ORG 6499 Week 6 Final Paper
Running head: PERSONAL POSITION ON POLICE BRUTALITY 1
Personal Position on Police Brutality
Brenda Rouse
University of Arizona Global Campus
ORG 6499 Cultural Diversity & Individual Differences
Instructor: Cara Metz
May 3, 2021
PERSONAL POSITION ON POLICE BRUTALITY 2
Personal Position on Police Brutality
Introduction
Diversity situations and cultural dilemmas are continually experienced in the United
States, with half of the US population being AfricanAmericans. Most immigrants migrate to the
US in search of job opportunities and good life. As a result, they fail to abide by the cultures,
values, and beliefs of Americans. Immigrants who fail to assimilate lack the opportunities and
advantages that the ones who assimilate have. As a result, they end up in low socioeconomic
backgrounds as they also become vulnerable to police brutality, systemic racism, and others rape.
Police brutality has remained a constant language over the years despite the stringent dynamic
laws that have been put in place. Police engage in more practical and hard work to enforce law
and order and are allowed to use force when situations call for, but that is not the current case.
Most police officers have been recognized to have a different perspective on the powers to use
guns on specific races. Many criticisms have been leveled against the police on their choices to
use extra force on various civilians, unlike others which continue to raise alarms in American
setups.
Police brutality is not a new song anymore in America since it has become a global menace that
the world has to deal with. Police brutality does not choose any race even though it is
enormously experienced in AfricanAmerican and LatinoAmerican societies. It is not a new
case since the historical setup when the people of color could face harsh treatment and
segregation due to their position in the society. Police brutality has become a significant topic
that has attracted many societies and advocacy groups to understand its rapid growth in low
socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Describe The Diversity Situation or Cultural Dilemma and Your Interest in This Topic.
The Marginalized groups like AfricanAmerica and Latino America, according to Bonilla
Silva (2015), experience many inhuman activities that cause extreme tortures and life
threatening situations to their lives and that of their families. They reciprocate by demanding
their rights leading to illegal immigration, police brutality, and systemic racism. The three topics
are my interest since they have some commonality to what the marginalized groups experience.
The minority groups experience oppression through police brutality, systemic racism in
structural aspects, and illegal immigration bias. Since the minority group cannot wholly
assimilate into American culture, they create a cultural gap leading to cultural dilemmas. They
also experience diversity in workplaces, age, and social structures. The people of color lack
opportunities in every systemic benefit due to the host country's harsh treatment.
Describe The Cultural Groups Impacted by This Topic
The minority groups involved in a diverse situation, according to BonillaSilva (2015),
are the AfricanAmericans and Latino Americans. They are the cultural groups in America that
experience diverse situations and cultural dilemmas such as illegal immigration, police brutality,
and systemic racism. The people of color experience stigmatization due to excess oppression,
discrimination, and selfexcluded from the mainstream of American Culture. The social practices
deter AfricanAmerican and Latino Americans from engaging in helpful activities, creating a gap
between Americans and people of color. As a result, the immigrants engage in criminal activities
to fend for their wellbeing and end up in police hands.
What Are Some of the Societal and Historical Forces Which Might Have Created
This Situation or Dilemma?
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Roberson et al. (2017) studies describe that when settlers arrived in the Western
Hemisphere in the early times, they barely recognized indigenous native Americans' rights. The
westerners fought native tribes, fought to convert them to Christianity, and turned them into
slaves for the American colonies. Most indigenous native American population succumbed to
emerging diseases, and battles making the European Americans be the dominant population.
BonillaSilva (2015) further describes that the fight for freedom for civil rights, the right to life,
equal treatment, globalization, and the struggle for system change directed black Americans to
experience police brutality and systemic racism. The African American and Latino Americans
were forced into labor and brutal treatment as they become the least prosperous and unstable
group in European nations. Their rights to education for civilization were taken away by
oppression and discrimination, making them vulnerable to colonizers' brutal treatment.
