The Relationship Between the Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Intention in China
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The Relationship Between the Gender Role Attitudes and Fertility Intention in China
This paper analyzes the gender attitudes of contemporary Chinese young people and the influence of different gender attitudes on individual fertility intention.
P6加男人
专门加如何影响的部分
Presentation Outline
Research background
Introduction
Literature reviews
Hypothesis
Motivation
Objective
Gender Role
Fertility Intention
Gender Role and Fertility Intention
Concepts
Gender role in China
Influence factors
Results
Aging Population
Ancient times, there has been a saying in Chinese culture that "men lead the outside while women lead the inside". In addition, there are "three 'from'” : "at home from the father, married from the husband, old from the son" is also usually interpreted as the woman must depend on the man.
Historical cultures, war is often seen as appropriate (or only) for men, and child care is usually (or only) for women. However, such a definition has some ambiguity throughout, like the movie MuLan.
Pre-industrial Europe, medicine was often considered a male privilege. But in Russia, health care is often considered a woman's job. The results of these beliefs can still be seen in modern society, that is, European hospitals are usually dominated by men, while Russian hospitals have many female doctors.
Now,in China, it is not uncommon for men lead the inside and women to be outside. There is even left behind husband and more and more full time fathers.With women's education and job opportunities rising, the gender roles in China are changing.
Research Background
Gender Role
Research Background
Aging Population
The global population aging problem is severe and growing rapidly. The aging problem is most obvious in some Western European countries, and most of them are developed countries, such as Japan, Italy, Germany, France and other countries.
In 2019, the global population aging problem will be intensified, and China's population aging growth rate will be the first in the world. For today's China, with a large population base and rapid economic development, but less per capita, it also faces the problem of aging population, which has become a resistance to economic development.
Because of developed countries are always push golobal economy, so developed countries aging population situation will lead the global economy decrease.
Background
According to the 227 survey results on the fertility intention carried out in China's Population Fertility Intention Change: 1980-2011, the longitudinal change trend of fertility intention was investigated by using the cross-sectional historical meta-analysis method. The results show that since 1980, the number of ideal children in China has been decreasing. After 2000, the average number of ideal children basically stabilized between 1.6-1.8.
Research Background
Fertility intention rate
Research Background
Gender Role and Fertility Intention
In the process of economic growth, women obtained higher education and participated more in the labor force. However,Men tend to be much slower to get involved in housework and child care (Kato, 2018).
Due to transformation in the public sector (i.e. in the private sector (e.g., employment) and non-transformation (e.g., employment), women, especially those with higher education, may hesitate to marry and have children when they risk losing their jobs and incomes. Therefore, women may wait for the right time in order to maintain their autonomy, resulting in late marriage and late childbearing, or even non-marriage or childlessness (Raymo, 2003).
像第二段一样！缺乏男性的！！
China's aging population is becoming more and more serious, and the proportion of children born is decreasing year by year.
The changes and rapid development of the times have brought about changes in China's gender roles, gender equality has always been a social problem.
Although there have been similar studies in other countries, the research on China only focuses on how the gender role in the family affects the fertility intention, and there is no special research on how the attitudes of gender role affects the fertility intention.
Motivation
C
Introduction
1
2
3
Research Objective
To study the gender role attitudess of Chinese young people in different backgrounds.
Find out how different gender role attitudes affect fertility intention.
Analyzed the results and proposed the intervention methods to improve fertility intention.
Introduction
Gender Roles
Men are always seen as bossy, powerful, socially defined as aggressive, active, independent, and not good at expressing emotions (Hegstorm&McCarlNielsen, 2002; Maccoby, 1990).
Gender division of labor is usually formed in society, with women as the main caregivers and men as protectors and providers of children (Glick, 2016).
According to the theory of gender role, the process of gender socialization encourages women to attach great importance to the role of wife and mother, and attach great importance to the emotional component of personal relationship (Bernard, 1972; Gilligan, 1982)
Literature Review
Concepts
Fertility intentions
Literature Review
Concepts
Fertility intentions are considered the best indicator of potential behaviour because this concept focuses on the variety of circumstances that may affect fertility behaviour (Miettinen and Szalma, 2014).
Gender role change may be one of the important factors leading to the phenomenon of low fertility in developed countries,according to demographic, economic and sociological theories (Esping-Andersen & Billari, 2015).
Unforeseen experiences (such as disagreement over reproductive intentions in a partnership, or when the experience of raising a child is not as expected) may lead an individual to change their fertility intentions (Iacovou and Tavares, 2011).
生育意愿被认为是潜在行为的最佳指标，因为这一概念侧重于可能影响生育行为的各种情况（Miettinen和Szalma，2014）。
不可预见的经历（如在伴侣关系中对生育意愿的分歧，或当抚养孩子的经历与预期不同时）可能导致个人改变生育意愿（Iacovou和Tavares，2011）。
与生育理想不同，但也不同于个人偏好/愿望，生育意愿在个人一生中经历更频繁的变化。他们这样做是为了应对一个人生活环境的变化（Kuhn、Kreyenfeld和Trappe，2017年）。
Literature Review
In 2010, the time gap between men and women in housework was significantly narrowed compared with 2000 (in 2000, men did 105.1 minutes less housework than women, and in 2010, men did 61.8 minutes less housework than women) (Liu&Li, 2013).
According to the gender role theory, the gender meaning of housework is social construction and embedded in the cultural structure (Zuo & bin, l2001). Masculinity used to be associated with not doing housework or doing less housework. People believe that "the more masculine the temperament, the more likely it is not to do or do less housework."
