Gathering, Analyzing, and Summarizing Research Literature IV

APA Formatted Reference & Hyperlink to the Article

Study Design/ Article Type

Theoretical Framework or Model

Questions/ Hypothesis/Variables

Methodology

Sample/

Size

Analysis/Statistics

Conclusions

1. Bauer, I. E., Kiropoulos, L. A., Crist, N. P., Hamilton, J. E., Soares, J. C., & Meyer, T. D. (2018). A qualitative study investigating bipolar patients’ expectations of a lifestyle intervention: A self-management program. Retrieved from Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(4), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.002

, Qualitative study

(Narrative study)

This study can benefit from Erik Erickson’s theory. Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Hypothesis 1What an optimal lifestyle intervention would look like for individuals with Bipolar disorder?

Hypothesis 2. Is there any evidence supporting the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in changing unhealthy habits and reduce the risk of developing comorbid conditions in Bipolar Disorder?

The) Participants were in favor of a group-based lifestyle intervention as part of their usual treatment. The optimal group format would include 4 to 10 individuals and comprise of 12 to 18 sessions lasting 1 to 1.5 hours each

Six females (19 and 39 years)

The current findings are based on one focus group, and two paired interviews, including a total of 10 individuals with BD (44.20 ± 11.11 years; 6 females). Groups' transcripts were analyzed using a narrative approach. Primary themes included facilitating factors and barriers, general content, outcomes, the format of the intervention, and background factor.

The study provides essential information regarding aspects of lifestyle intervention format and delivery for individuals with BD. We identified barriers and facilitating factors that should be addressed in health promotion interventions delivered within community mental health settings

2. Steelman, B. C., (2018). Bipolar II disorder case study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(6), 868–871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.06.014

(Case study)

This study will benefit from Jean Watson’s  Caring Science helps us to embrace the positive energy that flows from an integrated mind, body, and spirit and is mutually rewarding to both the patient and the nurse. G theory.

Hypothesis 1.  depressive episodes in bipolar illness, irrespective of subtype, are of longer duration and occur with higher frequencies than manic or hypomanic episodes

Hypothesis 2.  most bipolar patients spend most of their symptomatic time in the depressed state 

Pt who presented with the chief complaints insomnia, worthlessness, unemployment status with 20years of diagnosis of depression with treatment

(47 years old female)

The researchers focused on those recommendations which occurred with the highest degree of frequency across the different guidelines and then further refined these results, retaining only those measures which met the highest level of clinical evidence of efficacy. 

Base on the results, it was incumbent upon mental health care providers, then, to base diagnostic opinions on thorough assessments which carefully consider a potential history of manic or hypomanic states. To do otherwise is to potentially cause the patient harm, an outcome which can be avoided through due diligence in assessment and evidence-based treatment.

3. Samari, E., Seow, E., Chua, B. Y., Ong, H. L., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2018). Stigma towards people with mental disorders: Perspectives of nursing students. Retrieved from Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(6), 802–808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.06.003

Cross-sectional study)

This study is useful for Betty Newman. Theory. Nursing is concerned with all the variables affecting an individual’s response to stress, which is interpersonal, intrapersonal, and extra personal.

Hypothesis 1 An overall stigma towards people with mental disorders

Hypothesis 2 Stigma towards people with mental disorders is highly prevalent and often leads to a negative impact on their live

The main purpose of this study was to examine the extent of

An online web survey Question Pro® was used to collect data from a sample of nursing students in Singapore. Ethical approval was granted by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board in Singapore

500 nursing students (16- 35, male and female)

BM SPSS Statistics Version 23 was used to conduct all statistical analyses in this study. The mean and standard error of mean were calculated for continuous variables, while frequencies and percentages were calculated for the categorical variable.

