asignment 6

1

OSTEOARTHRITIS

OLUSHILE FADOJUS

ARIZONA SCHOOL OF NURSING, FALL CHURCH

HCR 240 – HUMAN PATHOPYSIOLOGY

DR. CORLOS NARANJO

11-06-2022

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is associated with joint swelling, pain, and stiffness. Osteoarthritis symptoms often manifest in the body's weight-bearing joints, including the knees, hips, and feet, though it can affect any joint. Although osteoarthritis can develop anytime, it typically manifests in people's 50s, particularly women (Mandi, 2019). Over 32.5% of American adults suffer from osteoarthritis. This is the most prevalent kind of arthritis.

Pathophysiology

Cartilage damage is the initial symptom of osteoarthritis. Cartilage refers to the slippery connective tissue that covers the articulating bone ends—healthy cartilage functions as a shock absorber, protecting bones from damage during regular activity (Capriotti & Frizzell, 2015). When the cartilage wears away, bones might start to rub against one another. It is the constant rubbing that eventually leads to osteoarthritis in the joint (Vina & Kwoh, 2018).

Pathogenesis

Failure of the joint organ, which is essential for the normal functioning of the tissues in the joint, causes cartilage degradation and damage, which over the years is believed to be age-related caused by biochemical factors and the imbalance of homeostatic biochemical mechanisms. Genetics, trauma, ageing, or obesity are the leading causes of osteoarthritis cases, which show mechanical, inflammatory, and metabolic factors' involvement in cartilage damage. The joint therefore fails to support the mechanical load for articulation and movement (Capriotti & Frizzell, 2015). The disease, apart from affecting the subchondral bone and cartilage, also affects the muscles, tissues, adipose and synovial, synovium, ligaments and tendons of the joints. Articular cartilage, composed of chondrocytes, a single cell type, alters the cartilage homeostasis in case of any changes to its components, therefore linking the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis frequently to it (Mandi, 2019).

Signs and Symptoms

They include:

· Pain in the affected joints during movement

· Stiffness of the joint

· Swelling by soft tissue around the joint

· Tenderness and joint dysfunction.

Differences between Osteoarthritis and Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Osteoarthritis(OA) is caused by mechanical destruction and joint damage. At the same time, rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is an autoimmune disease. The damage results from an attack by the body's immune system. In osteoarthritis, joints ache and may be tender, but the swelling is slight to none, while in RA, joints are painful, swollen, and stiff. The onset of OA is slow over the years, while in RA, it is relatively rapid, over weeks to months. OA usually begins later in life, while RA may begin at any time. Whole body symptoms are not present in OA, while in RA, frequent fatigue and a general feeling of being ill are present.

Why Research

Most cases of osteoarthritis are seen in adults over 65, and the condition worsens with age. However, younger people can sometimes develop osteoarthritis as a result of trauma. Joints such as the elbows, shoulders, knees, and fingers are affected by osteoarthritis (Mandi, 2019). Based on radiological studies, it is estimated that 20 million individuals in the United States suffer from osteoarthritis, with around half of those affected being over 65. People with osteoarthritis react in various ways. While the exact causes of osteoarthritis have not been determined, some hypothesized contributors include trauma, poor nutrition, being overweight, and repetitive or prolonged stress on the joints from a job or recreational activities (Mandi, 2019).

Annotated Bibliography

He, Y., Li, Z., Alexander, P. G., Ocasio-Nieves, B. D., Yocum, L., Lin, H., & Tuan, R. S. (2020). Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: risk factors, regulatory pathways in chondrocytes, and experimental models.  Biology,  9(8), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

The article is reliable and valid as it discusses genetics with OA with regulatory pathways and their effects. This article explains the risk factors of OA with their effect on the articular cartilage and the process that leads to cartilage damage and joint failure and destruction. It discusses the regulatory pathways, the cells, the effects that prevent cartilage damage, and the possibility for repair and maintenance. I chose the source because of its in-depth details on regulatory pathways, which will support my project in terms of the prevention of OA.

Tong, L., Yu, H., Huang, X., Shen, J., Xiao, G., Chen, L., ... & Chen, D. (2022). Current understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and relevant new approaches.  Bone Research,  10(1), 1-17. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-022-00226-9

This article is reliable and valid as it offers a deep understanding of OA pathogenesis and relevant new approaches. It discusses the epigenetic regulation of OA with DNA methylation and histone modification investigated in chondrocytes, cells of the articular cartilage, regulating mechanical, metabolic and inflammatory factors that cause OA. In addition, it discusses the relation of nerve growth pain(NGP) to OA-Associated pain and nociceptive generated pain, identifying a CRISPR Technology and genetic-related ways of regulating OA. It will support my project by providing more research on the technology of regulating OA, which is why I chose the source.

References

Capriotti, T. M., & Frizzell, J. P. (2015).  Pathophysiology: Introductory concepts and clinical perspectives. FA Davis Company.

He, Y., Li, Z., Alexander, P. G., Ocasio-Nieves, B. D., Yocum, L., Lin, H., & Tuan, R. S. (2020). Pathogenesis of osteoarthritis: risk factors, regulatory pathways in chondrocytes, and experimental models.  Biology,  9(8), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology9080194

Mandl L. A. (2019). Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: clinical.  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage,  27(3), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2018.11.001

Tong, L., Yu, H., Huang, X., Shen, J., Xiao, G., Chen, L., & Chen, D. (2022). Current understanding of osteoarthritis pathogenesis and relevant new approaches.  Bone Research,  10(1), 1-17. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41413-022-00226-9

Vina, E. R., & Kwoh, C. K. (2018). Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: a literature update. Current Opinion in Rheumatology,  30(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000479