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Summary Review

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Article One: Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants

Initial skin-to-skin contact refers to placing a undressed baby, covering the head with warm blanket as well as dry cap crosswise the back on the mother’s chest. After reading the article, I expect to learn the special effects of early skin-to-skin connection on psychological alteration, breastfeeding and behaviour in healthy mother-newborn relation. The report covers the relationship between mother and new-born baby through early skin-to-skin contact. The rationale of the research is to proof the effects of early skin to skin contact on breastfeeding and other outcomes in mothers such as duration and also mother’s healthy and late preterm newborn infants (Moore et al., 2016). The article affirms that intimate contact at early birth influence neurobehaviors, promoting the fulfilment of basic biological needs.

The research was conducted in Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group’s Trialist Registers, contacting trialist and the bibliography on Kangaroo Mother Care. Randomised control trials were used in the research. Trial quality was assessed independently, and data extracted as well as more information given by study authors. The main outcomes of the literature found that there is an affirmative effect of SSC on breastfeeding in the first four months after birth (Nagai et al., 2010). It was also noted that the SSC increased the duration of breastfeeding. Cardio-respiratory stability was noted in late preterm infants (Neu & Robinson, 2010). The findings are supported by graphs which illustrate that none of the studies met all the methodological quality criteria. In conclusion, the authors affirmed that intervention benefited breastfeeding outcomes, decrease infant crying, and cardio-respiratory stability. The response also was found to have no adverse effects. However, further investigation is recommended. There are 66 references included in the article review.

Article Two: Baby to Mother’s Skin or Baby to Radiant Warmer; Which Practice Promotes the Best Outcome for a Healthy, Term Newborn Delivery?

After reading the abstract, I expected to learn the benefits of skin to skin contact for a newborn immediately after spontaneous vaginal delivery as compared to radiant warmer. I expected to learn how skin to skin contact promotes stabilisation and promotion of newborn's well-being. The literature review was made to examine the evidence regarding which of the two practices promotes the best outcome for a healthy newborn delivery. The research methods used in this literature review include PubMed and CINAHL search engines for Penn State Hershey George T. Harrell Health Science Library. Surveys were also conducted on the current practices of 3rd Floor Women’s Health RN’s in the labour and delivery setting (Landis et al., 2013). The literature supports skin to skin contact directly after vaginal delivery of a healthy newborn.

The benefit identified include mother-newborn bonding, thermo-stabilization, initiation of breastfeeding, easier transitions to extra-uterine life, pain reduction, stimulation of oxytocin and promotion of antibodies (Weddig et al., 2011). Surveys were conducted in the Labor and Delivery RN’s at Hershey Medical Center which found that 90% prefer skin to skin contact, while only 10% preferred warmer radiant following delivery (Fleming, 2012). Pie chart and a graph were used to present the findings of the literature. Radiant warmer were said to cause complication such as infant pulmonary distress, mental illness, newborn Hypoglycaemia and maternal pain management challenges. In conclusion, baby to belly directly following delivery was proven to be the best for mother and baby stabilisation. However, the study should be conducted on the level of education or policies on the practice, and staff comfort in initiating breastfeeding. The literature used five references to analyse the issue.

Article Three: Benefits of skin-to-skin during neonatal period: Governed by Epigenetic Mechanism

The abstract of the article presents the importance of perinatal experiences in the child’s later life psychology. The purpose of the literature is to examine the current skin-to-skin practice and the need for more studies discussed. The article emphasises the contribution of skin-to-skin contact in establishing regular breathing as well as maintaining healthy blood glucose and blood temperature levels (Almgren, 2018). Also known as Kangaroo mother care, SSC is appropriate care to stabilise low-birth-weight infants.

In a Zimbabwe hospital where there was no equipment to care for neonates was examined in the research. The literature was weighing the survival of infants between 1000 and 1500 g. Another randomised control study where stable neonates with birth weight 1200 to 2199 g were examined got conducted. One sample was assigned skin-to-skin and the other assigned conventional care. Cardio-respiratory and temperature scores were monitored within the 6 hours after birth (Carbasse et al., 2013). The survival of infants had been as low as 10% in the Zimbabwe hospital but improved dramatically to 50% for infants with weight 1000 g-1500 g. In the second study found that 100% of the sample assigned to SSC resulted in stability scores as compared to the conventional care group 46%. Graphical representation was used to show the findings of Bergman et al. (1994) survival according to weights. Lastly, there is a need for more studies and researches on the impact of skin-to-skin on premature newborns. The article has used 18 references to examine the issue.

References

Almgren, M. (2018). Benefits of skin-to-skin contact during the neonatal period: Governed by epigenetic mechanisms?. Genes & diseases, 5(1), 24-26.

Carbasse, A., Kracher, S., Hausser, M., Langlet, C., Escande, B., Donato, L., ... & Kuhn, P. (2013). Safety and effectiveness of skin-to-skin contact in the NICU to support neurodevelopment in vulnerable preterm infants. The Journal of perinatal & neonatal nursing, 27(3), 255-262.

Fleming, P. J. (2012). Unexpected collapse of apparently healthy newborn infants: the benefits and potential risks of skin-to-skin contact.

Landis, E., Mueller, S., & Curcio, E., & Collins, M. (2013). Baby to Mother's Skin or Baby to Radiant Warmer: Which Practice Promotes the Best Outcome for a Healthy, Term Newborn Directly Following Delivery?

Moore, E. R., Bergman, N., Anderson, G. C., & Medley, N. (2016). Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane database of systematic Reviews, (11).

Nagai, S., Andrianarimanana, D., Rabesandratana, N., Yonemoto, N., Nakayama, T., & Mori, R. (2010). Earlier versus later continuous Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) for stable low‐birth‐weight infants: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica, 99(6), 826-835.

Neu, M., & Robinson, J. (2010). Maternal holding of preterm infants during the early weeks after birth and dyad interaction at six months. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(4), 401-414.

Weddig, J., Baker, S. S., & Auld, G. (2011). Perspectives of hospital‐based nurses on breastfeeding initiation best practices. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 40(2), 166-178.