physics lab
jimmy121
OnlineLabReport-Lab2-2305.pdf
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 17
Physics 2305
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2
Objectives
• To introduce the student to accelerating systems and to explore the vector nature of acceleration.
• To explore the vector nature of gravity • To enhance understanding of rotated coordinate systems • To further examine the relevance of kinematics equations in actual motion • To experiment with inclined planes and the angular dependence of acceleration
due to gravity
Recommended Background Reading
Knight, Chapters 2 and 3
Name ____________________________
Date _____________________________
GTA Name _______________________
Lab Partner _______________________
Quad & Seat ______________________
CRN ____________________________
If you need help with any aspect of this lab, attend your virtual lab session.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 18
READING NOTES
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 19
Physics 2305 Lab 2, Motion in One Dimension Part 2:
Pre-lab Assignment (To be completed and turned in at the start of your lab session)
1. The image below represents a frictionless inclined plane. When an object is placed on the incline it will accelerate at a constant rate.
2. The object above begins at rest on the incline a 2.0 m from the base of the incline, as shown in the figure. If the incline makes an angle of 20o with the horizontal, determine the time it will take for the object to reach the base of the incline.
3. How much time would it take for the same object to free-fall a vertical distance equal to h shown in the figure above? Assume that the object started from rest. Compare this time with your answer from question 1.
Name ____________________________
CRN ____________________________
Date ____________________________
GTA Name ______________________
𝜃𝜃
h
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 20
4. Determine the object’s speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline and compare this with the speed of the object if were to fall through a vertical distance equal to the object’s starting height on the incline.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 21
Investigation 1 – Moving along the x axis
Recall that in lab 1 we developed a coordinate system for the lab with the �̂�𝒊 direction set to be perpendicular and the 𝒋𝒋̂ direction to be parallel to the edge of your lab table. You can review this coordinate system by looking at lab 1 right now (your GTA should be handing your graded lab back at the start of the session). In the following set of activities we will be exploring motion constrained to the dynamics track and we will set motion along the track to be in the direction. As in lab 1, we need to establish a coordinate system for these activities.
Activity 1: Determining the Origin
A note about sound:
In the following experiments, we will be turning a fancart fan on and off. Because this fan is not visible in the videos, you will need to play the video with sound to hear when the fan is on. Unfortunately, Capstone mutes videos by default. In Capstone, before you play each of the videos, you will need to turn the audio on. To do so, follow these instructions:
1. Click the settings gear in top bar of the video display.
2. In the pop-up dialog display, click Movie Playback.
3. In the expanded menu, un-check the box next to Mute Playback.
4. Click the OK button.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 22
Based on your experience in the lab so far, set up a coordinate system for the following activities that is consistent with the system used in lab 1. If necessary you can consult with your GTA or reference your returned copy of lab 1. Using the methods from the past lab, define the origin and the directions of the x and y axis such that 𝒊𝒊 � points along the track away from the motion sensor. Label the axes below accordingly.
The Fan cart that you will use throughout this lab will roll without slipping along the track. There is negligible friction on the axles of the fan cart wheels.
The image above on the right is the Angle Indicator of the fan, which is located at the base of the fan. We can rotate the fan to alter the direction that the fan blows. This Angle Indicator allows us to measure this direction. Throughout the lab, we will begin each activity with the angular indicator set to the 0 degree mark, which orients the fan to blow toward the motion sensor, causing the cart to accelerate away from the sensor.
Activity 2: Pulsing the cart
In this activity, we will use the pulse function of the fan motor to exert a brief, unbalanced force on the cart. We set the fan cart to pulse for a two-second duration with the fan speed set to medium. The cart starts at rest close to the origin on the track. At the start of each video, we will press the power button and, after a brief period of time, the fan will pulse. In this activity, the cart will move in the direction.
Navigate to the Capstone tab Observation 1 and press play to see an example of this process.
Motion Sensor Dynamics Track
Open Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 1.cap
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 23
Observation 1: Describe the motion of the cart before, during, and after the pulse.
Part 1: Pulsing the cart from rest
Navigate to the Capstone tab named Pulsing the Cart to display position-time, velocity- time, and acceleration-time graphs of the cart. Again, the fan cart starts near the origin and the angle of the fan shaft is set to 0 degrees. The cart is set to pulse for 2 seconds and the experiment begins taking data at roughly the same time that we hit the power button that activates the fan. Be sure that your sound is turned on so you can hear when the fan is pulsing.
Take a screenshot of your data using the Journal tool in Capstone. Print it and collect the printout that is annotated. Include it after this page.
