Topic: No Wires Attached: Reversing Cultural Limitations Imposed on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Pilots

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[0] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Unified_Protector 1.1.7% 4 matches

[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45VtWgY5aNA 0.0.6% 2 matches

[2] https://quizlet.com/229457254/ai-scar-flash-cards/ 0.0.6% 2 matches

[3] archive.org/stream/milmanual-st-2-22.7-t..._operations_djvu.txt 0.0.4% 2 matches

[4] https://www.195wg.ang.af.mil/Units/234th-Intelligence-Squadron/ 0.0.5% 2 matches

[5] https://es.scribd.com/document/337310466/A-Study-of-Intentions-of-Terrorist-Attac 0.30.3 % 1 matches

[6] www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/March 2014/0314gates.aspx 0.0.4% 2 matches

[7] https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/06/air-...am-terrorists-borno/ 0.0.5% 2 matches

[8] https://www.aevex.com/history/ 0.0.5% 2 matches

[9] www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a487043.pdf 0.30.3 % 2 matches

[10] https://quizlet.com/72073254/msn-303-scar-flash-cards/ 0.30.3 % 1 matches

[11] https://epdf.tips/trauma-interventions-i...tice-and-policy.html 0.0.2% 1 matches

[12] www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2014/March 2014/0314gates.pdf 0.0.2% 1 matches

[13] www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/2/90/pdf 0.10.1 % 1 matches

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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study ............................................................................................... 2

Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 2

Research Question ....................................................................................................................... 4

Problem Background and Significance ....................................................................................... 4

Thesis .......................................................................................................................................... 6

Section II: Background ................................................................................................................... 6

RPA History ................................................................................................................................ 6

Inception of The RPA program ............................................................................................... 7 [9]

Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) ....................................................................................... 11

Works cited ................................................................................................................................... 17

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Student's Name:

Professor's Name:

Course

Date

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study Introduction

Remotely Piloted Aircrafts are small unmanned aircrafts that are operated by highly skilled

pilots. They are being used as a warfare tool by the military as a modern technique during covert

mission. based on recent history, military planners have deduced that the nature of future wars will

be restricted to intrastate and regional conflicts. And hence wars such as World War One and two

where the military used balloons are definitely not going to be the war in the time to come. The

RPAs have quality features of the modern combat.

Remotely Piloted Aircrafts plays a major role in the modern world as due to their advance [3]

features sensors and capabilities, they can be able to perform a safely And secure mission in a

hostile or dangerous environment. Hence risking no human life which is very important in a

mission. The question concerning implementation of the RPA are not so much about if they should

be developed but how to assimilate them into the Air Force organization. The Air Force have made

a point to develop top notch sensors which stress on reconnaissance (ISR) applications,

intelligence and surveillance. This dissertation will address on the future improvement of the RPAs

applications, this will increase the drone performance for future wars.

During the First World War RPVs were used as drones. RPVs are basically a type of RPAs

the difference is with RPVs the operator is not really protected but just relocated to a safe remote

area unlike for the RPAs the operator is completely eliminated from way. Today with the harm's

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help of advance technology the RPVs are designed to carry equipment's for counter measures such

as jammers and also perform surveillance with the help of their highly quality Infra-Red cameras

and imagers.

In today world countries such as the United States of America, Israel, France and the United [11]

Kingdom have embraced RPAs development projects. It has been declared that in the near future

the RPAs will fully replace mission assignments being carried out human beings. These will reduce

casualties of human lives lost and will also be cheaper thus undertaking such a research is a good

enough reason.

RPAs has a lot advantages as compared to their disadvantages. Some of them are they can

destroy targets, jam enemy's frequencies, provide real time intelligence, act as radio relays. On the

contrary they are detected faster as they alert enemy's electronic systems and also creates

unemployment. This raises the question in regards to their capability to provide real time

information. It is for these reasons researchers are in doubt whether the RPAs will be able to stand

and fight alone or it would only supplement an Air Force

Fundamentals of war clearly explicate that the element of surprise has made a huge

contribution to success. Therefore the denial of surprise is paramount to a potential intruder in a

military context. Gaining intelligence is the key factor in a military operation, it was evident in the

Second World War during the Arab Israel war between 1967 and 1973 where use of aerial

reconnaissance was used which enabled the Israelite to use force multiplication through the

acquired intelligence. This showed how aerial reconnaissance is important when it comes to

winning wars. The RPAs have proved to be worth when it comes to surveillance and

reconnaissance during war.

