Critic thinking: Project Management

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Running head: 1 CRITICAL THINKING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1

1

The use of Project Management Principles in the workplace

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The use of Project Management Principles in the workplace

Introduction

Project management is a critical component of every corporate organization since it assists the firm in achieving its project objectives. Several activities deter-

mine the success of a project during the project management process. Imdad Logistics, the company with whom I recently worked, has a project I was able to

join for this purpose. An expansion of the Imdad Logistics Organization's Riyadh headquarters was underway as the company relocated to a larger facility. The

corporation relocated its headquarters to accommodate its rising number of employees and technological equipment. It is critical to schedule the project using

tools and techniques such as the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), Gantt chart, PERT network diagram, and time estimation because relocation involves many

tasks. This provides an overview of the project scope. Furthermore, practical Projects necessitate the development of management abilities because they in-

clude resources allocated according to a budget. 2 The ability to successfully manage and implement a project from its inception to its conclusion requires

project management skills, principles, processes, and policies throughout the project lifecycle. 3 According to Stevenson (2018), a project manager uses

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knowledge, skills, a conceptual framework for thinking about how things work, processes, tools, and strategies to fulfil the objectives of a specific project follow-

ing project specifications and within a set period. 2 Project management ensures that expectations are set for what will be provided when it will be deliv-

ered, and how much will be delivered. As a result, this paper presents in-depth information regarding a recent project completed at the ABC Company. 3

More than a decade has passed since the establishment of ABC Company, which provides financial consulting services in several locations throughout the

United States. 2 However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the corporation found it challenging to provide its services in several different regions throughout

the United States. Because of the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a rise in social alienation, curfews, and lockdowns, among other disruptions, which has

contributed to this increase. Clients' preferences for internet channels have changed considerably over the epidemic, increasing competition and requiring the

organization to devise new ways of meeting their requirements. 4 As a result, ABC Company had to look for relevant tools and solutions to remain competi-

tive. 2 ABC Company's executive decided on new strategies and practices for working remotely to continue serving its existing and new clients while main-

taining a competitive edge in the marketplace. The company's executive chose new strategies and practices for working remotely to manage virtual teams, re-

sources, scheduling, and tracking implementation progress. They decided to use an internet platform that would allow the organization to continue to provide

financial consulting services in the future. 2 The recommended platform would take the shape of a website, which would allow clients to request services

and make payments for those requests. As with real workplaces, the portal would also allow different employees from various departments to cooperate while

working on different projects to ensure that excellent services are supplied to their clients, just as they would do when working on the same duties in person.

Project management skills, principles, processes, and policies were required to develop the web portal project, and their implementation necessitated the use

of several activities. Gantt chart

The project's planning and scheduling are handled using a Gantt chart. 2 The Gantt chart that was used displays a list of project activities, the start and end

dates for each activity, and the duration of each activity. 3 The following is a representation of the Gantt chart in Figure 1.

Figure 1: 2 Gantt chart for the project activities

There were various reasons why the Gantt chart was employed. 3 The Gantt chart is used to keep project team members and sponsors up to date on the

project's progress and convey project activities completed. 2 It is appropriate to utilize Gantt charts because they facilitate project planning and scheduling

planning; they assist project managers in determining the amount of time required for each project activity and the total amount of time required to finish the

entire project (Galli, 2018). The usage of Gantt charts is convenient for tracking the progress of a project once it has been initiated since, as a project manager,

you can see what needs to be completed within a specific time frame and duration. There are methods for getting tasks back on track if they have fallen behind

schedule. 3 According to Seymour and Hussein (2014), a Gantt chart may be used to identify activities that overlap and task dependencies;

2 they can also be used to identify which tasks are dependent on one another, which can help project teams gain more clarity about each task and motiva-

tion. 3 Project managers are constantly striving to establish a clear direction for the project activities and the overall project. 2 Through Gantt charts, it is

possible to identify any bottlenecks within the project and plan accordingly to ensure that the project is completed within the timeframe provided. The reason

for this is that Gantt charts provide the time of each activity in a visual format, making it simple to identify, interpret, and manage project activities.

