improving the healthcare outcomes for children and adults living with obesity (population at risk) in Wayne County, Michiga
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OBESITY-SAMPLE.pptxPERIE Model: Obesity
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Introduction
At their most basic, the words “overweight” and “obesity” are ways to describe having too much body fat.
What’s the best way to determine whether a body is fat or fit? Body fat can be measured in several ways, with each body fat assessment method having pros and cons.
As in adults, obesity is also a growing problem in children and adolescents. Because children grow at different rates, depending on their age and gender, the definitions of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents differ from those in adults.
Obesity
Excessive amount of body fat
Increases your risk of diseases and health problems
Increases your risk for heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure
Factors that can make you gain weight
According to www.mayoclinic.org obesity is “A complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat (“Obesity”, 2018). First, obesity can cause a major increase of diseases and heart problems. It can cause major fat in your heart and have a higher risk of a heart attack. Next, with obesity you have a higher risk for heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Finally, obesity and staying obese can cause you to gain more weight and just be miserable.
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Overweight or Underweight?
Your body mass index is 30 or higher
How do you know if you’re overweight or obese?
Does it matter where on my body I carry weight?
“Your obesity is diagnosed when your body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher” (“Obesity”, 2018). You can calculate your BMI when you divide your weight in kilograms by your height in meters squared. Here are a few examples of BMI and how you can tell if you are overweight or not. If your BMI is below 18.5 then you are underweight. For normal BMI it’s 18.5 to 24.9. Anything over 25.0 then you are overweight and higher than 30.0 than you are obese. According to www.womenhealth.gov another way that you can tell if you are obese is to measure around your waist (“Weight and Obesity”, 2018). If your waist is larger than 35 inches you are at risk of being overweight or obese. Does it matter where on my body I carry my weight? The answer is yes because if you carry all of your fat in your belly you are at higher risk than carrying your fat in other places.
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Causes of Obesity
Inactivity
Unhealthy diet and eating habits
Genetics
Medical Problems
Social and economic issues
Lack of sleep
Pregnancy
Did you know that if you don’t exercise and burn calories you are inactive? Being inactive can cause more heart problems and could cause obesity. Another cause for obesity is unhealthy diet and eating habits. If you plan on eating fast food every day and not exercise, it could cause you to gain more weight. “Most Americans’ diets have too many calories that are full of fast food and high-calorie beverages” (“Obesity”, 2018). Genetics are another cause of obesity. Genetics may cause the amount of fat that your body stores and where it’s distributed. Next, is medical problems. Medical problems and obesity can be traced because of medical issues. Issues include crushing syndrome, arthritis, and decreases activity can cause weight gain. Social and economic issues are next. The family and friends that you hang out with can either help you or cause you to become obese by the way that you eat and cook. Next, lack of sleep can cause obesity. When you are awake and don’t get enough sleep you want to eat and it can cause weight. Lack of sleep can cause you to eat more high calories and carbohydrates. Finally, the last cause that can cause obesity is pregnancy. According to women’s studies, “women gain weight during pregnancy and then some women find it difficult to lose the weight after they have the baby” (“Weight and Obesity”, 2018).
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Demographics + Effects of Obesity
The poor are more likely to be overweight or obese than the rich. Studies suggest lower-income individuals consume higher amounts of calories through fast foods and sodas that are high in sugar, fat, and calories. Quite simply, in the United States today, eating healthy food can cost more than eating junk.
Obesity of all types is related to higher levels of chronic conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes as well as a lower quality of life.
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The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also previously found that women are more likely than men to fall into obese class III, based on data from the 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination.
Raised BMI is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as:
Cardiovascular diseases ( heart disease and stroke, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders especially osteoarthritis, some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon).
(Mendes, Newport, & McGeeney, 2012).
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Key Facts of Obesity + Overweight
Worldwide obesity has nearly tripled since 1975.
In 2016, more than 1.9 billion adults, 18 years and older, were overweight. Of these over 650 million were obese.
39% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight in 2016, and 13% were obese.
Most of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kills more people than underweight.
41 million children under the age of 5 were overweight or obese in 2016.
