to benefit resident these infrastructure have to provide smart lighting, smart transit system, smarter recycling programs, and smart public safety, improving the quality of life of citizen. In addition sustainability efforts look into how recycle, reuse and reduce of resources such as water infrastructure including ground water, surface water, wastewater, and storm water. In smart city we will see multi-functions use of different infrastructure. Light pole can host video cameras for public safety and parking/traffic management, community WiFi access points, and environmental sensors. Sensors will play a key role in public safety as they give information about fire alarms, streets, traffic, buildings, water systems, and electrical grids. Smart City services depend upon a resilient network to share data effectively.

Mobility: with the growth of population in urban areas, mobility modes should provide reliable smart solutions that are convenient, reduce congestion, and improve safety. Through partnership among public agencies, research institutions, and industry leaders, municipalities and public transportation organization will have access to data to provide such solutions. Mobility will need to address challenges such as the last mile and core transportation system.

Citizen life and governance: currently, citizen have to deal with different offices for different services. With the advent of cloud computing and IoT it is possible now to develop personalized services enabling citizen to interact with one office. To access such service, citizen need to be integrated in the digital worlds. Underserved population need to be integrated to the digital world to access similar services and increase opportunities to move up in the social fabric. Smart city should provide safe environment for its citizen with advanced public safety infrastructure taking advantage of the automated and integrated services.

Energy and buildings: Building constitutes one of the major building block of smart cities. We spend more than 90% of our times in buildings such as houses, workspaces, schools, and shopping center. These buildings consume more than %50 of the total energy produced. The way the energy is being produce and consumed is revolutionizing the energy infrastructure. Power grid is becoming a two way electric system where consumer can generate their own energy as distributed energy resource (DER) such as roof top solar panel on buildings and participate in the energy generation. To enable efficient integration of DER new technologies in term of communication and integrated circuit need to be developed and integrated. This enable

citizen of the smart city to save energy and money enable the development of sustainable smart city.

3 LITERATURE REVIEW A living building is a building that interacts with its occupant as it accomplishes its functions. Industry is already developing personal assistant technologies for building solutions in the market such as the Amazon echo, Google home, Microsoft ocana, Apple Seri, and IBM Watson. These technologies enable a lot of neat applications.

From energy perspectives, numerous research projects aim to increase energy efficiency in neighborhoods and cities, including more renewable energies and reduction of greenhouse gases. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is inspiring researchers for providing electricity in cheapest way, in deed, energy efficiency will lower the cost of the energy. The Cyber-Enabled Efficient Energy Management of Structures project [4, 5] sets a goal to integrally and laterally optimize energy consumption within a building using ICT and comprehensive sensing techniques, dynamic graphs and disturbance control for reliability escalation. SEEMPubS [6] and SEEDS [7] projects aim at increasing green energy by implementing an ICT-based service in public buildings to manage the energy consumption. EMPROVE [8] is focused in modeling the energy consumption of buildings, and analyzing the data using a decision support system. eDIANA [9] builds energy efficiency using embedded devices by dividing the control in cells (buildings) and microcell (rooms). On a wider scale, many efforts have been going deeply into the subject of smart cities and smartness by extending the ICT for energy efficient and performance to the wider context of neighborhoods and communities EFFESUS[10], CONCERTO[11]). The Cyber-Physical Infrastructure for the "Smart City” project [12] Aims to establish a Cyber- Physical Infrastructure (CPI) for urban environments and address fundamental problems that involve data collection, dynamic resource allocation, real-time decision making, safety, and security. Projects such as PLEEC [13], CELSIUS [14] and EU-GUGLE [15] introduce concepts such as smart district heating/cooling near-zero buildings and energy efficiency for smart cities.

The demand for microgrids as a strategy for ensuring grid reliability and energy independence is growing. Either grid-connected or in islanded modes of operation, microgrids are drawing a lot of attention. The FREEDM system [16] is a project aims to create the future grid by enabling small neighborhoods to be energy independent and include more renewable energies. The Cyber Physical Challenges of Transient Stability and Security in Power Grids project [17] creates a cyber-physical system capable of adjusting the loads, communicating the information between different parties and sense abnormal states caused by natural faults or malicious attacks. While the smart grid

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of today requires mores renewable energies, matching the demand to the supply of energy is challenging. Specifically, accurate predictions of generation and consumptions will play key role in stability as well as in reliance on DER such as solar.

