Organizational Motivation

29 Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics - Vol.5, No.3, Sep 2018

A Spiritual Approach to Job Satisfaction and Motivation among Special

Education Teachers

Received 13 Feb 2018; Accepted 26 Apr 2018

Abbas Rahmati1*, Masoumeh S. Sajjadi1, Azare Negarestani2 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

2 Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Zarand Branch, Zarand, Iran.

*Correspondence: Should be addressed to Mr. Abbas Rahmati. Email: [email protected]

Introduction pirituality and ethics are the core values

shaping human life from ancient times

(1). The term spirituality has different

meanings and can be usually considered

identical with the word religion. However, it is

important to distinguish between religion and

spirituality since they are not of the same

nature and are two different concepts while

being relevant (2).

Spirituality is defined as a personal quest to

search for the deeper meaning of life in relation

to God and universe. There are common

concepts associated with this structure, such as

communication with the inner self, search for

common values beyond personal effort, a deep

empathy with all aspects of life, and a desire to

be linked with the sources of life (3). Given the

positive effects of spirituality on the

improvement of main psychological structures,

such as life satisfaction (4,5) mental health

(6,7), and happiness (8), as well as the negative

effects of perceived everyday stress (9), this

concept has been taken into consideration in

the workplace and developed greatly. A

growing number of employees are seeking

meaning in work as they are looking for

meaning in their personal life given the fact

that although life without work is pointless,

soulless work also ruins life (10).

In addition to employees, large organizations

support workplace spirituality due to its higher

impact on their success, compared to other

factors (11). In this regard, the employment of

spirituality facilitates the organizations to

create a human environment based on human

values in which employees can flourish all

S

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Attention to spirituality has dramatically increased over the past recent years. With regard to the

positive effects of spirituality in the workplace, this study was conducted to predict job satisfaction and motivation in special

education school teachers based on spirituality in the workplace in 2014.

Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 80 teachers working at special education schools in Kerman,

Iran. Due to the small population of the study, all teachers were entered into the study through the census method. The data were

collected using the Workplace Spirituality Scale, Dantt’s job satisfaction questionnaire, and Habibi’s job motivation questionnaire.

Data analysis was performed by means of stepwise regression.

Results: According to the results, job motivation showed a significant direct relationship with the sense of community and

spirituality in workplace. Sense of community predicted 0.35% of job motivation variance, while the other two components did not

show any significant relationship with this variable. The three components of spirituality in workplace, namely meaningful

working, alignment with organizational values, and sense of community explained 0.35%, 0.15%, and 0.5% of job satisfaction

variance, respectively.

Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it seems that the promotion of spirituality in the workplace can lead to the

enhancement of job motivation and satisfaction among the teachers working in special education schools. Consequently, this issue

should be given more attention by education authorities.

Keywords: Spirituality in the Workplace, Job Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Special Education Teachers.

Original Article Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics. 2018;5(3):29-35

Please Cite This Article As: Rahmati A, Sajjadi MS, Negarestani A. A Spiritual Approach to Job Satisfaction and

Motivation among Special Education Teachers. Health Spiritual Med Ethics. 2018;5(3):29-35.

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Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics - Vol.5, No.3, Sep 2018 30

their talents, thereby gaining profits (12). This

steadily-growing paradigm has attracted more

fans (13) and resulted in a dramatic increase in

the number of books and journals in the field.

As reported by Karakas (14), 140 articles have

shown the positive effect of spirituality in the

workplace on organizational performance.

Spirituality in the workplace is reported to

have a positive relationship with organizational

citizenship (15), organizational commitment

(16,17), effectiveness of the organization and

employees (14), and effective leadership (18).

It can also lead to the promotion of health and

happiness in the workplace (19), improvement

of employees’ attitude toward job involvement,

reduction of quitting job intentions (20), and

decrease of moral failures in the workplace (3).

In the 21st century, organizations need a

spiritual basis to survive because this concept

can make employees satisfied with their whole

working experience (21). Fachrunnisa (22)

believes that all organizations need spirituality

in their workplace to create job satisfaction.

Marques (23) stated that the enhancement of

satisfaction or dissatisfaction in the workplace

is associated with one's perception about the

meaningfulness or meaninglessness of the

work. Spirituality in the workplace can lead to

the enhancement of employees’ job satisfaction

through increasing honesty (24). According to

the latest studies, there is a positive

relationship between spirituality in the

workplace and job satisfaction (16).