T-tests and one-way ANOVA tests were conducted to identify differences in mean scores on all three stigma dimensions across these variables: gender, ethnicity, education level, monthly household in-come, clinical placement experience, lectures on psychiatry, type of vignette administered and whether family or friends ever had problems similar to the person described in the vignette

There is a relatively low endorsement of stigmatizing attitudes amongst nursing students in Singapore towards people with mental disorders; efforts are still needed to address existing stigma towards certain types of mental disorders

1. Quadrio, C., & Haas, N., (2014). Intensive psychotherapy with bipolar disorder. Psychosis: Psychological, Social, and Integrative Approaches. Retrieved from Archives of Psychiatry Nursing, 6(4), 327–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2014.940552

Case study

The theoretical framework presented here draws on psychodynamic and trauma and attachment theories with a focus on secure attachment and the capacity to self-sooth and to mentalize

Hypothesis 1 Childhood trauma is significant in BD

Hypothesis 2 Psychological therapies are valuable in treating bipolar disorder

This case study describes intensive psychotherapy with a 39-year-old woman who had a rapid cycling disorder. She had been treated over several years with a range of psychotropic medications, cognitive psychotherapy, and several courses of electroconvulsive therapy, but her illness had remained severe and relapsing with predominantly depressive episodes.

39 years old female

A single case study, there are limits to what can be extrapolated from this, but certainly the course of Diana’s illness appears to have been modified significantly, which would not have been predicted based on the established pattern of her illness

The process of therapy provided a secure attachment relationship between therapist and patient and promoted the capacity to mentalize and to self-soothe. The patient still has some affective instability and perhaps a low-grade depression or dysphoria, “the old black feelings,” but she manages them now, with a capacity for affect regulation.

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1. Reinares, M., Bonnín, C. M., Hidalgo-Mazzei, D., Sánchez-Moreno, J., Colom, F., & Vieta, E. (2016). The role of family interventions in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 43, 47-57.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.11.010

The study is a systematic review as it summarizes the results of the studies providing a higher level of evidence on the effectiveness of family on treating bipolar disorders

The research sampled patients who have had support from the family members and evaluated with those that lacked the family and relative support to determine if the family plays a major role in the treatment of bipolar illness.

The question was to assess whether family intervention treatment will be more satisfying to satisfy the treatment and there contact with the health services than the patients that receive psychotropic medication

The study includes the assessment methods of the families and the models of family interventions skills and techniques that can be employed in treating bipolar disorder problems

Young women with the age of 18-30 years were selected. They were selecting the patients that seem to have been close to there families during their illness

An analysis showed that family intervention had a big impact on the treatment of bipolar disorders as they support given aids the patients in recovering from their illness. This is this way as the family intervention is more likely in reducing the number of carers with higher expressed emotions rating by the end of the treatment.

This review answers the key questions about the efficacy of family interventions and their outcomes for the service users and relatives. This showed a significant reduction in the symptoms and the number of hospital admissions as compared to the different groups.

1. Hanssen, I., Huijbers, M. J., Lochmann-van Bennekom, M. W. H., Regeer, E. J., Stevens, A. W. M. M., Evers, S. M. A. A., ... & Speckens, A. E. M. (2019). Study protocol of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and treatment as usual in bipolar disorder. BMC psychiatry, 19(1), 130.

This is an experimental research design as it relies on statistical analysis in proving that cognitive therapy is best in treating bipolar disorder

The ABC model is employed in this study is a technique of rational beliefs

The hypothesis of this study was evaluating if cognitive therapy was efficient in the treatment of young women with bipolar disorder problems

The methodology used involves a psychological assessment, reconceptualization, skill acquisition, and maintenance to maintain the knowledge that was learned

Young women with the age of 18-30 years were selected

According to the statistics, the study results are positive as a family intervention has an aim to increase familial, helping the relatives to be engaged in supportive patterns, which reduces hospitalization of the bipolar patients.

As shown in the study, the role of MBCT is essential in this study as it has a role of preventing the development of bipolar disorders in the young women as it also targets the other children with an anxiety disorder

1. González-Ortega, I., Ugarte, A., de Azúa, S. R., Núñez, N., Zubia, M., Ponce, S., ... & González-Pinto, A. (2016). Online psycho-education to the treatment of bipolar disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC psychiatry, 16(1), 452

The study describes the characteristics of the treatment of the bipolar disorder from psycho-education but the study does not describe how this outcome was achieved.