The dilemmas created foresaw BlackAmericans relocating to reservations during history
with the emergence of many untreated diseases and starvations. The European colonizers
considered black Americans unskilled humans who did not deserve better lives but could only
benefit from slavery. Therefore, this created a cultural gap and widened the systemic racism in
European nations. The indigenous native Americans reciprocated by fighting back by developing
various movements that changed different political situations. The fight for land, education,
equality, and living in suburban areas created the cultural dilemmas and diversity situations that
AfricanAmerican and Latino Americans face now.
Provide One Argument from Each Perspective Regarding the Topic.
Illegal Immigration
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Most AfricanAmericans and Latino Americans illegally migrate from their country of
origin while violating the laws to settle in European countries. Since most of them originate from
developing countries, immigrants migrate in search of opportunities and better life. Illegal
immigration poses a threat to individuals that continues to create a gap and cultural dilemmas.
The BlackAmericans who have illegally migrated to host countries, according to Burkett &
Hayes (2018), live in fear of being deported as president trump immigration laws dictated. As a
result, they form alliances with illegal groups for identification as they maneuver their lives
through European countries. When President Trump entered office, he enacted laws on
immigration and customs enforcement that deterred Immigrants from migrating to America.
Police Brutality
Due to racism, oppressions, discriminations, and hatred that the BlackAmericans
experience in host countries, the police, in return, uses force to physically, emotionally, and
psychologically torture the people of color. Research studies from Lyle & Esmail (2016) indicate
that most BlackAmericans are the victims of shootings in America that create different
movements to safeguard indigenous lives.
Systemic Racism
Systemic racism involves discrimination in search for institutional services like
healthcare, social benefits, and workplaces. According to BonillaSilva (2015), most Black
Americans experience systemic racism in healthcare settings and workplaces. Women and
children from marginalized groups succumb to chronic illnesses, pregnancyrelated
complications, and HIV/Aids complications due to lack of inequality in healthcare services. The
BlackAmericans, in return, fail to seek medical help due to the brutal treatment they receive in
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search of better care. Additionally, BlackAmericans also receive low wages in the workplace
setup. They occupy unskilled occupations that do not require professionalism to acquire, leading
to low wages that cannot settle their needs.
Describe The Diversity Situation or Cultural Dilemma and The Cultural Groups Impacted
by This Topic.
According to Lyle & Esmail (2016), police violence towards racial and ethnic minorities
has been rising, creating attention internationally. The author further indicates that police
brutality is every day in African American and Latino American cultures, which have cited racial
tensions, widescale protests and led to maximum media coverage (Lyle & Esmail, 2016). In the
United States, most people of color experience low levels of force to highlevel use of
intimidation and additional threats in their daytoday interactions with the police. Studies from
Sekhon (2019) indicate that people of color are likely to die at the hands of police, whether
justified or not. Most police officers tend to make shooting biases and mistakes on people of
color by misidentifying their roles in societies (Sekhon 2019). Also, Civile & Obhi (2017) show
that most people of color have a standard dressing code like hoodies making the police mistake
their identities and conduct unjustified shootings (Civile, C., & Obhi, S., 2017).
Explain the Types of Power or Privilege Each Group Possesses. In What Ways Are
Members of Each Group Aware (Or Not Aware) Of Their Power or Privilege?
Mendoza & ParksStamm (2020) indicate "that people of color have a social identity that
allows them to have a sense of belonging. Since most American citizens believe that people of
color are from low socioeconomic backgrounds with low income, their privileges like decent
education and health are mostly taken away" (Mendoza & ParksStamm, 2020). However, their
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identity has been affected by how American society views them, making them lose the power
and privilege to move across the world. AfricanAmericans, in many ways, are not aware of their
privileges due to fear of discrimination and past experiences. Their rights to social benefits,
quality healthcare services, quality educations, right to a decent income, and promotions are
mostly denied to them. They fail to report since the system may be influenced by racial
discrimination making their pleas fall into an unjust justice system. The people of color also have
the power to create changes in how social setups view them. They have the potential to influence
the system to change their unjust ways while handling them. For instance, through the power of
the black lives matter movement, the racial discrimination posed on AfricanAmericans has
taken a considerable toll.