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In this modern age the armed forces around the world are starting to realize the need of

unmanned aircrafts. With the objective of reducing defense budget, the high cost of training the

aircrew, and expensive manned aircrafts are making them obsolete. Keeping in mind that Remotely

Piloted Aircrafts reduces all risks to human being due to their small radar and IR signature. This

gives them the ability to spoof enemies. Also keeping into consideration that they can acquire real

time intelligence from the threat. This has given them advantage over manned aircrafts.

Research Question

1. How can the Air Force foster a positive culture that embraces RPAs and RPA operators in

order to ensure they are used to their full potential?

Problem Background and Significance

The USAF's own projections anticipate a quickly evolving operational environment that by

2038 will require a much more sophisticated use of remote and autonomous systems to achieve

mission objectives and balance risk appropriately. Future RPAs would be able to defeat enemy 4

radar, carry out multiple mission sets, and use onboard sensors to prevent collision. Experts such 5

as General Norman Schwartz, former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, believes the

future of the USAF lies within unmanned assets, due to technology outpacing the capabilities of

human beings, such as interface devices that have reached their logical limits (Zacharias).

Unfortunately, fundamental issue of peer acceptance and conventional views regarding “humans

in the cockpit” as somehow essential to the services identity have the potential to stall tactical

advancement of RPAs. A 2014 article featuring Robert Gates, former Air Force Magazine [6]

Secretary of Defense, noted that the USAF could only think in terms of “high-tech air- -air to [6]

combat and strategic bombing against major nation-states”, and they seemed to envision the way

those missions would be executed as exclusively one with people physically in the cockpit

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(Pappalardo). As such, Gates felt that the USAF was not acting in the best interest of joint forces

on the ground in combat zones.

Perennially dismissed as merely video game operators, RPA pilots have faced an uphill battle

since the beginning of the GWOT. Some critics have called RPA operators “less than true pilots”,

and argue that “the very idea of a pilotless aircraft is dishonorable”.10 The root of the problem is a

cultural gap between generations of traditional pilots and the modern generation of RPA operators

that endure a different kind of stress. This failure is illustrated by the perception of one's value.

Pilots do not believe that the stress of, for example, flying an F-105 over Vietnam translates to

what RPA pilots are facing today. This perception could be part of the reason why RPA pilots are

fighting such an uphill battle, when compared to traditional pilots in the USAF. However, practical

experience showed time and again that there is no psychological distance between the actions of

the aircraft and its operators. For example, Creech Air Force Base has implemented a program

wherein a full-time psychologist is assigned to its wing. Crews are required to make contact after

any kinetic activity, in an effort to mitigate stresses related to combat.

Many publications have identified problems in the RPA community. A 2011 report written by

the USAF SAB identified pitfalls in the USAF RPA program that include, limited communications

systems, training, crew selection, and sub-standard Ground Control Stations (GCS). Moreover, a

2014 Government Accountability Office (GAO) report highlighted recruitment, development, and

retention issues preventing the RPA enterprise from flourishing, potentially compromising a

significant strategic air asset. Additionally, featured a report in 2014Air Force Magazine

highlighting former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, in which he summarizes “next itis” -war-

struggles he encountered with USAF senior leadership. Gates explained the unquenchable thirst [4]

USAF senior leadership bore for conventional weapons, such as next generation fighters and

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bombers, dismissing the urgent requirement for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance

(ISR) platforms. In a recent (2015) article, Captain Michael Byrnes Air & Space Power Journal

illuminated the negative cultural atmosphere RPA pilots are being forced to contend with, claiming

fighter pilots have an unfair advantage, when stacked against their RPA counterparts for

promotion. However, although these articles and reports identify cultural issues facing the RPA

community, none of them address issues or solutions relating to the lack of synergy with regards

to the USAF strike community and RPAs.