The research uses the host factor, which is the characteristics of the patients affecting the results of the disease and personal cost-benefit analysis. There is a presentation of how the clinicians can adopt this framework so as they can achieve the desired results

The question was evaluating if the online treatment of bipolar disorder will be useful for increasing awareness of the illness, improving depressive and manic symptoms and functionality of the patients and also reducing relapses and hospitalizations

The research used useful psychoeducational apps which were developed quickly by using the method that was proposed as the current modes could not be availed by a substantial population by those needing them

Young women age of 18-30 years were selected according to the information they have entered online

The outcome from each of the groups was analyzed in assessing there was a clinical and or functional improvement as there was a comparison between the post-treatment and baseline in assessing the possible differences in the samples.

The influence of treatment was then analyzed, which compared the clinical, functional improvement in the groups using an analysis of covariance as the baseline, and the post-treatment scores were also employed.

The logistic regression model was also built in analyzing variables that had been associated with relapses and the hospitalization such as sleep and the lifestyle of the patients.

The platform that had been proposed helped in improving functionality and quality of life in young women with bipolar disorders. This also brings different services, which are significantly increasing the communication and information technologies on accessing the treatment of bipolar disorders. This has improved the quality of life of the patients

8. Fountoulakis, K. N., Young, A., Yatham, L., Grunze, H., Vieta, E., Blier, P., ... & Kasper, S. (2017). The International College of Neuropsychopharmacology (CINP) treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder in adults (CINP-BD-2017), Part 1: background and methods of the development of guidelines. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(2), 98-120

The study is a randomized controlled trial as it is a scientific experiment as it aims at reducing some of the bias that is created that the study proving that the psychotropic medication is not effective in treating bipolar disorders

The research is based on a drug-centered model evaluating the effectiveness of psychotropic medication in bipolar treatment

Hypothesis 1. How to determining why the neuropsychopharmacology is seen to not be effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder in young women

The model used was based on research as to whether the use of psychotropic medication was a better option of treating bipolar illness

Young women with the age of 18-30 years were selected

This study proved that psychotropic medication is not the best way of medication as there are some rejection in their method of treatments

psychotropic medication is not best for treating bipolar patients as they rarely analyze higher brain function in their medication analysis, yet a psychotropic drug has to be seen as a modifying normal higher brain function

9. Honary, M. , McNaney, R. , & Lobban, A. F. (, 2018). Designing video stories around the lived experience of severe mental illness. In NordiCHI '18 Proceedings of the 10th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 25-38). New York: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3240167.3240188

The article used a randomized control trial

This study will benefit from Virginia Anderson’s Need Theory, which is based on practical nursing and the importance of increasing a client's independence to promote their continued healing progress after hospitalization in bipolar disorder

Hypothesis 1. How do we determine the symptoms of bipolar disorder concerning the experience of young women that have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder?

Young women with bipolar disorder were asked several questions regarding there opinions on the symptoms and treatment of bipolar disorders

18 – 45 years

Statistical analysis was performed on the answers that were provided by these patients regarding the symptoms and the treatment of the bipolar disorder

The study helps in evaluating the symptoms that show the bipolar disorders taking into account that there are different types of bipolar disorders, ie. Bipolar I disorder of bipolar II disorder and cyclothymic disorder

10. Miller, L. J., Ghadiali, N. Y., Larusso, E. M., Wahlen, K. J., Avni-Barron, O., Mittal, L., & Greene, J. A. (2015). Bipolar disorder in women. Health Care for Women International, 36(4), 475–498. doi:10.1080/07399332.2014.962138

Descriptive study

The theoretical framework presented here expands assessing the impact of clinical treatment, whether it is useful in treating women with bipolar disorder taking into account the effect of depression on women with bipolar disorders

Hypothesis 1. Valuing the impact of clinical treatment in women with bipolar treatment.