Deterministic time estimates and Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) Project Task

Information Gathering(A) 3 5 8

Planning(B) 2 3 5

Design( C) 4 5 7

Content Writing(D) 5 6 1

Coding( E) 14 17 24

Testing, Review and Launch (F) 3 5 7

Table 1: 2 Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) time estimates

Rather than being a fixed value, the time of each project activity is considered to follow a probability distribution rather than a discrete value in project manage-

ment. The time estimation parameters that were employed were optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic time estimation parameters. It was decided on these

activity time restrictions by considering aspects that might impact the project's activity and completion time, which could be earlier than the scheduled comple-

tion time. 4 The most likely time parameter was established by taking into account all of the project resources simultaneously. 5 The optimistic time was

defined by the positive values of the slack time. On the other hand, the pessimistic time frame was calculated based on potential project risks such as team

member withdrawals, a lack of necessary experience and resources, and so on. 3 Using task scheduling and determining which jobs must be done before

others, the deterministic time estimate was derived. 6 PERT network diagram

Figure 2: 6 A PERT network diagram

2 Calculating the critical path

The critical route is defined in project management as the longest trail between the start of a project and its completion, considering all project activities and

their corresponding durations (Stevenson, 2018). Activity sequences on the critical path are carried out sequentially; an action cannot be initiated until the pre-

ceding activity has been finished. Path I: 2 A→B→D→F = 5 + 3 + 6 +20 = 34 Days

Path II: 2 A→B→C→E→F = 5 +3 +5 + 17 +5 = 35 Days

Thus, from the PERT network diagram in Figure 2, the critical path is Path II: A→B→C→E→F because it is the longest path between the start and the completion

of the entire project. 5 The slack time for each activity and its ramifications Project Task Earliest Start Time Latest Start Time Slack

2 Information Gathering(A) 5.00 7.00 2.00

Planning(B) 3.00 4.00 1.00

Design (C) 5.00 7.00 2.00

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(In $)

(in $) (in $)

A 800.00 1.00 900.00 100.00

7 B 900.00 1.00 850.00 -50.00

C 1200.00 1.00 1050.00 -150.00

7 D 800.00 1.00 750.00 -50.00

5 E 2000.00 0.90 1800.00 0.00

2 F 750 80% 500 -25

Over/Under Budget (Total)

5 175 (Over budget)

Table 3: Hypothetical Costs

Other similar projects completed by other companies served as a basis for determining the budget expenditures. The estimated budget was calculated by divid-

ing the entire cost by the percentage of the task that had been completed. A negative value is assigned to jobs that cost more than the estimated expenses. This

indicates that the work was under-budgeted. In the case of activities where the predicted cost was less than the budgeted cost, the project was over budget,

and the values for these tasks were positive. It was evident from Table 3 that the project did not exceed its financial constraints on the whole. 2

Ramifications of crashing a project activity Project activity Standard Duration (Days) Crashed Duration Crashing cost ($ per day)

Coding 17.00 12.00 100.00

Table 4: 2 Crashing a project activity

Project crashing accelerates the completion of project activities and even the completion of the entire project. If a project activity is halted, additional financial

resources may be necessary, and the number of experienced project resources may be increased to work on critical path activities. The coding task must be

rushed from 17 days to 12 days to shorten the critical path length. This will result in an increase in $100 per day expenses, resulting in a $500 overrun on the

projected expenditures for the coding assignment.