This research will identify key limitations within the USAF strike community that hinder

necessary RPA advancement. Not only will these findings become a force multiplier for the

broader USAF strike community, it will serve as a playbook for the entire Department of Defense

(DOD). By providing an accurate sight-picture of gaps in the utilization of RPAs, and

recommending solutions to remedy those issues, sister branches of service will be able to apply

lessons learned from the experience and apply it to similar weapons platforms. Moreover, this

research will provide senior leadership the necessary documentation of limitations affecting a

significant weapon system within the USAF. The identification of these limitations, and the

remedy for them, has the potential to foster tactical progress for current and future RPA operations.

Thesis This study will give a unique elucidation on how the US Air Force can nurture a positive custom

that adopts RPAs and RPA operators in order to guarantee that they are used to their ultimate

potential.

Section II: Background

RPA History

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In the past few years the interest for remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) commonly known as UAV

or drones has really exploded and it is currently being used worldwide. This technology has widely

spread from previously being mostly used by military to now the where the private sectors are also

into operational.

Inception of The RPA program

In the July of the year 1849, the was the recording of the earliest use of an unmanned re

aerial vehicle in warfare, which serv as a balloon carrier. This was the predecessor of the aircraft ed

carrier in the first violent use of air power in naval aviation. The Austrian forces blockading the

city of Venice endeavored to launch 200 inflammable balloons at the surrounded city. Mainly, the

balloons were launched from land, whereas others were launched from the SMS Vulcano; an

Austrian ship. Only about one bomb fell successfully in the city, while most of the other balloons,

due to a change in the direction of the wind after launching, missed their target. In fact, some

drifted back over the Austrian lines and some towards the launching ship . Vulcano

Innovations of UAV dates back to the early 1900s. They were originally for military

personnel serving as practice targets. The development of went on during World War I. It UAV

was the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company that invented an aerial torpedo that was pilotless and

that was set to explode at a predetermined time.

Despite balloons lacking for inclusion in the category of UAV in present day, it had been

a technology that the Austrians had been attempting to develop many months before, which later

bred further advancements. In the year 1915, the British military used aerial photography in the

Battle of Neuve Chapelle and that would aid to awards them with an advantage. They had been

empowered to capture in excess of 1,500 sky-view maps of Germany's trench fortifications in the

territory.

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In 1916 during World War I, the United States commenced the development of UAV

technology creating the first pilotless aircraft. It would soon follow that the U.S Army made the

Kettering Bug. As the development UAV technology went on, in 1930, the U.S Navy started

experimentation on radio-controlled aircraft, which result in the building of the Curtiss N2C-ed 2

drone, which took place in 1937. It was during World War that Reginald Denny developed the II

initial remote-controlled aircraft named Radio plane -2. OQ It was the first mass produced UAV in

the United States, and marked the breakthrough in the manufacture and supply drones for the of

US military.

Previously, drones have been known to be expensive and unreliable toys but then this ,

attitude started changing Part of the contribution to this change was the 1982 . Israeli Air Force's

victory over the Syrian Air Force. Israeli forces used both manned aircraft and UAVs to destroy a

dozen of aircraft owned by the Syrian military with negligible losses. Furthermore, in the 1980's,

the Pioneer UAV Program would be created by the US military to satisfy the need for cheaper

unmanned aircraft for their fleet operations. In 1986 a new drone was created from a joint project s

between The U.S and Israel militaries would in a combined project to create a new drone in 1986.

This drone, the RQ2 Pioneer, was an average-sized aircraft for reconnaissance.

More recent case, such as in 1990, micro and miniature UAVs would be introduced into

the field of weaponry. In the year 2000 in Afghanistan, the U. forces deployed the Predator drone S

in a search mission for Osama Bin Laden. Initially, drones were only associated with the military,

but the scene is starting to change. Amazon in 2014 projected using UAVs for package delivery to

their customers, while some real estate organization have started using drones shooting in

promotional videos. Globally, the use of drones has increased at a rapid rate.

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Overview of ISR The initials ISR signify the synchronized and unified acquisition, dispensation and

facilitation of opportune, precise, appropriate, articulate and guaranteed info and intelligence to

substantiate ing of actions. Sea, air, space, and land platforms are assigned commander's conduct

critical ISR roles and responsibilities to support military operations in general. By assembling all

ISR assets, giving a period of engagement, cross-cueing and layering of the different sensors, the

knowledge concerning a certain target, for instance, is clarified and broadened. ISR includes [13]

several activities that are related to the preparation and operation of the systems for collecting,

processing, and disseminating data that supports the current as well as future operations conducted

by the military.

