Conclusión

Osteoporosis

It can be stated that osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass,

a deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue that leads to bone fragility and the

consequent increased risk of fracture. It is the most common reason for bone fracture among the

elderly.Bones that are commonly broken include the spinal vertebrae, the bones of the forearm,

and the hip. Until a fracture occurs, there are usually no symptoms. Bones can weaken to such

an extent that a fracture can occur under mild stress or spontaneously. After the broken bone

heals, the person may have chronic pain and a decreased ability to perform normal activities.

Osteoporosis Etiology

Etiology entails the pathology determination or the disease cause and origin determination. It

gives a good knowledge of the diseases' causes and their sources and recommends a possible

control. Besides the reasons, etiology also studies the progress of both physical and mental

disorders. Osteoporosis etiology entails a lack of calcium in the body for an extended period

hence resulting in osteoporosis. Low calcium consumption gets characterized by low and weak

bone density that can make the bones fracture easily. Similarly, being underweight and restricting

eating food intake leads to weak bones. Some osteoporosis causes include smoking cigarettes,

excess alcohol and caffeine consumption, lack of exercise, and a diet low in calcium.

Moreover, vitamin D deficiency also contributes to causing osteoporosis; with a lack of Vitamin

D, the body cannot absorb adequate calcium to fight osteoporosis. The parathyroid gland's

excessive production of the parathyroid gland leads to hyperparathyroidism, making the body

unable to maintain the calcium level, hence weak bones. Poor nutrition and general health may

also lead to osteoporosis. People with a family history of osteoporosis also risk suffering from

osteoporosis, mostly in females, besides being thin and small in females.

Signs and symptoms of the osteoporosis

Osteoporosis patients suffer from several nervous system disorders resulting from body system

complications affecting the body's abnormal function. The signs and symptoms of the

neurological pathology include:• Loss of height over time,a stooped posture,a bone that breaks

much more easily, back pain from the fractured or collapsed vertebra, the appearance of the

fractured wrist or hip, Back pain ,Kyphosis, Early satiety, Decreased activity tolerance,

Compression fracture of the spine (Bautmans et al., 2010)

Developing osteoporosis at the early stages can be identified by the feeling of weaker bones. At

the early stages, bones might heal themselves after some weeks, but later, they can get detected

through pain, tiredness, and fatigue.

Osteoporosis patients develop well in case of early detection of the symptoms and early

treatment. The osteoporosis patients' weak bones can stabilize and function normally with

different medications and physical exercises. Mild osteoporosis patients portray an excellent

outlook.

Osteoporosis pathology clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prognosis

Clinically, the bone disorder resulting in osteoporosis results from physical and biological

activities besides human behavior, resulting in a bone fracture that may lead to death. Several

complications may have symptoms similar to those of osteoporosis, making some patient s

assume they have osteoporosis. Some people with osteoporosis may assume they the signs and

symptoms they are experiencing may be due to fatigue and some health-related complications

apart from osteoporosis (Khan, 2001 pg. 998). Some people with achy hips feet confuse the signs

with osteoporosis since some of the symptoms get characterized by the pain of bone fractures.

Therefore, to confirm osteoporosis's sign and symptoms

In diagnosing osteoporosis and fracture risk assessment helps the patient to proceed to treatment.

The doctor applies a bone density scan to determine the condition prevailing. Bone density scans

mostly get used to measuring bone mineral density, performed mainly by dual-energy x-ray

absorptiometry ("INTERNATIONAL OSTEOPOROSIS FOUNDATION", 2021). The DXA

machine helps to measure the risk of developing fractures and the need to proceed to medication.

Several machines also get used to determine bone fracture because of osteoporosis resistance.

The different procedures can be applied in determining the bone fractures causing osteoporosis.

Bone x-ray helps in the diagnosis of fractured bones that may result in osteoporosis. Bone x-ray

gives inner body images like foot, shoulder, legs, hips, spine, and wrist. CT scan of the spine gets

performed to measure bone density and to check on the vertebral fractures. Moreover, an MRI of

the spine performs the evaluations to check on the underlying health disorders like cancer.

Determination of the bone fractures helps in prescriptions for the condition's medication.

What does the osteoporosis pathology "look like"?