The methodology used involves a psychological assessment, reconceptualization, skill acquisition, and maintenance to maintain the knowledge that was learned

18- 45 years

According to the statistics, the study results are negative as clinical treatment has an aim to increase dipolar treatment, but it is not sufficient enough

As shown in the study, the role of MBCT is essential in this study as it has a role of preventing the development of bipolar disorders in young women, but its effectiveness is not efficient

11. Maassen, E. F., Regeer, B. J., Bunders, J. F. G., Regeer, E. J., & Kupka, R. W. (2018). A research agenda for bipolar disorder developed from a patients’ perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 11-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.061

The study is a systematic review as it summarizes the results of the studies providing a higher level of evidence on the effectiveness of family in managing the bipolar disorders in young women

Dorothy Orem's theory will fit this study because she believes health is a state characterized by the wholeness of developed human structures and bodily and mental functioning. It includes physical, psychological, interpersonal and social aspects

Hypothesis 1. How does the impact of support from the family member affect reducing depression in women with dipolar problems

The study includes the assessment methods of the factors that are likely to impact depression in women with dipolar problems and the techniques that can be employed in treating bipolar disorder problems

18 – 45 years

An analysis showed that the depression in women with dipolar problems had been the major problem for patients to manage and support themselves to asses the depression problem an emotion seems to be a major effect of this disorder

This review answered the critical questions about the efficacy of interventions and their outcomes for the depression management and showed that family intervention and relatives impact a lot on the reducing the effects of depression and emotions of bipolar disorders

12. Nicholas, J., Boydell, K., & Christensen, H. (2017). Self-management in young adults with bipolar disorder: strategies and challenges. Journal of affective disorders, 209, 201-208.https://doi.org10.1016/j.jad.2016.11.040

The article is a randomized control trial basing on the method of sampling used in the study

The theoretical framework was based on the ideas that adherence treatment, psychoeducation, and sleep management have a tremendous impact on the treatment of the bipolar disorder as based on the views of the young women with this disorder

Hypothesis 1. What are the challenges and solutions that may help in the self-management of bipolar disorders?

Young women with bipolar disorders were asked to complete an online survey about how they managed the disorder, and these strategies were taken into account to analyze the best methods available by estimation and calculation.

Young women aged 11-45 years chosen at random

From the article results, higher statistics of the sample were of the idea of adherence treatment, psychoeducation, and sleep management being some f the best methods that can help anyone with bipolar disorder manage their conditions with ease. Statistics showed that more patients prefer this method over the others

The article reports the strategies that can be taken into account with the management of bipolar disorders and this was a success a the perceived self-management challenges which report the areas of clinical support can and intervention be dealt with ease as this has would increase self-management skill development in young women.

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Track Keywords Searched / Definitions

Life style

The habits, attitudes, tastes, moral standards, economic level, etc., that together constitute the mode of living of an individual or group

Quadrio, C., & Haas, N., (2014).

Group transcript analyzed

This process as a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its essential features and their relations within a group

Bauer, I. E., Kiropoulos, L. A., Crist, N. P., Hamilton, J. E., Soares, J. C., & Meyer, T. D. (2018)

stigma

A mark of disgrace or infamy; a stain or reproach, as on one's reputation

Samari, E., Seow, E., Chua, B. Y., Ong, H. L., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M.2018

Bipolar illness

An affective disorder characterized by periods of mania alternating with periods of depression, usually interspersed with relatively long intervals of normal mood

Steelman, B. C. (2018).

Different guidelines

Any guide or indication of a future course of action in treatment of bipolar disorder

Steelman, B. C. (2018).

Stress

Worry about disease condition

Samari, E., Seow, E., Chua, B. Y., Ong, H. L., Abdin, E., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2018).

Attachment relationship

An emotional bond between the care giver and the patient.

Quadrio, C., & Haas, N. (2014)