Therefore, the police can influence the public to engage in reasonable practices. In their
quest to provide law and order, they can also advocate for human rights and shun using force on
AfricanAmericans. The police can promote social justice by delivering equal services, equity,
and respect to all social groups by assuring them of the need to have their civil rights. The social
identity of AfricanAmericans determines how they become treated by the police. Therefore, the
police can use social justice to create health benefits, quality education, and justice system
reforms.
Discuss The Types of Prejudice or Discrimination Applied to Each Group. Is The
Discrimination or Prejudice Overt or Covert?
Lyle & Esmail (2016) indicate that police brutality is associated with interpersonal
discrimination on the social identity of people of color. The types of discrimination involve race,
color, and gender, which widen the gap between whites and blacks. Racial discrimination in
social setups has enhanced police actions and influenced their practices to shoot on people of
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color without thinking of their actions. Most police officers also shoot on blacks due to their skin
colors. In the historical context, the blacks were considered weak and poor and could only be
used as slaves, which influenced how the American culture is shaped. Additionally, gender
discrimination is also rising as most people discriminate against women and children of color.
Women and children are treated unequally in their quest to seek healthcare services and justice in
case of any cause of alarm.
How Do These (Prejudice, Discrimination, Power or Privilege) Impact Each
Group's Access to Goods, Services, Positions of Power, Education, Or Other Societal
Structures?
According to Lyle & Esmail (2016), racial discrimination affects AfricanAmericans in
power positions. The most decent position is offered to white races, while weak and low
positions are provided to people of color. In places that tolerate racial discrimination, they
believe people of color have low education, low working experience, and are not fit for higher
positions, thus discriminating against them. Women are also discriminated against in societal
structures and their abilities to access goods. They receive unequal treatment while seeking
health services, as many women with chronic disease are left unattended and pregnant women
offered little attention while seeking treatment (Lyle & Esmail, 2016).
Children are also discriminated against in education sectors with manipulations and blackmail
from teachers and students, creating gaps in whites and black children's performances.
Analysis of Police Brutality
In historical contexts, police brutality is a double standard measure in the way police are
treated due to violent activities against blacks. It is logical to think that most individuals, whether
in authority or not, will undergo a fair justice system, but that is not the case with the blacks.
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Most victims are blamed for their deaths as police officers become excused, believing that
victims often trigger police actions. Lyle & Esmail (2016) indicate that police view blacks as
potential perpetrators, which require brutality reinforcements. In general, black males are
considered aggressive and with criminal nature; therefore, the police view them as a threat to the
community and use disproportionate force. Additionally, the distinctive features of black men
make them be regarded as criminals by the police.
According to Lyle & Esmail (2016), police brutality is not a current matter but a
historical event experienced when settlers arrived in Western Hemisphere during the early times.
Most of these settlers did not recognize the black's civil rights as they forced them into slavery
and harsh treatment. Due to discrimination, the blacks were not given decent education,
healthcare services, and rights to property. They experienced massive deaths due to emerging
and infectious diseases. They were also incapable of speaking fluent English due to lack of
education as English and education were considered a white man's language. That did not deter
blacks from fighting when they got the chance to so. As a result, they faced brutal treatment due
to their aggressive fights that activated police officers to treat them with indifference to protect
themselves and the community.
Police legality has undergone constant challenges following the incidence of
antiauthoritarian attitudes that have made American citizens place their values on individual
liberty. As a result, police have been forced to maintain authority and legitimacy by exerting
force on citizens. Police disproportionate use of force on people of color, according to Lyle &
Esmail (2016), ranges from low to high nonlethal strength. People of color in the United States
are at a greater chance of experiencing high and low threats while interacting with the police.
Research indicates that people of color, both young and old have higher chances of dying in
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police custody due to their aggressive treatment while in police custody. According to Sekhon
(2019), between 20152016, 30% of unarmed racial and ethnic minorities have been killed under
unclear circumstances through law enforcement. The prevalence of ethnic and racial minority
killings describes disparity patterns in police violence that have been perceived to be extreme
and unjustified.
