rua part 2

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RUA: Overdose and Its Effects on Healthcare

Alliyah Stephens-Brodie

Chamberlain College of Nursing

NR 449: Evidence Based Practice

Professor Thompson

March 26, 2023

Overdose and Its Effects on Healthcare

Introduction

The concern under deliberation is the effect of overdose on healthcare. Overdose is taking a drug or any substance of that kind in excess that is destructive to the body of human beings (Pauly et al., 2020). It can be done deliberately or unintentionally, occurring with medication, over-the-counter, or prohibited drugs. The emphasis of this essay is to examine the consequence of overdose on the healthcare scheme involving patients, drug traffickers, and establishments. The importance of the concern can be witnessed in the numeral demises and patient diagnoses generated by overdose. From the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), drug overdose casualties in the United States grew by 30% from 2019 to 2020, bearing a record higher that resulted in more than 100,000 casualties (Pauly et al., 2020). This growth is mainly because of the Opioid outbreak, which has impacted societies at the national level. Additionally, overdose can cause long-term health effects, such as tissue or mental impairment.

The PICOT query helping the group subject is drug victims who have encountered drug abuse, how admission to specialized dependence therapy and sustenance, compared to classic nursing, influence deterioration and second-admission rates in six months (Pauly et al., 2020). This paper seeks to analyze the effect of a drug overdose on the healthcare approach, which includes patient results, provider stands, and facility aids. It will again assess the significance of technical addiction therapy and nursing for patients who bear long-used drugs, concentrating on deterioration and readmission within six months.

Levels of Evidence:

The clinical query connected to the effect of overdose on healthcare concerns a medication question, which questions the best remedy process for patients who experience excessive drug use. To respond to the narrative, the most satisfactory type of proof is through Randomized Controlled Trials(RCTs), which are deemed the primary criterion for assessing the usefulness of therapeutic interventions (Elliott et al., 2019). RCTs are experimental studies randomly assigning participants to an intervention or management group. The intervention body obtains the tested treatment, while the management group obtains either a placebo or formal treatment (Elliott et al., 2019). RCTs are devised to reduce discrimination and confounding variables and launch a cause-and-effect association between the therapy and the result.

Several RCTs have been performed to assess the efficacy of technical addiction therapy and nursing for patients who have undergone an overdose. For example, an examination posted in the Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment in 2016 resembled the results of patients who obtained methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) with those who took standard care behind the excess use of drugs (Elliott et al., 2019). The study discovered that patients who obtained MMT had meager relapse rates and hospital second admission within six months of release than those who obtained standard treatment. Another RCT posted in JAMA Psychiatry in 2020 resembled the efficacy of Mental Behavioral Therapy (MBT) and extra management (EM) for patients with non-fatal excess drug usage (Elliott et al., 2019). The study discovered that MBT and EM were helpful in lowering substance usage and facilitating abstinence, but EM was more useful in enhancing retention in therapy.

Away from RCTs, other kinds of proof can be valuable in responding to treatment questions connected to overdose and healthcare. Cohort studies, for instance, can deliver valuable data on the long-term health results of patients who have encountered an overdose and acquired various types of therapy (Andersson et al., 2021). Qualitative analyses can also be valuable in comprehending the viewpoints of patients and other stakeholders on the effect of overdose on healthcare. Overall, RCTs are the most sufficient evidence to respond to therapy questions related to overdose's impact on healthcare (Andersson et al., 2021). However, other kinds of proof can also provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the issue, and the efficacy of different therapy approaches.

Impact of a drug overdose on healthcare

The first impact is more demand for dependence treatment services: Drug overdose usually leads to dependence, which raises the demand for addiction therapy services (Andersson et al., 2021). The increase in the need for addiction therapy services has put tension on the healthcare scheme, specifically in areas where the issue is most prevalent. Second, increased demand for damage reduction services: Damage reduction services, such as needle exchange schedules and overdose deterrence education, are essential in controlling drug overdose (Andersson et al., 2021). Drug overdose cases have increased the need for harm reduction services, which significantly burdens public health agencies and other organizations.