Job satisfaction is defined as a positive or

negative attitude to work (25), as well as a

positive emotional situation resulting from

one's evaluation of work or work experiences

(26). If employees are satisfied with what they

are doing, they are less willing to quit their

jobs (20). A job is an important aspect of life,

which has to meet the mental needs of the

individuals, in addition to the provision of their

life expenses.

Job motivation is among the important job-

related mental factors. Motivation is one of the

key concepts in organizational environments

(27) since the lack of job motivation leads to

the non-fulfillment of positive outcomes at

work (28). Job motivation can increase

productivity (29) and encourage the employees

to be more efficient, create a positive working

environment, and fulfill their schedule

successfully (28). Fry (30) introduces

spirituality in workplace as a proximal factor

for employees’ intrinsic motivation. Various

studies have also reported a significant positive

relationship between motivation and

spirituality in the workplace (20,21,31).

Spiritual experience increases job satisfaction (32).

The fulfillment of spiritual needs in the

workplace makes for more professional

individuals in the job (33). On the other hand,

the investigation of spiritual dimension has

been ignored for many years in comparison

with employee’s physical and psychological

dimensions (32). Additionally, despite the

official reports testifying the increased

tendency among American employees for

using spirituality in the workplace (34), little

attention has been given to spirituality in the

eastern societies (35).

However, few studies have been carried out in

Iran examining spirituality in the workplace

and its relationship with job satisfaction and

motivation. In the local studies, the variables

predicting job satisfaction and motivation were

mainly psychological, managerial, or social

(36,37). Moreover, spirituality in the

workplace has been proposed as a way of

coping with stressful situations (38).

The teachers in the schools of mentally

challenged children are subject to stressful

work conditions, which in turn can affect their

job satisfaction and motivation. With this

background in mind, the present study was

conducted to investigate the relationship

between spirituality in the workplace and job

satisfaction and motivation among the teachers

of mentally challenged schools in order to

determine the role of spirituality elements in

the workplace as predictors of these two

variables.

Methods This descriptive-correlational study was

conducted on 80 teachers working at special

education schools of Kerman in southern Iran

in 2014. The participants were selected from

17 exceptional schools in districts 1 and 2 of

Kerman. Because of the small population, it

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A Spiritual Approach to Job Satisfaction

31 Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics - Vol.5, No.3, Sep 2018

was possible to measure the variables of the

study for every individual. Therefore, the census

sampling technique was used in the study.

After obtaining permission from relevant

authorities and going to the schools where

teachers were working, three questionnaires

were distributed among them. To comply with

the rules of ethics, teachers were reassured that

their information was kept confidential and

analyzed by a researcher team. In addition,

they were not obliged to participate in the

study. Out of the 80 subjects, 6 people withdrew,

and 74 people finally took part in the study.

Workplace Spirituality Scale

In order to measure spirituality in the

workplace, Workplace Spirituality Scale,

developed by Milliman et al. (39) was used in

the study. This scale consists of 21 items

dividing into 3 subscales of meaningful work

(6 items), sense of community (7 items), and

alignment of individual values with

organizational values (8 items). This

questionnaire is rated on a 7-point Likert scale

ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (totally

agree).

The reliability of this instrument was

investigated in different studies, reporting the

Cronbach’s alpha coefficients of 0.79, 0.88,

0.91, and 0.94 for total scale and its three

subscales of meaningful work, sense of

community, and alignment with organizational

values, respectively (39, 40). The validity of

this tool was measured through item-total

correlation rendering correlation coefficients of

0.82-0.94, indicating its proper validity. The

reliability of this questionnaire was also

verified using factor analysis (39).

Dant’s Job Satisfaction Questionnaire

This questionnaire was developed by Dant et

al. in 1966 in form of Herzberg’s two-factor

theory and contains 36 items rated on a 7-point

Likert scale. In this instrument, points 1 and 7

represent the lowest and highest degrees of

agreement, respectively. The questionnaire was

translated to Persian by Mojaradzadeh (1994)

and normalized by Fathabadi (2008) for the

Iranian society (41). The validity of the

questionnaire was confirmed, rendering a

Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94 (42).