Biases, attitudes, cultural norms and stereotyping on Police Brutality
Mendoza & ParksStamm (2020) describe the contextual factors that contribute to the
disparity in police brutality against people of color. From a contextual view, it is evident that
police engaging in shooting activities are racially biased on racial and ethnic minorities. Shooter
bias is a standard shooting pattern on racial and ethnic minorities. Research from Lyle Perry &
Esmail Ashraf (2016) indicates that shooting mistakes have become consistent with black
stereotypes. The shooter bias is characterized by the American cultural beliefs and norms on
blacks' aggressive, dangerous and criminal nature. The bias is a cultural knowledge evolving
from generation to generation, which also extends against Latinos. Research from Civile & Obhi
(2017) indicates that the same patterns of shootings have constantly been experienced by
Muslims wearing hijabs and headgear with darker skins experiencing too many shootings
compared to lightskinned. Highlighted training and programs on shooter bias indicate that
unconscious bias reflects the disparity in police brutality outcomes. As a result, unconscious bias
being linked to violence and criminality against racial and minority groups can develop
discriminatory outcomes due to the held prejudices underlying an individual's consciousness. In
many police brutality cases against ethnic and racial minorities, the police always implicitly
assume that black people do not deserve fair treatment during police interactions. As a result, this
may lead to insignificant patterns of violence.
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It is important to note that police personality can also be a significant contributor to
violence against racial and ethnic minorities. Social dominance orientation and rightwing
authoritarianism make police officers adhere to authority figures' interests. The authority figures
in this hold traditional contexts of beliefs and values raised against minority groups. On the other
hand, social dominance is based on an individual's desire to dominate other outgroups. From
this point, police from Ingroups would view minorities from outgroups to be under their group;
therefore, they feel like they can exercise their dominant powers on the ingroups.
How The Situation or Dilemma May Be Addressed Moving Forward with A
Mutually Beneficial Outcome.
The federal government should change the existing policies and laws that govern police
brutality and put more stringent regulations that can foresee the wellbeing of ethnic and racial
minority groups. The American society should be educated on the benefits of equality to protect
the nation from the adverse effects of hatred, aggressive behaviors, and criminal activities.
Society should also change its traditional cultural beliefs on ethnic and racial groups. Police
brutality should be made a national disaster with a change in the judicial system. Police officers
should face criminal charges and prosecutions after committing violent crimes.
Conclusion
Police brutality has become an international disaster that society has to deal with on a
societal level instead of individually. Many ethnic and racial minorities have suffered in the
hands of the police without unjustified reasons, thus the need for system regulation. The
government in its powers should ensure that strict measures and control are taken against police
o0fficers and any group that would develop violence on people of color.
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References
BonillaSilva, E. (2015). The structure of racism in colorblind, “postracial” America. American
Behavioral Scientist, 59(11), 1358–1376. https://doiorg.proxy
library.ashford.edu/10.1177/0002764215586826
Burkett, J., & Hayes, S. (2018). Campus Administrators’ Responses to Donald Trump’s
Immigration Policy: Leadership during Times of Uncertainty. International Journal of
Educational Leadership and Management, 6(2), 98–125.
Civile, C., & Obhi, S. S. (2017). Students wearing police uniforms exhibit biased attention
toward individuals wearing hoodies. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. https://doiorg.proxy
library.ashford.edu/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00062
Lyle Perry, & Esmail Ashraf M. (2016). Sworn to Protect : Police Brutality – A Dilemma for
America’s Police. Race, Gender & Class, 23(3–4), 155–185.
Mendoza, S. A., & ParksStamm, E. J. (2020). Embodying the police: The effects of enclothed
cognition on shooting decisions. Psychological Reports, 123(6), 2353–2371. https://doi
org.proxylibrary.ashford.edu/10.1177/0033294119860261
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Roberson, Q., Ryan, A., & Ragins, B. (2017). The evolution and future of diversity at work.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 483499. [PsycArticles].
Sekhon, N. (2019, October 1). Police and the Limit of Law. Columbia Law Review, 119(6).