It is in the reflection of life taste and family significance that men find that their inner set of masculine norms may bring some harm to themselves and their families, so they are willing to change (Ma, 2019).
Cender role change in China
Literature Review
A more equal gender role attitude is associated with a higher willingness to have a second child.
South Korean studies have shown that the amount of time a husband spends on housework and childcare increases the likelihood of having a second child, while the amount of time a wife spends on housework and childcare every day is not important (gender role shift).
Women's gender role attitudes and fertility intentions of having a second child: survey findings from Shaanxi Province of China.Asian Population Studies,2019.
Influence Factors
In the public sphere, the preference for sharing the responsibility of family income has always been related to the lower willingness of men and women to have children and the lower number of ideal children.
Associations of gender role attitudes with fertility intentions: A Japanese population-based study on single men and women of reproductive ages. Kato, 2018.
Literature Review
Research reveals a positive link between an egalitarian view of gender roles and women's reproductive intentions.
Men's perceptions of their wives' work family conflicts significantly predict men's fertility intentions, even if men's own work family conflicts do not exist. Women's own work family conflict or their views on husband's work family conflict can't predict women's fertility intention.
Fertility Intentions and Views on Gender Roles: Russian Women in Estonia from an Origin-destination Perspective.Comparative Population Studies, 2018.
In some European countries, equal gender roles are associated with a stronger desire to have children and a larger number of children .
Men's childbearing desires and views of the male role in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century. Demogr Res. 2008;19:1883–912.
Literature Review
A study of Australian women has shown that traditional attitudes are associated with a strong desire to have children and a larger family size [56].
Career oriented women may be more willing to avoid marriage and thus fertility.
Associations of gender role attitudes with fertility intentions: A Japanese population-based study on single men and women of reproductive ages. Kato, 2018
Attitudes toward women and motherhood: their role in Australian women’s childbearing behaviour. Sex Roles,2009.
Literature Review
Results
Women who tend to participate in housework tend to have lower fertility intention than women who show that housework is a female role. However, men's preference for household responsibilities does not seem to affect their fertility intentions.
The number of family responsibilities that Japanese women with equal gender roles expect to bear once they have a child, which may damage their willingness to bear children.
Another study in Finland found that traditional and equal attitudes were associated with stronger willingness to have children. Finnish women's gender role attitudes have nothing to do with their fertility intentions.
Unequal division of domestic work will only weaken Italy's domestic women's willingness to have children.
Associations of gender role attitudes with fertility intentions: A Japanese population-based study on single men and women of reproductive ages. Kato, 2018.
Gender equality and fertility intentions revisited:evidence from Finland. Demogr Res,2011.
Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. Demogr Res, 2008.
Hypothesis
1. Women who think that men and women should take equal responsibility for family income have lower fertility willingness.
2. Women who think equal distribution of housework between men and women are more likely to have children.
3. Men and women who think that women should be career oriented have low willingness to have children.
4. Both men and women who believe that male advocate outside female advocate inside are both with higher fertility willingness.
Reference
Abuladze, L., Puur, A., Vseviov, H., (2018). Fertility Intentions and Views on Gender Roles: Russian Women in Estonia from an Origin-destination Perspective. Comparative Population Studies, 43
Basten, S., Miettinen, A., Rotkirch, A., (2011). Gender equality and fertility intentions revisited:evidence from Finland. Demographic Research, 24, pp.469-496
Begall, K., Tanturri, M., Mencarini, L., Mills, M., (2008). Gender equity and fertility intentions in Italy and the Netherlands. Demographic Research, 18
Esping-Andersen, G. & Billari,FC. (2015). Re-theorizing family demographics. Popul Develop, 41(1). pp1–31.
Glick, P. (2016). Gender stereotypes. The SAGE encyclopedia of theory in psychology ,pp. 375-377.
Glick, D. (2016). Couples and family therapy in clinical practice. West Sussex, England : Wiley Blackwell.
Hegstorm, McCarl &Nielsen, (2002). Gender and Metaphor: Descriptions of Familiar Persons
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Reference
Holton, S., Fisher, J., Rowe, Heather. (2009). Attitudes toward women and motherhood: their role in Australian women’s childbearing behaviour. Sex Roles, 61(9), pp.677-687
Iacovou, M. and Tavares, L.P., 2011. Yearning, Learning, and Conceding: Reasons Men and Women Change Their Childbearing Intentions. Population and Development Review, 37(1), pp. 89-123.
Kato, K. (2018). Associations of gender role attitudes with fertility intentions: A Japanese population-based study on single men and women of reproductive ages. Sexual & reproductive healthcare : official journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives, 16, pp.15-22
Liu, H. J., Luo, S. Z. (2013). Gender in Marriage and Life Satisfaction Under Gender Imbalance in China: The Role of Intergenerational Support and SES. Social Indicators Research, 114(3), pp.915-933
Li, Y., Jiang, Q. (2019). Women's gender role attitudes and fertility intentions of having a second child: survey findings from Shaanxi Province of China. Asian Population Studies, 15(1), pp.66-86
Miettinen, A. and Szalma, I. 2015. Childlessness Intentions and Ideals in Europe. Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 2014, 49, pp. 31-55.
Reference
Puur, A., Olah, L.S., Tazi-preve, M. (2018). Men's childbearing desires and views of the male role in Europe at the dawn of the 21st century. Demographic Research, 19, pp.1883-1912
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Raymo J. Educational Attainment and The Transition To First Marriage Among
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Zuo, J., Bian, Y. (2001). Gendered resources, division of housework, and perceived fairness. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1122–1133.
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