The osteoporosis looks like the makes the bones look like a honeycomb. The been affected by

osteoporosis has an abnormal tissue structure with low-density bones that seem to be weak and

can fracture easily. The holes and spaces in the bone are much more prominent in osteoporosis

than in a healthy bone. The bone thickness compared to health been seemed lighter and weak in

osteoporosis patients. Physically, the osteoporosis patients look weak, walk in a bent or

supported manner showing some weakness and fatigue in the osteoporosis patients compared to

healthy people.

Treatment interventions/physical therapy of osteoporosis

Physically treating osteoporosis entails performing several exercises to help develop strong

bones, such as hiking,stair climbing, doing high-impact aerobics, and dancing. The physical

therapist helps the patients perform the exercises and daily physical activities to keep fit and

improve the bones' strength. Some of the physical activities recommended for osteoporosis

patients include postural exercise, back pain exercise, weight-bearing exercise, balance exercise

and flexibility, and strength exercise (Daly et al., 2019). The osteoporosis patients also get

educated on the tips to develop strong bone, such as :Following a healthy diet rich in vitamin D

and calcium, Wearing well fit shoes to avoid falling, Having good lighting on stairs, Avoiding

heavy lifting ,Avoiding rugs and sloppy slippers, Getting eyesight checked regularly

Progression of physical therapy treatment

For the physical therapy treatment, the therapist needs to track the progress and check whether

the patient's recovery is gainful considering the range of motion, function, and strength; soft

tissues take around six to eight weeks to heal, while tough tissues may take a more extended

period. Suppose the first attempt of physical therapy seems to fail, and the patient is not healing

fully. In that case, detailed instructions were created, and an appointment was given to the patient

again to establish the patient's referral program for other advanced therapy (Stanghelle et al.,

2018). There is a need to frequently acquire the patient's recovery feedback to ensure the

patient's full recovery. Therefore, it is critical to maintaining a positive patient experience.

Medical management and its effects on physical therapy.

Medically, one can apply romosozumab to bind the sclerostin that helps in bone formation.

Teriparatide injection also stimulates the bone formation process. Hormone replacement therapy

slows bone loss as selective estrogen receptor modulators help also slows bone loss. Some

medicines may worsen the conditions, and the patient may get weaker to perform physical

activities. Some drugs may result in long-term health complications like harm to organs, harming

body system such throat, liver, heart, brain making the patient unable to perform physical

exercise that could lead to more strength. Therefore, applying physical; therapy to patients

suffering from osteoporosis pathology complications leads to fewer risks and fewer cases of

adverse side effects.

Role of PTA treating pathology patients and interaction of the healthcare team

The Physical Therapist Assistant helps in providing therapy services as directed by the physical

therapist's supervisor. PTAs also implement the patients' care components besides obtaining the

patient's data and collaborating with PT to modify care (Moini et al., n.d. pg. 557). PTAs also

help in reading the patient's chart, patients transfer, assisting the patient in exercising. PTAs also

help in instructing the patients to caregivers in observing and purposeful activities.

The PTA delivery depends on excellent communication with the entire healthcare team. For the

healthcare services provider's success, the PTA and the healthcare team must develop

interdisciplinary teamwork to ensure good respect and easy workflow for good service delivery

to the patients. The act of supporting each other embraced between the PTA and the health

worker leads to good service delivery in health care. A good understanding of the patient's

situations and readiness to assist creates the team's effectiveness between the PTA and healthcare

team. Therefore, the PTA and the healthcare team's good cooperation results in effective service

delivery to the patients.

References

Bautmans, I., Van Arken, J., Van Mackelenberg, M., & Mets, T. (2010). Rehabilitation using

manual mobilization for thoracic kyphosis in elderly postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis.

Journal Of Rehabilitation Medicine, 42(2), 129-135. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0486

Daly, R., Dalla Via, J., Duckham, R., Fraser, S., & Helge, E. (2019). Exercise for the prevention

of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: an evidence-based guide to the optimal prescription.

Brazilian Journal Of Physical Therapy, 23(2), 170-180.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.11.011

INTERNATIONAL OSTEOPOROSIS FOUNDATION. (2021). Retrieved 22 March 2021, from

https://www.osteoporosis.foundation/.

Khan, K. (2001). Physical activity and bone health. Human Kinetics.

Moini, J., Chaney, C., & Gillogly, T. Introduction to pathology for the physical therapist

assistant.

Stanghelle, B., Bentzen, H., Giangregorio, L., Pripp, A., & Bergland, A. (2018). Effect of a

resistance and balance exercise programme for women with osteoporosis and vertebral fracture:

study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 19(1).

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2021-y