Question 1-1: Use the available graph tools to determine the following physical quantities for a 2 second period before, during, and after the pulse:
Before the Pulse During the Pulse After the Pulse
Distance Traveled
Average Velocity
Average Acceleration
Question 1-2: If the pulse were set to 4 seconds, which of the columns above would be affected? Explain how your data would change for each column above.
Prediction 1: What would happen if we changed the angle of the fan motor so that only some component of the pulse was directed parallel to the x-axis?
Prediction 2: Can you think of an expression that depends on the angle that would predict the new acceleration of the fan cart during the pulse? Work with your partner and
Stay on Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 1.cap
24
come up with some expression you think will accurately predict the new acceleration of the cart and write it here.
Test your Prediction 2 by navigating to the tab named Pulse Components. For this experiment, we initially rotated the fan to 30 degrees and then pulsed the fan for 2 seconds.
Use the experiment selector in the video controls to repeat this process for angles of 60 degrees and 90 degrees. Using the graph tools, calculate the average acceleration of the cart during the pulse for each of these angles and record the information in the table. (Hint: use the data triangle to select and display multiple runs at once.)
Predicted Acceleration
Measured Acceleration
% error
0o ----- 30o
60o
90o
Open Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 2.cap
How accurate was your prediction? Discuss any discrepancy or trend as the angle increased from 0 to 90 degrees.
Open Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 3.cap: Pulsing the cart with a nonzero speed
Now we'll consider the situation in which the cart is already moving when the fan exerts an unbalanced force to the cart.
Navigate to the tab named Pulsing with Initial Speed. Again, the fan cart starts near the origin and the angle of the fan shaft is set to 0 degrees. The cart is set to pulse for 2 seconds. In this experiment, we start by first recording data and then pressing the power button. We then immediately give the fan cart a light push so that it is moving away from the detector by the time the fan engages. (Remember: There is a delay between the time the power button is pushed and the time when the fan engages.)
Take a screenshot of your data using the Journal tool in Capstone. Include it after this page. Question 1-3: Determine the average acceleration of the cart during the pulse. Did the initial motion of the cart affect this acceleration?
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 25
Question 1-4: Using the appropriate graph tools, determine the distance traveled by the fan cart during the pulse. Compare this value with the data acquired in Question 1-1.
Next we shall take and analyze data for a pulse when the fan shaft is rotated through 180 degrees.
Prediction 1: Assume that the cart has an initial velocity of 1.5 m/s. The cart is subjected to a pulse that will deliver an acceleration of -1.0 m/s2 for 3 seconds. Graph the velocity of the cart on the axes below.
Use the experiment selector to choose "Push w/Fan at 180o". For this experiment we have rotated the fan to 180 degrees. When you press play, the video starts with us lightly pushing the cart so that it has a nonzero velocity before the cart begins to pulse. (Note: The data during the hand push will be noisy because it is nearly impossible to push the cart so that it has a constant acceleration.)
Question 1-5: Using the graph tools, determine the average vector acceleration of the fan cart during the pulse.
Question 1-6: From your data can you determine the moment when the cart turned around? Explain.
V el
oc ity
(m /s
)
Time (s)
+2
-2
0
1 3 5
Stay on Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 3.cap
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 26
Stay on Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 3.cap
Question 1-7: Determine from your data the total distance traveled by the cart during the experiment. Save a screenshot of your analysis and use the annotation tool to label it for this activity. Take a screenshot of your data using the Journal tool in Capstone. Include it after this page.
Open Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 4.cap
Investigation 2 – Inclined Plane and Rotated Coordinates
Of the many problems you will solve throughout this course none is more enlightening than the inclined plane. This physical situation will be revisited many times in the lab as a means of shedding light on the behavior of systems with constant acceleration. One of the most common techniques for simplifying problems of this sort involves adopting a rotated coordinate system. In such a system, a common direction (such as or ) is chosen to be in the direction of motion. In the experiments that follow we will use the direction to signify motion up the incline.
Activity 1: Setting the Origin
Navigate to the tab named "Components of g". This tab has been set up so that the origin is at the bottom of the incline and motion up the incline corresponds to the direction. The dynamics track is raised so that the angle indicator reads about 5 degrees. The motion sensor is at the end of the track that is not elevated. In this and the next activity you will begin with the cart at the top of the track and allow it to accelerate toward the motion sensor. The angle of the experimental setup is noted in the spaces provided.
Press play to start the cart at the top of the track and begin taking data. The cart will accelerate down the track toward the motion detector. The acceleration data may be "bumpy" at the start due to the sensitivity of the sensors and the lack of precision in hand guided motion.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 27
Take a screenshot of your data using the Journal tool in Capstone.
Question 2-1: Record your theoretical value of the component of acceleration due to gravity down the incline along with the measured value from your velocity-time graph in the space provided.