Start Date 11/1/2021

11/6/2021

11/9/2021

11/10/2021

11/14/2021

8 12/1/2021

2 Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content Writing (D) Coding( E) Testing, Review and Launch (F) 43922 43927 43930 43931 43935 43952

Duration (Days) Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content Writing (D) Coding( E) Testing, Review and Launch (F) 5 3 5 6 17 5

Content, Writing (D) 7.00 10.00 3.00

Coding (E) 17.00 21.00 4.00

Testing, Review, and Launch (F) 5.00 7.00 2.00

Table 2: 2 The slack time for each activity

In project management, slack time is defined as the entire amount of time a project activity can be postponed without negatively impacting the project's sched-

uled completion date (Agrawal et al., 2018). Precisely, it displays the amount of time available to begin a specific activity in a project and still complete it on time,

as anticipated. 3 As in this situation, the concept of slack time is utilized to determine and assist the project manager in determining how much time is avail-

able between various project activities. Slack time has been included in the project because some project activities will take longer to complete than others. As a

result, when project tasks are completed earlier than expected, the slack time for that particular job can be applied to activities that will take longer to complete

so that the project schedule does not get behind schedule. Slack time can have a beneficial or harmful impact on a project. A negative value indicates that the

time allotted for a given job is insufficient to complete it. Therefore, extra time is required for a specific activity to ensure that the project as a whole does not

finish behind schedule. 3 Activities that must be completed after the job with a negative slack value are adversely affected by a negative slack value, which

impacts the project's intended timetable. The positive value represents the entire amount of time that a project can fall behind schedule before it impacts the

overall project timeline and budget. Following Table 2, the slack time for each activity (Gathering Information; Planning; Design; Content Writing; Coding;

Testing; Review; 4 and Launching) can be delayed by a total of 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 2 days without compromising the overall project's timetable. 2 The proba-

bility Estimates Network diagram

Figure 3: 2 Network diagram from the probability Estimates

I'd choose the path with the earliest start time available to me. 4 Because there will be adequate time to perform jobs that demand more time, the project

will be completed on time as a whole. 2 Determining Hypothetical Costs Project Task Budgeted Costs Per cent complete Projected cost Over/Under budget

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5 3 Days5 Days17 DaysABE

3 Days

6 Days

5 Days

17 Days

5 Days

20 Days

A

B

C

D

E

F

5 Days

5 ABDCEFStartEndES = 5LS= 7ES =3LS=4ES = 5LS=7ES = 17LS= 21ES = 5LS= 7ES = 7LS= 10

A

B

D

C

E

F

Start

End

2 ES = 5

LS= 7

ES =3

LS=4

2 ES = 5

LS=7

2 ES = 17

LS= 21

2 ES = 5

LS= 7

2 ES = 7

LS= 10

Source Matches (56)

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CRITICAL THINKING IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1

Original source

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1

2 Student paper 71%

Student paper

The ability to successfully manage and implement a project from its inception to its

conclusion requires project management skills, principles, processes, and policies

throughout the project lifecycle.

Original source

The ability to successfully manage and implement a project from the start to the end

requires application of project management skills, principles, procedures and policies

3 Student paper 64%

Student paper

According to Stevenson (2018), a project manager uses knowledge, skills, a conceptual

framework for thinking about how things work, processes, tools, and strategies to fulfil

the objectives of a specific project following project specifications and within a set

period.

Original source

According to Stevenson (2018), project management uses knowledge, skills, concepts,

procedures, tools, and methods necessary to fulfill the objectives of a specific project

following the project requirements and within the period stated

2

Student paper 63%

Student paper Original source

Project management ensures that expectations are set for what will be provided when

it will be delivered, and how much will be delivered.

Project management ensures appropriate expatiations are set around what will be de-

livered, by when, who, and for how much as well as quality and consistency of what is

being delivered

3 Student paper 65%

Student paper

More than a decade has passed since the establishment of ABC Company, which pro-

vides financial consulting services in several locations throughout the United States.

Original source

ABC Company has provided financial consulting services in several areas across the

United States for over a decade

2 Student paper 63%

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However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the corporation found it challenging to pro-

vide its services in several different regions throughout the United States.

Original source

However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the company found it difficult to offer its ser-

vices to the clients in various states

4 Student paper 75%

Student paper

As a result, ABC Company had to look for relevant tools and solutions to remain

competitive.