Habibi’s Job Motivation Questionnaire

This 30-item questionnaire was designed by

Habibi (1998) in Persian to examine job

motivation. This tool is rated on a 5-point

Likert scale ranging within very little, little,

medium, much, and too much. Items 23 and 27

are scored inversely. The reliability of the

questionnaire was confirmed by Habibi (1998),

reporting a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of

0.93 (43). In another study, the reliability and

validity of this tool were verified as 0.93 and

0.82, respectively (44).

Data analysis was performed in SPSS

(version 20) using Pearson correlation

coefficient and stepwise regression. Before

investigating the hypotheses of the research,

the normality of the data was confirmed using

Smirnov-Kolmogorov and Shapiro-Wilk tests.

The other statistical assumptions of regression

method, including the lack of multicollinearity

(VIF<10; tolorance>0.01) and multiple non-

overlapping (correlation between independent

variables <0.95) were fulfilled.

All procedures performed in the study

involving human participants were in

accordance with the ethical standards of the

Psychology Department at Shahid Bahonar

University of Kerman as well as the 1964

Helsinki declaration and its later amendments

or comparable ethical standards. Informed

consent was obtained from all participants

included in the study

Result The demographic characteristics of the

participants, including gender, age, work

experience, education level, and marital status

are tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1- Demographic characteristics of the participants

% N Variables

100 74 Female Gender

9.5 7 30 ≥ years Age

(43±9.33)

60.8 45 31-40 years

25.7 19 41-50 years

4.1 3 50 < years

29.7 22 10 ≥ years Work experience

(17±3.71) 52.7 39 11-20 years

17.6 13 21-30 years

10.8 8 High school diploma

Education level 17.6 13 Associate degree

54.1 40 Bachelor of arts/science

17.6 13 Master of arts/science

70.3 52 Married Marital status

29.7 22 Single

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Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics - Vol.5, No.3, Sep 2018 32

The correlation between described variables

and spirituality indicators are presented in

Table 2. The results revealed a significant

relationship between the three components of

spirituality in the workplace and motivation

and job satisfaction.

Table 2- Correlation matrix of spirituality in the workplace

components with described variables

Variables (Mean±SD) 1 2 3 4

1 Meaningful work (19.28±7.12) 1

2 Sense of community (14.02±5.81) .73*** 1

3 Alignment with values (13.94±5.12) .66*** .71*** 1

4 Job satisfaction (84.19±17.91) .69*** .35** .57*** 1

5 Job motivation (68.45±14.31) .31** .55*** .20** .54**

* P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001

In the first stepwise regression with regard to

motivation as a dependent variable, a

significant model was observed in one step.

The first step included the sense of community

at work (P<0.001). Based on the statistics,

0.35% of the changes in job motivation could

be explained based on the sense of community

component (P<0.001). The other two

components were excluded because they were

not meaningful (Table 3).

Table 3- Predicting job motivation on the basis of spirituality

in the workplace

Variable B  t Sig

Sense of community 2.10 0.59 8.05 0.000

In the second stepwise regression,

considering job satisfaction as a dependent

variable, there was a significant model in three

steps. The first step included meaningful work,

(P<0.001), second step included alignment

with organizational values (P<0.001), and the

third step entailed a sense of community

(P<0.001). According to the results,

meaningful work (P<0.001) and profound

alignment with organizational values

(P<0.001), and sense of community (P<0.001)

could predict 35%, 0.15%, and 0.5% of the job

satisfaction variance, respectively (Table 4).

Table 4- Predicting job satisfaction based on spirituality in the

workplace

Variable B  t Sig

Step one: Meaningful work 4.25 .45 3.81 .000

Step two: Alignment with

organizational values 1.19 .25 2.66 .000

Step three: Sense of community 2.19 .22 2.40 .000

Discussion In this study, we investigated the relationship

of spirituality at workplace with motivation

and job satisfaction. The results revealed that

spirituality at workplace was significantly

associated with job motivation. Among the

components of spirituality in the workplace,

the sense of community was the only predictor

of job motivation in the special education

school teachers. This finding is in line with the

results obtained by De-Klerk et al. (21), Afsar

et al. (40), and Chalosfsky and Krishan (29),

reporting a significant relationship between job

motivation and spirituality in the workplace.