Microgrids have been developed as a mean to integrate Distributed Energy Resources (DER), such as photovoltaic (PV), micro-turbines (MT) and fuel cells (FC), directly at the customer site [18] and provide reliable power with economic, environmental and technical benefits. In addition, they operate in grid connected (normal state) with the ability to take energy from the grid as well as feed power directly to low voltage (LV) networks, thereby allowing the customer to become an active participant in the grid [19]. They should also be able to work in emergency state (islanded mode). The living campus is a typical Microgrid where the living building, implements solar energy in the roof top constitutes a building block of this microgrid and actively participates in this microgrid. The concept of microgrid can be applied at the community level where consumers within a subdivision can implement solar energy in their roof tops and aggregate their energy in the community microgrid and form retail electricity providers (REP). These REPs share interest in microgrids and collaborate with other microgrids within the smart grid to provide electricity.

Smart gird related research and development is being investigated by utility companies, standards bodies, and university research groups, and is currently one of the top technologies that will give the U.S. economy a competitive advantage. Several consortiums at the Department of Energy through its Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) has been established to develop technologies that will enable the migration of the current U.S. electric power grid toward a reliable and efficient smart grid [20-22]. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is undertaking the responsibility of developing standards for the interoperability of technologies to enable the smart grid, as chartered by the Energy Independent and Security Act of 2007 [8, 9]. Other standards bodies, such as IEEE (Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers), IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) are being involved to help in this huge process [20]. Global projects attempt to solve this problem by increasing energy efficiency, reducing greenhouse gases, upgrading the current electric grid to a smarter grid, and including more renewable energy in neighborhoods and cities. In Europe, the Union’s 20 % headline target on energy efficiency aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 %, raise the renewable energy in the grid to 20 % and improve energy efficiency by 20 %. In China, the fast-growing economy has enforced the

country as the world's largest consumer of electricity and producer of power and as the strongest long-term market of microgrids. In China, the government national energy priorities are improving energy efficiency, increasing renewable mix, and reducing the carbon intensity.

4 LIVING BUILDING COMPONENTS A living organism collects sensory data and computes it

to make a smart decision. As a human being for example, we use the five senses to collect enough information along with the time component to build a context and response according to the context and the needed information. Similarly, building need to collect as many data and time series as possible to be able to build a context and make the right decision. Figure 2 show the architectural model used to develop a living building concept. The building is collecting as much information as possible (dark block) and archive and process the information. The data is processed and then information is inferred to send events for maintenance, fault management, etc. other information is sent to management purposes to adjust knobs. As we consider a group of building to form a microgrid, the information is processed in a hierarchical manner. Adjustment is sent to the microgrid management component that in terns send adjustment to building management that impact directly the occupant/user.

Living building is composed of sensors, networks and middleware to communicate these sensors for computing and analysis, and applications that implement different services.

Figure 2: Architecture of the an Energy Information System.

A. Sensors and relays

Sensors and relays are the first step into implementing any intelligence in a system. AS human for instance we use our 5 sensor capabilities to interact with the world. Buildings need to following types of sensors:

- Human recognition and counting: Buildings need to know who is using it to adjust the service to their preference and how many people are using it to plan for the capacity needed. Sensors used include:

Users activities and input

Production (solar)

Consumption

Evaluation Prediction models

User activity Models

Microgrid maintenance Fault management, etc.

Microgrid Management System

Building Management System

User Feedback Indirect user activity sensing

Consumption data from equipment

Production data from rooftop solar energyEvents

Adjust microgrid

Special configurations Repair and maintenance

Adjust temperature setting, machines, etc

Visualization User comfort seting

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o Ultrasound sensors, Radio Frequency ID, Infrared, ladars, video camera, Bluetooth beacon, etc.

o Participatory sensing using smart phone - Device interaction: Building need to know the

devices within it such as appliances, computers, machines, heating ventilations and air conditioning etc.

- Relays: living buildings have two-way interaction with its environments and therefore need relays to be able to control and turn on and off equipment.

There are many research opportunities in the area of sensors in terms of how to develop multifunctional sensors to reduce the cost and size? How to develop smart sensing techniques that enable the building to be as efficient as possible?

B. Middleware

Given the heterogeneous environment in which living building will exist, there is a need of a middleware that will hide the complexity and the heterogeneity of the different subsystems. Subsequently, there is a need to move from a device oriented to an interaction/message-oriented

middleware. To do so, we are embarking on assessing behaviors, dynamics and interactions of the different levels composing the complex smart campus ecosystem. A key architecture that enable such capability is publish subscribe architecture.