Original source

As a result, Beyond meat Company was forced to look for relevant tools and solutions

in order to remain competitive

2 Student paper 70%

Student paper

ABC Company's executive decided on new strategies and practices for working re-

motely to continue serving its existing and new clients while maintaining a competitive

edge in the marketplace. The company's executive chose new strategies and practices

for working remotely to manage virtual teams, resources, scheduling, and tracking im-

plementation progress.

Original source

For the ABC Company to continue serving its existing and new clients, as well as up-

holding a competitive edge in the marketplace, the company’s executive opted for new

strategies and practices for working remotely to manage virtual teams, resources,

scheduling and tracking implementation progress For the ABC Company to continue

serving its existing and new clients, as well as upholding a competitive edge in the

marketplace, the company’s executive opted for new strategies and practices for work-

ing remotely to manage virtual teams, resources, scheduling and tracking implementa-

tion progress

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2 Student paper 67%

Student paper

The recommended platform would take the shape of a website, which would allow

clients to request services and make payments for those requests. As with real work-

places, the portal would also allow different employees from various departments to

cooperate while working on different projects to ensure that excellent services are

supplied to their clients, just as they would do when working on the same duties in

person. Project management skills, principles, processes, and policies were required

to develop the web portal project, and their implementation necessitated the use of

several activities.

Original source

The suggested platform would be informed of a website that would allow clients to re-

quest and pay for the services The portal would also allow different employees from

various department to collaborate while on working on different tasks to ensure that

quality services are delivered to their clients, just as they would do while working on

physical offices The development of the web portal project has had a series of activi-

ties, and its implementation required project management skills, principles, proce-

dures and policies

2 Student paper 80%

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The Gantt chart that was used displays a list of project activities, the start and end

dates for each activity, and the duration of each activity.

Original source

The Gantt chart used shows the list of project activities, start dates and the duration

for each activity

2 Student paper 100%

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Gantt chart for the project activities

Original source

Gantt chart for the project activities

3 Student paper 72%

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The Gantt chart is used to keep project team members and sponsors up to date on

the project's progress and convey project activities completed.

Original source

The Gantt chart assists in keeping project team members and sponsors up to date on

progress and communicating completed project tasks

2 Student paper 72%

Student paper

It is appropriate to utilize Gantt charts because they facilitate project planning and

scheduling planning; they assist project managers in determining the amount of time

required for each project activity and the total amount of time required to finish the

entire project (Galli, 2018).

Original source

Gantt charts are suitable because they help in project planning and scheduling plan-

ning they help project managers to assess the time required to each project activity

and also the total time required to complete the entire project (Galli, 2018)

3 Student paper 72%

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According to Seymour and Hussein (2014), a Gantt chart may be used to identify activi-

ties that overlap and task dependencies;

Original source

Using a Gantt chart, according to Seymour and Hussein (2014), helps one to spot over-

lapping activities and task dependencies

2 Student paper 64%

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they can also be used to identify which tasks are dependent on one another, which

can help project teams gain more clarity about each task and motivation.

Original source

they indicate which tasks are dependent on each other thus giving project teams more

clarity about each task and motivation (Seymour &Hussein, 2014)

3 Student paper 79%

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Project managers are constantly striving to establish a clear direction for the project

activities and the overall project.

Original source

Project managers are constantly on the lookout for a clear direction for both project

activities and the overall project

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The following is a representation of the Gantt chart in Figure 1.

Original source

Figure 1 shows the Gantt chart

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PERT network diagram

Original source

PERT NETWORK DIAGRAM

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Through Gantt charts, it is possible to identify any bottlenecks within the project and

plan accordingly to ensure that the project is completed within the timeframe pro-

vided. The reason for this is that Gantt charts provide the time of each activity in a vis-

ual format, making it simple to identify, interpret, and manage project activities.