Over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 were overweight or obese in 2016.
Obesity is preventable.
("World Health Organization", 2017).
- The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended.
- Changes in dietary and physical activity patterns are often the result of environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education.
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Obesity Effects Everyone
Community Effects
National Effects
Global Effects
On a national level, obesity is second leading cause of death. Not to mention the individual and national cost associated with health care and medicine to treat the disease. Obesity and other disease take a toll on the health care system. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017), “The medical care costs of obesity in the United States are high. In 2008 dollars, these costs were estimated to be $147 billion.” The contribution of cost ranges from repeat doctor visits, prescription drugs, ER and hospital visits, etc. This translates to higher premiums, again loss of days at work and low income or job loss.
Obesity on a global level is being witnessed as a epidemic. Countries that were once concerned with eating off the land are welcoming the processed food and cheaper convenient meals. This combined with lack of exercise causes weight gain over time and are risk factors of obesity. This is normal information you hear about effecting the United States. But obesity is taking world by storm and isn’t going away anytime soon. According to World Economic Forum (2015), “seven out of 10 women and four out of 10 men are overweight or obese in South Africa” Obesity is a public health issue effecting everyone from local communities to communities and countries around the world.
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Obesity Solution "Prevention"
The Best solution for the obesity and overweight problem in our communities is to create a support environment where individuals have the tools necessary to make better choices and create a healthier life style.
Education is a KEY for communities to understand the consequences of bad eating habits and the lack of physical activity.
It is crucial for the government to establish policies to ensure healthy foods are affordable and easily accessible to everyone, particularly to the poorest individuals which are the ones with a higher rate of obesity.
Engaging in regular physical activity 60 minutes a day for children and 150 minutes spread through the week for adults.
Since the food industry plays a great influence in this issue, it is important that the government enforces polices to promote:
reducing the fat, sugar and salt content of processed foods
ensuring that healthy and nutritious choices are available and affordable to all consumers
restricting marketing of foods high in sugars, salt and fats, especially those foods aimed at children and teenagers
ensuring the availability of healthy food choices and supporting regular physical activity practice in the workplace.
planning and land use decisions create built environments that support walking and biking and increase access to better food choices and limit exposure to unhealthful foods
schools provide better food choices and more opportunities for physical activity
organizations provide and support community programs designed to increase physical activity
local governments, organizations, and institutions adopt comprehensive strategies to reduce overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and to implement nutritional standards for foods and beverages available at government and public sites
health care providers improve practices for prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of overweight and obesity
employers encourage active living and healthful eating at work
(“Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts: A Plan for Measuring Progress.,” 2013).
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Obesity Solution Outcomes
There are a few solutions to help with the obesity epidemic. First individuals can get moving. Getting off the couch and going outside is the first step. Parents can have their kids turn the video games off and go play outside. Partnered with eating right, getting enough sleep and managing stress will help to prevent obesity. In a effort to make sure kids are eating better or healthier school lunches have changed what they serve. Incorporating whole wheat and eliminating vending machines. The government is even getting involved by creating programs and regulations to help assist with exposure and education on prevention of obesity. An example of this is the “Let’s Move” program initiated by First Lady Michelle Obama. This initiative is to stock and supply healthier foods and drink in underserved cities(Martinac, 2017). And also provide playground and outside play areas for the underserved population. There is no magic cure for obesity. Getting active and eating healthy are the first steps for prevention of obesity. Breaking bad habits and creating healthy habits takes time and doesn’t happen overnight. Its especially hard to do on low income and fast food on every corner.
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Get moving
Healthier meals at school
Government involvement
Alternative Solutions for Children
Breastfeeding
Practice Healthy Eating in Early Childhood Stages
Refrain from Using Food as a Reward or Punishment Tool
Obesity is a condition that presents it origins early on in life. A parent has the opportunity to give their child an advantage in combating obesity by implementing healthy habits at birth. Although all mothers are not capable, breast milk offers great benefits for the baby. Breast milk is natural, unlike manufactured formulas, offers many nutrients and is easily digested. According to "Stanford Health Care" (2018), "A primary reason that prevention of obesity is so vital in children is because the likelihood of obese becoming obese adults is thought to increase from about 20 percent at four years of age to 80 percent by adolescence.” (Obesity Prevention). Another strategy to combat obesity is to make healthy options available. We have an the option to purchase sugary, high fat foods or to buy vegetables and natural juices. Its okay to have foods that will be considered as snacks, but the most important thing is to have portion control. The percentage of sweets should be significantly less than the nutritional items. Lastly, the sweet items cannot be used as a bargaining tool. It may cause a childe to develop an unhealthy relationship with food.