Incline Angle:__________
Theoretical value of acceleration:__________
Measured value of acceleration:__________
Question 2-2: Perform a percentage error calculation on your measurement, taking your theoretical value as the accepted value. Show your work and describe sources for the discrepancy below.
Activity 2: Accelerations up and down an incline
In this activity we will analyze the motion of the fan cart as it accelerates up the incline, comes to rest, and then accelerates back down the incline. Our goal is to determine the acceleration provided to the cart by the mounted fan. Use the experiment selector to select "Pulsing up the Track".
For this experiment we set the cart to the maximum speed and adjust the pulse setting to 6 seconds. The fan starts cart at the base of the incline close to the motion sensor (but not resting against the aluminum barrier to avoid the magnets there, the cart is slightly magnetic and allowing it to rest against the barrier will keep the cart from moving under the unbalanced force of the fan).
Stay on Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 4.cap
3o
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 28
Click play to start the experiment and recording data.
Question 2 – 3: Record in the space provided the incline angle of the track. Use the graph tools to determine the average acceleration of the cart both up and down the incline and record them below.
Incline angle: _________ Acceleration up the incline: __________ Acceleration down the incline: ____________
The acceleration of objects that we measure in the lab room is sometimes a combination of several different accelerations. The acceleration you have recorded above for motion up the incline is in fact the linear sum of 2 different accelerations. We will investigate in more detail the nature of this sum of accelerations and the source of all accelerations in lab 4. For now, let us treat acceleration as a vector quantity (which, of course it is) and utilize the property of vectors known as the vector sum.
In general, vectors add by their components (i, j, and k for a three dimensional vector). Since the cart is moving only in the direction, the different accelerations are simply adding together.
When the cart is moving up the incline it wants to accelerate both upward (due to the fan) and downward (due to Earth’s gravitational field). The combination of these two accelerations arises as the measured acceleration of the cart when it is moving up the incline.
Question 2 – 4: Write down a mathematical expression, using the relevant data from your experiment, to determine the acceleration given to the cart by the fan alone. Begin by writing down a general expression for the addition of two accelerations and finish by substituting in your data (with units and vector notations). How could you directly measure the acceleration due to the fan alone? Do this to verify your calculations.
3o
Stay on Capstone File - Experiments and Data - Lab 02 - 2305 Part 4.cap
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 29
Once you are satisfied with your answers please lower the dynamics track and reset your table for the next group of students by tidying up your lab station and organizing any cords that may have become tangled. Plug the fan carts back into the AC adapter when you have finished your lab.
WHEN THERE ARE 10 MINUTES REMAINING IN THE LAB SESSION STOP WHAT YOU ARE DOING AND ANSWER THE POST-LAB QUESTIONS THAT FOLLOW.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 30
Lab 2 Post-Lab Questions:
1. A fan cart is placed at the base of an incline that makes an angle of 5 degrees with the horizontal. The cart is pulsed from rest for 4 seconds and accelerates up the incline. After 4 seconds the cart begins to slow down and comes to rest after 0.65 seconds. During this motion the cart travels a total distance of 1.4 meters. Determine the magnitude of acceleration of the cart during the 4 second pulse period. Show all of your work.
2. A fan is placed on a horizontal track and given a slight push toward a barrier 1.80 meters away. Immediately after the push the fan of the cart engages and slows the cart with an acceleration of -0.45 m/s2. What is the maximum possible velocity the cart can have after the push so that the cart turns around just before it hits the barrier?
3. On the axes below sketch a graph that corresponds to the motion of a fan cart moving up an incline from rest if the fan is able to accelerate the cart on level ground at a rate equal to twice the acceleration of the cart due to gravity on the incline. Assume that the fan turns off at precisely 3.0 seconds and use the coordinate system introduced in Investigation 2.
Lab 2: Motion in One Dimension Part 2 31
A cc
el er
at io
n (m
/s2 )
Time (s)
+
-
0
1 3 5
If you need help with any aspect of this lab, attend your virtual lab session.
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<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> /UKR <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> /ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.) >> /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ << /AsReaderSpreads false /CropImagesToFrames true /ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue /FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false /IncludeGuidesGrids false /IncludeNonPrinting false /IncludeSlug false /Namespace [ (Adobe) (InDesign) (4.0) ] /OmitPlacedBitmaps false /OmitPlacedEPS false /OmitPlacedPDF false /SimulateOverprint /Legacy >> << /AddBleedMarks false /AddColorBars false /AddCropMarks false /AddPageInfo false /AddRegMarks false /ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK /DestinationProfileName () /DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /Downsample16BitImages true /FlattenerPreset << /PresetSelector /MediumResolution >> /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ] >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [2400 2400] /PageSize [612.000 792.000] >> setpagedevice