The concept of motivation refers to the cause,

intensity, and direction of human’s behavior,

which manifests in the person’s behavior or

attitude toward his/her work (45). Spirituality

at workplace is also associated with

organizational commitment (16). Therefore,

increased commitment and attention to all

work-related responsibilities can be one of the

reasons for the relationship between spirituality

in the workplace and job motivation.

The increased sense of belonging to a group

can be another reason for this finding because

the sense of community in the group includes a

sense of deep connection with others (43). This

concept is based on the belief that individuals

feel a sense of bond with each other, and there

is a relationship between their own inner self

and the inner self of others (39).

The study of the relationship between

spirituality in the workplace and job

satisfaction indicated a significant relationship

between the two variables. Based on the

results, spirituality components in the

workplace, including meaningful work,

alignment with organizational values, and

sense of community, respectively predicted

teachers’ job satisfaction (P<0.001). This

finding is in line with the results of the studies

performed by Vander-Walt et al. (42),

Fachrunnisa (22), Rolland et al. (16), Hassan et

al. (24), Goodarzi and Kaviani (46), Choerudin

and Ahmad (47), Javanmard et al. (48), and

Vander-Walt and de Klerk (32).

In explaining the relationship between

spirituality in the workplace and job

satisfaction, it is worth mentioning the

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33 Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics - Vol.5, No.3, Sep 2018

opinions of the experts in the field of job

satisfaction. Being in line or alignment with

organizational values is among the factors,

which can turn the workplace into a

meaningful and attractive atmosphere. Terez

(49) believes that a clear perspective of the

future, which determines the common

orientation of the people in the organization,

and the objectives and topics, which tangibly

complete this perspective on a daily basis,

cause people to trust the future more.

Accordingly, they feel that tactful and clear

solutions are dominating the organization,

which is in line with the results of the present

study.

According to a study conducted by Rollinson

et al. (50), organizations that adopt a monist

view and a broad set of values and beliefs to

clarify and improve the working lives of their

members, provide a more appropriate platform

for performing tasks, reducing pressures, and

finally increasing job satisfaction. In such

organizations, the employees feel that they are

in an integrated set, and organizational duties

are shared among all members in light of

relationship and correlation. Based on Terez

(49), correlation and integration are considered

as the major sources of job satisfaction

confirming the results of the present study.

In general, the results of this study showed

that spirituality in the workplace was positively

correlated with job motivation and satisfaction.

This finding highlights the significance of

attention to spirituality in the workplace, which

is in line with the studies introducing paying

attention to spirituality in the workplace as a

new and necessary paradigm (47) and

considering it essential to have a spiritual basis

for the survival of the organization (51).

Moreover, this positive relationship in special

education school teachers in the present study

can be due to the reduction of perceived stress

(9), quitting job intentions (20), and moral

behavior failure in the workplace (3), as well

as the improvement of organizational

commitment (16,17), health and happiness in

the workplace (19), job-related attitudes of

employees about job involvement (34), and

ability to cope with stressful work conditions

(33), created by spirituality in the workplace.

Given the significant relationship of

spirituality in the workplace with job

satisfaction and motivation, future studies are

recommended to investigate the mediating role

of job motivation in the relationship of

spirituality with job satisfaction and also the

related factors, which are effective in the

enhancement of spirituality using causal

investigations, structural modeling, and path

analysis. One of the limitations of the study

was the small sample size. Therefore, the

generalization of the findings of the study

should be performed with discretion.

Conclusion Motivation is a dynamic drive forcing the

humans to move towards the goal with specific

acts. Job satisfaction is defined as the

experience of happiness resulting from the

achievement of the objectives. Motivation is a

feeling created before performing an action and

achieving results, whereas satisfaction is a

feeling generated after reaching the objectives.

Therefore, motivation can be defined as a

driving force along this path.

Regarding the role of spirituality in the

workplace in the prediction of these two issues,

the relationship between spirituality and job

satisfaction can be examined in terms of the

mediating role of job motivation. It can be

concluded that job motivation is the factor

directing one toward the achievement of the

goal and job satisfaction.

Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgements The authors are thankful to all special

education teachers that patiently helped in

completing research questionnaires and also

those researchers that made this research

possible by their scientific documentations.

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