The Department of Defense definition of intelligence i the knowledge and information 's s

that is obtained through observing, investigating, analyzing, or comprehending. The phrase

surveillance and reconnaissance denote the means by which information is perceived. In practice,

surveillance is a systematic observation conducted for the purposes of collecting whatever all

available data. On the other hand, reconnaissance refers to a specific mission that is carried out for

purposes of obtaining some specific information or data. In summation, numerous analysts uphold

the notion that the United States is symmetric warfare in which mediums such currently facing ‘a '

as terrorism, drug-trafficking, and biological weapons are used to attack the interests of the public.

In retaliation to the transformed threat, the U.S. military jointly with the society at large ve ha

undergone tremendous changes in the level of available technologies. The vast upsurges in both

information processing technologies, being the collection of data and its storing, and

communications processing technology like increased networking and bandwidth, seem to be

capable to completely transform the way to equip, organize and employ military forces.

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Fusion is a term used in the military referring to the harnessing of a intelligence types to ll

create a fused picture of a certain threat. The intelligence community's basic structure is made up

of the various intelligence source. This is to say that e piece of intelligence is identifiable by ach

the source that it came from, be it from human intelligence (HUMINT), signals intelligence

(SIGINT), imagery intelligence (IMINT), or measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT).

Additionally, these data are usually stored in distinct communications networks and databases

whose designs support the unique characteristics of the data that has been collected. For example,

a piece of image has different requirement from a communication intercept pertaining to software,

bandwidth, and hardware for transmission. Also, they each fill entirely different field types in a

database.

Still, the military cannot effortlessly use distinct SIGINT, HUMINT, MASINT, and IMINT data.

They require one fused analysis of the unique threat. Despite the truth in this statement, the rapidity

and accuracy with which the changed force is anticipated to act sets this fusion aside making it

more necessary, because the information about the enemy is presented in a timely and clear

manner.

Weaponizing RPAs The national intelligence community supports that of the military intelligence. The national

intelligence community was under tight scrutiny even before the September 11 attacks. Thusth ,

those aspects relevant to the national intelligence community's operations that Congress has direct

interest in impact the military intelligence . Moreover, the increasing 's quality DOD's plans for

capabilities in ISR are a concern to Congress regarding the cost, the matching of possibly rival

efforts for improving the data quality and the flow of intelligence, and the support of military

leadership.

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The initial testing of boosted, missile-equipped drones was concluded in the year 2001. It

was not long after the attacks of September 11 that the foremost weaponized Predators, fortified

with designated MQ- and Hellfire missiles, were seen flying over Kandahar and Kabul. The 1L

first drone firing in combat was in Afghanistan. Cumulatively, it had flown 261 forays Hellfire's

in Afghanistan, which totaled 2,700 hours. In 2003, the Air Force would donate it displaying it at

the Air and Space Museum in the same year.

Despite the use of drones has triggering vigorous controversy, the technology itself can in

theory greatly decrease the ratio of civilian to combatant casualties. Similar to all new weaponry

systems, drones have posed some difficult questions. Some counterterrorism officials, the

Members of Congress, and human rights lawyers have questioned exactly the way in which

military and intelligence officials determine targeting decisions. They also ask how attacks

conducted by drones affect the perception of civilian populations about the United States and how

they comport with the international law (Byrnes).

Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) [9]

Despite the US alliance in the Global War on Terror (GWOT) being extensive, the

outcomes are minimal. Since the 9/11, the fight against the -Qaeda group has Al brought about ‘a

battle of ideas existing between the westerners and the jihadist value systems. With revolt and '

extremism on the rise, both Afghanistan and Iraq are far from reaching the goal of becoming liberal

democracies. Moreover, the already enfeebled Alliance has begun fracturing, with chains of

command that are jumbled and rules of engagement that are highly restrictive.