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Bariatric Surgery
As mentioned before in a earlier slide, the severity of obesity is determined by ones’ body mass index. You can be defined as having normal weight, overweight, obese, or morbidly obese. For the individuals considered morbidly obese, the physical ability can be severely limited due to other co-morbidity diseases. Arthritis, lymphedema and respiratory issues are common reasons why an individual can struggle with weight loss. Advances in medicine have introduced medical procedures that assist with weight loss in qualifying individuals. A physician will approve the patients’ need for the surgery. As pictured above, laparoscopic bypass is the use of lasers to make small incisions, create a small pouch and redirection of the intestines to encourage eating smaller portions to be broken down. Next, the gastric sleeve is the creation of the pouch in the stomach and removal of the remainder; unlike the other options, this procedure is not reversible. A tertiary method would us a silicone band, adjusted over time, at the opening of the stomach to restrict the amount of food the stomach can hold. Other weight loss procedures are available, but the above mentioned tend to result in a greater weight loss percentage ("Bariatric Surgery Procedures", 2018).
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The Center of Diseased Control utilizes the P.E.R.I.E model as they identify obesity as a health concern affecting a large part of the population. The etiology of obesity is discussed in length due to the varying causes for individuals to practice unheathy behaviors. Data indicates the best approach to combating the disease is prevention rather than reaction. Early childhood education, placing healthy food options in schools and the establishment of community programs are a few of the initiatives encouraged by the national organization. Also, the website provides information targeting the different groups likely to experience obesity. Recommendations are categorized by the specific group with website links noted under each header and the implementation of numerous programs are highlighted in these areas. Lastly, data is collected using surveillance systems receiving statistical data from providers ande health organizations. One of the most recognizable programs is the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). WIC serves families from the mother’s pregnancy until the child is of school age. This allows a clear view into their participant’s state of health. Questionnaires are conducted with these low-income families so there is an educated understanding of where we can best intervene to endorse healthy behavior.
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Conclusion
Effects of obesity on society include low quality of life, mental illness, high blood pressure, difficulty with day to day functionality, and even days lost at work. These effects of obesity reach across the community, and even across the globe. At the local and community levels, childhood obesity is impacting neighborhood across the country. Obesity in childhood from poor diet and lack of exercise can cause health issues at an early age and causes severe issues into adulthood. Community environment and lifestyle are contributing factors in obesity.
References
Bariatric Surgery Procedures. (2018). Retrieved from https://asmbs.org/patients/bariatric-surgery-procedures
Benefits of Bariatric Surgery. (2018). Retrieved from https://asmbs.org/patients/benefits-of-bariatric-surgery
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2017). Adult Obesity Causes & Consequences. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
Institute of Medicine. 2013 7. Evaluating Obesity Prevention Efforts: A Plan for Measuring Progress. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 7. https://doi.org/10.17226/18334.
Martinac, P. (2017). Solutions for Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.livestrong.com/article/342134-solutions-for-obesity-in-america/
Mendes, E., Newport, F., & McGeeney, K. (2012, July). In U.S., Blacks Most Likely to Be Very Obese, Asians Least. Gallup, (), . Retrieved from http://news.gallup.com/poll/155735/blacks-likely-obese-asians-least.aspx
Overweight and Obesity. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/index.html
Obesity. (2018). Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.org
Stanford Health Care. (2018). Retrieved from https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/healthy-living/obesity/prevention.html
Weight and Obesity. (2018, March 13). Retrieved from http://www.womenshealth.gov
World Economic Forum. (2015). What is the global impact of obesity. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/what-is-the-global-impact-of-obesity/
World Health Organization. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
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