Third, high need for naloxone: Naloxone is a medicine employed to change Opioid overdoses. The growth in drug overdose issues has led to increased demand for naloxone, particularly burdening healthcare providers and general health agencies (Andersson et al., 2021). Fourth, increased demand for cognitive health services: Drug overdose can direct to mental health disruptions, including despair, tension, and post-traumatic stress illness (Andersson et al., 2021). Drug overdose cases have raised the demand for mental health assistance, significantly burdening the healthcare system

Search Strategy:

We systematically searched relevant literature to answer the PICOT query related to the impact of specialized addiction therapy and care on the relapse and readmission rates in patients who have experienced an overdose. The search used the following terms: overdose, dependence treatment, deterioration, readmission, and specialized care. We searched the following databases: CU library database and PsycINFO. The search yielded a total of one hundred articles. To refine our search, we applied several inclusion and exclusion measures. Inclusion criteria included studies that concentrated on patients who had encountered an overdose and received specialized dependence treatment and care. These studies reported on relapse and readmission rates within six months of discharge and studies published in the last five years. Exclusion criteria contained studies that were not posted in English, studies that did not focus on overdose or addiction treatment, and studies that did not report on the rates of relapse or readmission.

After using these criteria, we were left with 12 articles. We further refined our search by limiting our results to RCTs and cohort studies, as these study designs are most appropriate for answering therapy questions. This further lowered our results to a total of 6 articles. The two most relevant articles we identified were:

Andersson, L., Håkansson, A., Berge, J., & Johnson, B. (2021). Changes in opioid-related deaths following increased access to Opioid substitution treatment. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 16, 1-13.

This substance analysis examined the mortality danger among patients receiving Opioid substitution treatment (OST) compared to those not receiving OST. The analysis included over 8000 patients from 16 different nations and discovered that OST was associated with a substantial decline in mortality risk, including casualties due to overdose, during and after therapy (Andersson et al., 2021).

Peckham, A. D., Griffin, M. L., McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2020). Depression history as a predictor of outcomes during buprenorphine-naloxone treatment of prescription Opioid use disorder. Drug and alcohol dependence, 213, 108122.

This RCT assessed the efficacy of counseling plus buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance therapy (BMT) compared to counseling plus placebo for Opioid addiction. The study discovered that patients acquiring BMT had remarkably higher rates of Opioid temperance and lower rates of prohibited drug use, overdose, and hospitalization than those receiving a placebo (Peckham et al., 2020).

Overall, these two articles deliver strong proof of the efficacy of specialized dependence treatment and care, such as OST and BMT, in lowering relapse and readmission rates in patients who have encountered an overdose. The first evidence article also highlights the potential effect of specialized care on lowering mortality risk in this number of patients.

In summary, the paper has discussed the effect of a drug overdose on the healthcare approach, which includes patient results, provider stands, and facility aids. It has also discussed the significance of technical addiction therapy and nursing for patients who bear long-used drugs, concentrating on deterioration and readmission within six months’ period. More importantly, the paper has highlighted the impact of overdose on health care. Finally, the paper has shown evidence from two research papers that discuss Opioid and buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment.

References

Elliott, L., Bennett, A. S., & Wolfson‐Stofko, B. (2019). Life after opioid‐involved overdose: survivor narratives and their implications for ER/ED interventions.  Addiction,  114(8), 1379-1386.

Pauly, B., Wallace, B., Pagan, F., Phillips, J., Wilson, M., Hobbs, H., & Connolly, J. (2020). Impact of overdose prevention sites during a public health emergency in Victoria, Canada.  PloS one,  15(5), e0229208.

Andersson, L., Håkansson, A., Berge, J., & Johnson, B. (2021). Changes in opioid-related deaths following increased access to opioid substitution treatment.  Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy,  16, 1-13.

Peckham, A. D., Griffin, M. L., McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2020). Depression history as a predictor of outcomes during buprenorphine-naloxone treatment of prescription opioid use disorder.  Drug and alcohol dependence,  213, 108122.