Deterministic time estimates and Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) Project Task Information

Gathering(A) 3 5 8

Original source

Thus, through the use of Gantt charts, it is possible to see if there are any bottlenecks

within the project and plan accordingly to ensure to ensure the project is completed

within the specified timeframe This is due to the fact that Gantt charts present the du-

ration for each activity in a visual format thus making it easy to identify and manage

project activities Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) and deterministic time estimates Project

Activity Information Gathering (A) 3 5 8

2 Student paper 97%

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Planning(B) 2 3 5 Design( C) 4 5 7 Content Writing(D) 5 6 1 Coding( E) 14 17 24

Original source

Planning (B) 2 3 5 Design (C) 4 5 7 Content, Writing and Assembly (D) 5 6 1 Coding (E)

14 17 24

2 Student paper 82%

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Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) time estimates Rather than being a fixed value, the time of

each project activity is considered to follow a probability distribution rather than a dis-

crete value in project management.

Original source

Probabilistic (t0, tp, and tm) time estimates In project management, the duration for

each project’s activity is assumed to follow a probability distribution rather than a dis-

tinct value

4 Student paper 67%

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The most likely time parameter was established by taking into account all of the

project resources simultaneously.

Original source

Most likely time was determined by taking into account all project resources without

delay, just as budgeted

5 Student paper 70%

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The optimistic time was defined by the positive values of the slack time.

Original source

The slack time values that were positive were the determinant of the optimistic time

3 Student paper 71%

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Using task scheduling and determining which jobs must be done before others, the

deterministic time estimate was derived.

Original source

The deterministic time estimate was derived using task precedence and scheduling,

which determined which tasks had to be finished before others

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A PERT network diagram

Original source

PERT NETWORK DIAGRAM

2 Student paper 100%

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Testing, Review and Launch (F) 3 5 7

Original source

Testing, Review and Launch (F) 3 5 7

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A→B→D→F = 5 + 3 + 6 +20 = 34 Days

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A→B→C→E→F = 5 + 3 + 6 +20 = 34 Days

2 Student paper 91%

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Calculating the critical path The critical route is defined in project management as the

longest trail between the start of a project and its completion, considering all project

activities and their corresponding durations (Stevenson, 2018).

Original source

Calculating the critical path In project management, critical path is longest trail be-

tween the start and the end of a project, include all project activities and their corre-

sponding durations (Stevenson, 2018)

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A→B→C→E→F = 5 +3 +5 + 17 +5 = 35 Days Thus, from the PERT network diagram in

Figure 2, the critical path is Path II: A→B→C→E→F because it is the longest path be-

tween the start and the completion of the entire project.

Original source

A→B→D→F = 5 +3 +5 + 17 +5 = 35 Days Thus, from the PERT network diagram in

Figure 2, the critical path is, Path II A→B→D→F because it is the longest path between

the start and the completion of the entire project

5 Student paper 79%

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The slack time for each activity and its ramifications Project Task Earliest Start Time

Latest Start Time Slack

Original source

Each activity’s slack time and the ramifications The project task Eeliest time to start

Latest time to start Slack

2 Student paper 74%

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Information Gathering(A) 5.00 7.00 2.00 Planning(B) 3.00 4.00 1.00 Design (C) 5.00 7.00

2.00 Content, Writing (D) 7.00 10.00 3.00

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Information Gathering(A) 5 7 2 Planning(B) 3 4 1 Design (C) 5 7 2 Content, Writing and

Assembly (D) 7 10 3

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Coding (E) 17.00 21.00 4.00 Testing, Review, and Launch (F) 5.00 7.00 2.00

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Coding (E) 17 21 4 Testing, Review and Launch (F) 5 7 2

2 Student paper 84%

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The slack time for each activity In project management, slack time is defined as the en-

tire amount of time a project activity can be postponed without negatively impacting

the project's scheduled completion date (Agrawal et al., 2018).

Original source

The slack time for each activity In project management, slack time is the amount of

time project activity can be delayed without affecting the project’s planned schedule

(Agrawal et al

3 Student paper 77%

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As in this situation, the concept of slack time is utilized to determine and assist the

project manager in determining how much time is available between various project

activities. Slack time has been included in the project because some project activities

will take longer to complete than others.