Al-Qaeda Soviet's origin traces back to the –Afghan War that lasted from December of

1979 to February 1989. The UK, Pakistan, the US, People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia [5]

were in support of the Islamist Afghan, mujahedeen guerillas, who were fighting against the

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military forces of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Several ‘Afghan-

Arabs' volunteered to join the fight with the Soviets, who includ Osama bin Laden. No in ed

evidence existed of the guerillas receiving any external assistance. In May of 1996, a group called

World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), under the sponsorship of

bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started clustering into a large operation base in s'

Afghanistan, where the Islamist radical command of the Taliban had held power in early 1996. In

August of the same year, Bin Laden avowed jihad targeting the United States. Osama bin Laden,

in February 1998, signed a fatwa, being the head of the Al-Qaeda, declaring war on Israel and the

West. In was later in May that the Al-Qaeda released a video showing the declaration of war the

West.

It would later come to pass that on 7 August 1998, the Al-Qaeda organization orchestrated th

a strike on the US embassies based in Tanzania and Kenya. The attack kill 224 people, who ed

included 12 American national. The then U.S. President Bill Clinton, in retaliation launched an

operation dubbed Infinite Reach. It was a bombing campaign in Afghanistan and Sudan against

some targets the U.S. proclaimed had associations with the WIFJAJC group, but some have

questioned a pharmaceutical plant that is found in Sudan was used in the capacity of a chemical if

warfare facility. The plant had been used for production of much of the territory's antimalarial

drugs, along with approximately half of the pharmaceutical needs of Sudan. The strikes did not

successfully kill any of the leaders of the WIFJAJC or the Taliban groups.

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Operation Enduring Freedom refers to the official term the Bush administration used to

refer to the War in Afghanistan, along with three other smaller military activities that are included

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under the umbrella of the Global War on Terror. These globally orchestrated operations are

purposed to hunt for and terminate any fighters associated with Al-Qaeda or affiliates. its [3]

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR)

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance is a vital component of contemporary

military operations. Whether operating at sea, on land, and in the air, ISR systems work best when

they are capable of providing information that is actionable for guiding decisions during military

missions. The person making the decision could be a squad leader, a theater-level commander, at,

or any personnel that fall in levels in between.

There are essentially three primary while employing modalities that today's ISR uses

different electronic sensors for capturing information. The first are the electro ' types

Optical/Infrared (EO/IR) sensors. These are basically very advanced (sets of) cameras, which form

streams of thorough gigapixel imagery. The second is radar, which is commonly used during

targeting along with other combat functions. It is also used for ISR imaging, for instance, the

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) that is used on airborne platforms for creating comprehensive

images of the ground through the cover of clouds. Thirdly is the signals Intelligence (SIGINT)

systems that use multiple antennas for detecting signals that are of interest and then determining

the location of the signal origin, often prompted to detect and locate within a short time span.

Each of the modalities of ISR requires a rooted computing system, programmed to process

their sensor data streams at the actual time. Each of the sensor types has its unique processing

requirements. However, some types of sensor applications are usually arrayed together in multi-

mission loads. Thus, for instance, a particular ISR payload may require supporting SIGINT,

seeking for signals of interest, and the EO/IR capabilities to generate an image of the location of

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the signal source. This form of application complexity can bring about challenges for designers

of ISR system.

Close Air Support (CAS) In military operations, ( ) is definable as air action, such as air strikes, close air support CAS

conducted by fixed or rotary-winged aircraft targeted towards hostile targets who may be in close

proximity to some friendly forces. It may require a detailed incorporation of each air mission with

movement and fire of these attacks with, aircraft cannons, glide bombs, aerial bombs, missiles,

machine guns, rockets, and sometimes directed-energy artillery like lasers .

Time Sensitive Targeting (TST) Time Sensitive Targets (TST) refers to those targets that in need of immediate response due to the

danger they pose (or may pose shortly after) a danger to friendly operation or may be a

highly lucrative, momentarily opportune targets. TST is highly prevalent during operations. It has

evolved from what was called artillery spotting the First World War era, to hunt for V1 and in a

V2 sites during World War II, to Scud-hunting during the Gulf War era, and into current ‘

operations' with the use of UAVs. In the course of this evolution, the time it takes to seek out a

target and duly prosecute has lessened significantly, in spite of a marked increase in both the

quantity of the information that is being transmitted and the range existing between the decision

maker and the target. The two aspects to TST are prosecuting targets rapidly and doing so at

the most opportune time in harmony with other relevant forces.

