Research paper help

Running Head: OUTLINE 1

OUTLINE 2

I. Introduction

A. The physical appearance of a baby is mostly determined by the genes of his/her parents.

B. However, the children’s environment also can determine who they will grow to become and this begins in the womb (Brummelte & Galea, 2016).

C. While doctors warn expectant mothers against taking some foods, there are other ways in which mothers can affect the health of their unborn children.

D. The four harmful maternal behaviors that can affect the developing child include taking alcohol, smoking cigarette, taking a lot of coffee and use of antidepressants.

II. Body

A. Taking Alcohol

1. Alcohol can affect the cells of the unborn baby.

2. Spinal cord and brain cells are the cells that are most likely to be affected.

3. Birth defects (Gentzler, Ramsey & Black, 2015).

B. Smoking Cigarette

1. Increases the risk of preterm birth

2. Associated with low birth weight

3. High risk of breathing complication of the unborn child

C. Taking a lot of coffee

1. high risk of growth restriction for unborn babies

2. Birth defects

3. Low birth weight

D. Use of antidepressants

1. Increase risk of behavioral problems (Lougheed et al., 2015).

2. High risk of miscarriages

3. Preterm delivery and birth defects

III. Conclusion

a) The four harmful maternal behaviors that can affect the developing child include taking alcohol, smoking cigarette, taking a lot of coffee and use of antidepressants.

b) Taking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to birth defects and affects the cells of unborn children.

c) Smoking cigarette is also associated with low birth weight and breathing complications for the unborn baby.

d) Use of antidepressant and coffee are associated birth defects.

e) Mothers need to avoid these behaviors that can have adverse effects o their unborn babies.

References

Brummelte, S., & Galea, L. A. (2016). Postpartum depression: etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care. Hormones and behavior, 77, 153-166. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0018506X15300428

Gentzler, A. L., Ramsey, M. A., & Black, K. R. (2015). Mothers’ attachment styles and their children’s self-reported security, as related to maternal socialization of children’s positive affect regulation. Attachment & human development, 17(4), 376-398.Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616734.2015.1055507

Lougheed, J. P., Hollenstein, T., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., & Granic, I. (2015). Maternal regulation of child affect in externalizing and typically-developing children. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(1), 10. Retrieved from https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2014-49136-001