Figure 3 shows typical layer-based middleware architecture. Each layer is composed of multiple components, which, in their turn, consist of different modules. In the figure we illustrate the middleware architecture with the roles of both of its layers (i.e. abstraction & mediation layer and management layer) while the network devices are the data generators and the application’s clients are the data consumers.

The Network embodies sensing, effecting and communication components. The core function of sensing & actuating component is sensing the environments through the multiple sensors spread in the buildings, as well as effecting changes in the environment by executing commands from energy management system. All accessible communication technologies should be supported by the middleware.

Abstraction & Mediation Layer shows how effective the middleware better manages multiple connecting devices. The main’s role of this layer is to integrate different wireless

Network

Abstraction & Mediation Layer

Sensors and Actuators

Data collection Data transforming filtering Data summarization Statistics generation device ID

Virtual representation of Network Plug-and-play specification Traffic Regulation Device effecting/actuating

Device Abstraction

Fault Detection error logs Alarm handling

Fault Management Security policy Authorization/ Authentication Risk assessment log & audit

Security Management

Management Layer

Data and system Integration Energy efficiency Demand Response Electric vehicle charging Predictions generation

Energy management system

Service Interface Event-based PubSub pattern Configuration accommodation Priorities Assignment

Integration Capabilities

Smart applications Autonomous Management Fault tolerance and auto-recovery

Application-Logic Integration Context-awareness Social Networks Service Orchestration: discovery, adaptation...

Business semantics management

Living Building Application layer

AMI T/H sensors, Pressure, Lightning,CO2, Motion…. Dampers, AHU, Motors

PLC, Modbus,Backnet Ethenet, WIFI, Zigbee, Zwave

Devices Communication

Data storageData assimilation

Data flow

Figure 3: Living Building middleware architecture.

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and wired data systems into a standard unified architecture. Consequently, it receives sensing data through the device abstraction component. This component manages the connection between the sensor network and the middleware system by providing devices’ plugins and/or by virtually representing the network. It is also responsible of managing the requests received from the management layer through the service interface module.

The management layer is envisioned to provide a complete set of standardized services to the application programmers in order to simplify, standardize and improve the efficiency of the web services development process. It affords all the business logic of the system, receives the service’s and user’s requests and performs underlying operations. The Integration capabilities component abstracts the communication with the web services via a specified application programmer interface (API) to higher software levels.

The application is the front end of service implementation and data profiling. It allows the development of services on the top of the middleware and ensures QoS that provides performance in terms of bandwidth, reliability, delay, and so on. The applications in the framework of a living campus require services to provide high reliability and availability, especially for practical economy driven applications and the business of building reusable application infrastructure components. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) consists of breaking down the living building ecosystem into independent sub- systems, and defining a well-known way for those sub- systems to integrate and/or exchange data. The salient point is that SOA provides a foundation for building living building apps.

Middleware design that implement living building features is an active line of research with different open source software being developed [22]. Middleware is where fault tolerance, plug and play, and smart features will be implemented and will constitute interdisciplinary research in software development, distributed systems, and networks.

C. Computing

Computing is anohter important component that implements the smart algorithms for living building. Cloud computing will pay a key role in implementing service oriented architecture and has been used in smart grid and smart building applications. For a building to meet time sensitive application requirement and to be able to rund indpendently in case of faults, edge computing should also be considered. Edge computing will be the brain of individual buildings and run all necessary algorithms to make sure the building is functional. A combination of edge computing along with time sensitive networks (TSN, IEEE

802) will enabls the applications to meet certain delay requirement required in microgrid for instance. Research chellenges includes the interplay between cloud and edge computing, network and computig load ballancing, along with how elasticity can be utilzed to support scalability.

4 CONCLUSIONS Buildings will pay a key role in smart city

development given the way we use them, we spend 90% of our time in them, and the amount of energy they use, they consume 50% of the overall energy. This paper presented a living building concept where the building behaves as a living organism to take independent decision to accomplish its objective. Living building is composed of sensing, communications, and computing components. These components are connected through the middleware that makes sure components receive the right information from the right source. Publish/subscribe architecture will play a key role in implementing this middleware making easy for component to communicate among them with ease of implementation and without the overhead of keeping track who should receive what information. Computing is where the intelligence is. Cloud computing along with data analytics will enable easy and robust implementation of machine learning algorithms for smart behavior of the buildings. Given the delay requirement of certain applications, combination of time sensitive networks along with edge computing to meet delay requirements of certain applications.

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