High Value Targets (HVTs)

The phrase a high-value target ( is a military terminology used in the US Forces HVT)

referring to resource or person that an enemy commander requires in order for a mission to be. The

term widely used in the news media to refer to, for example, Osama Bin Laden and other high-is

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ranking officials of the -Qaeda group. These individuals are considered critical for their Al

operations to be completed. The Former president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, was referred to as

High Value Target Number One before the US military captured him.

Often, soldiers are requested to capture an HVT alive. incase if that is impossible, they are

given the clearance to shoot to kill the HVT. A number of tasked Joint Special Operations Task

Forces including Task Force 121 Task Force 145, and Task Force 11 are established for the ,

primary purposes to capture and/or kill these high-value targets. The force that are assigned to s

these tasked forces often include units that are mainly from SOCOM and the Joint Special

Operations Command. These could be from such groups as the US Army 75th Ranger Regiment,

US Army Delta Force, US Navy SEALs, US Navy SEAL Team S , and the British Army's Special ix

Air Service (SAS). The term is also associated with secret US Department of Defense programs

for capturing and interrogating leaders of terrorist groups (Hennigan).

Operation Unified Protector (OUP) [0]

Operation Unified Protector (OUP) refers to an operation by NATO in 2011 that was for

enforcing the United Nations Security Council resolutions of 1970 and 1973 about the Libyan

Civil War, and which was adopted on the 26 February and 17 March 2011, respectively. These th th [0]

resolutions were for imposing sanctions on some key members of the Gaddafi government

authorizing NATO to implement no-fly zone, an arms embargo, and by all means necessary, a

short of foreign occupation, protect the Libyan civilians and areas they populat e. [0]

After starting on 23 March 2011, it gradually expanded in the course of the following rd

weeks, and integrated more and more essentials of the multinational military intervention that had

started on the 19 of the same month as a response to the UN resolutions. As of 31 of March th st

2011, incorporated all international operations that were in Libya. NATO support was vital if it 's

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the rebel was to topple over those forces that were loyal to Gaddafi. 31 October 2011 officially st [0]

marked the end of the operation, once the rebel leaders, had formalized in the National Transitional

Council, declared Libya liberated nation on the 23 of October. a rd

Air Interdiction (AI) Air interdiction ( ), also called deep air support ( ), is using aircraft attacks on AI DAS

preventative basis against enemy targets, who may not necessarily be considered an immediate

threat, so as to disrupt, hinder, or delay, enemy engagement of friendly forces that may occur later.

It is considered a core capability of practically all military air forces, and has been conducted

during war since the First World War (Tirpak).

Strike Coordination and Reconnaissance (SCAR) [2]

SCAR refers to a mission that is flown with the intention of detecting targets and organizing

or carrying out attacks or reconnaissance on the targets. SCAR operations are flown in a particular [10]

geographic area and elements of the command and control interface for coordinating multiple

flights, detecting and attacking targets, neutralizing enemy air defenses and the provision of battle

damage assessment.

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Works cited Byrnes, Michael. ‘Dark Horizon: Airpower Revolution on a Razor's Edge', Air & Space Power

Journal. 2015. Retrived from:

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/digital/pdf/articles/2015-Sep-Oct/F-Byrnes.pdf. 38.

(Accessed 19 October 2018)th

Hennigan, J. ‘Air Force Proposes $3 Billion Plan to Vastly Expand its Drone Program', - Los

Angeles Times. 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.latimes.com/world/middleeast/la- -fg

drone-pilots-20151210-story.html. (Accessed 19 October 2018) th

Michaels, Jim. ‘Drones Change “Top Gun” Culture of Air Force', USA Today. 2012. Retrieved

from: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/11/30/drone-wars/1737991/.

(Accessed 19 October 2018) th

Pappalardo, Joe. The Future For UAVs in the U.S. Air Force ‘ ', Popular Mechanics

Tirpak. John. ‘Gates Versus The Air Force', Air Force Magazine. 2014. Retrieved from:

http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Pages/2014/March%202014/0314gates.a

spx (Accessed 19 October 2018) th

Zacharias, Mark. , ‘Operating Next Generation Remotely Piloted Aircraft for Irregular Warfare'-

United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board. 2011.