Original source

Slack time is used in this example to help the project manager determine how much

time is available between different project activities Slack time has been employed in

the project because certain project activities will take longer than others

3 Student paper 68%

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Activities that must be completed after the job with a negative slack value are ad-

versely affected by a negative slack value, which impacts the project's intended

timetable.

Original source

A negative slack value impacts actions that must be done after the job with a negative

value, hence altering the project's anticipated timetable

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D 800.00 1.00 750.00 -50.00

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1 Project manager $1000.00 $50.00 $200.00 $1250.00

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and Launching) can be delayed by a total of 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 2 days without compro-

mising the overall project's timetable.

Original source

Table 2 shows that For every action, the leeway time can be delayed by 2, 1, 2, 3, 4,

and 2 days individually without compromising the task's final course of events

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The probability Estimates Network diagram

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Network diagram from the probability Estimates

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Network diagram from the probability Estimates

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Network diagram from the probability Estimates

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Because there will be adequate time to perform jobs that demand more time, the

project will be completed on time as a whole.

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This is because the project will be completed on time because there will be ample time

to perform tasks that demand more time

2 Student paper 81%

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Determining Hypothetical Costs Project Task Budgeted Costs Per cent complete

Projected cost Over/Under budget

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Determining Hypothetical Costs Project activity Budgeted Costs (In $) Percent com-

plete Projected cost (in $) Over/Under budget (in $)

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B 900.00 1.00 850.00 -50.00

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1 Project manager $1000.00 $50.00 $200.00 $1250.00

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E 2000.00 0.90 1800.00 0.00

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E 2000 90 1800 0

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F 750 80% 500 -25 Over/Under Budget (Total)

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F 750 80% 500 -25 Over/Under Budget (Total) 175 (Over Budget)

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175 (Over budget)

Original source

Over Budget by 175

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Ramifications of crashing a project activity Project activity Standard Duration (Days)

Crashed Duration Crashing cost ($ per day) Coding 17.00 12.00 100.00

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Ramifications of crashing a project activity Project activity/task Normal Duration (Days)

Crashed Duration Crashing cost ($ per day) Coding 17 12 100

2 Student paper 83%

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Crashing a project activity Project crashing accelerates the completion of project activi-

ties and even the completion of the entire project.

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Crashing a project activity Project crashing speed up completion of a project activity or

even the entire project

2 Student paper 94%

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Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content Writing (D) Coding( E) Testing,

Review and Launch (F) 43922 43927 43930 43931 43935 43952 Duration (Days)

Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content Writing (D) Coding( E) Testing,

Review and Launch (F) 5 3 5 6 17 5

Original source

Start Date Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content, Writing and

Assembly (D) Coding( E) Testing, Review and Launch (F) 43922 43927 43930 43931

43935 43952 Duration (Days) Information Gathering(A) Planning(B) Design( C) Content,

Writing and Assembly (D) Coding( E) Testing, Review and Launch (F) 5 3 5 7 17 5

5 Student paper 100%

Student paper

3 Days5 Days17 DaysABE

Original source

3 Days5 Days17 DaysABE

5 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ABDCEFStartEndES = 5LS= 7ES =3LS=4ES = 5LS=7ES = 17LS= 21ES = 5LS= 7ES = 7LS= 10

Original source

ABDCEFStartEndES = 5LS= 7ES =3LS=4ES = 5LS=7ES = 17LS= 21ES = 5LS= 7ES = 7LS= 10

2 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ES = 5

Original source

ES = 5

2 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ES = 5

Original source

ES = 5

2 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ES = 17

Original source

ES = 17

8 inquiriesjournal 63%

Student paper

12/1/2021

Original source

12(1-2)

Originality Report 2021/12/9 6:21 م

…inalityReport/ultra?attemptId=428e0b63-dadf-4772-8619-58a0fb3de891&course_id=_93097_1&includeDeleted=true&print=true&download=true 11/11

2 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ES = 5

Original source

ES = 5

2 Student paper 100%

Student paper

ES = 7

Original source

ES = 7