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Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

Chapter 8:

Experiential Theories and Approaches

Art and Science of Experiential Counseling

Counseling relationship is based on Humanistic Psychology

Candid and authentic interactions

Experiential approach allows for intensity in relationship

Counselor uses self-transcendence to experience client’s emotion

Experiential Theories

Focus on clients’ experiences in counseling

Encouraged to experience the “self”

Here and now

Focus on becoming aware

All emotions and experiences can be instructive

People are viewed as inherently positive

Overview of Experiential Approaches

Person-Centered Therapy

Carl Rogers founder

Psychologist at Child Guidance Clinic in New York

Professor at Ohio State, later at University of Chicago and University of Wisconsin

Left academia spent remainder of career at the Institute for the Study of the Person

Client-Centered Theory

Positive view of human nature

People proceed toward self-actualization

Individual’s internal frame of reference is point of understanding

Trust most fundamental concept

Four Propositions that Characterize Rogers’ Personality Theory

People react to the phenomenal field as they experience and perceive it.

The best point from which to understand behavior is the

person’s internal frame of reference.

People tend to behave in a manner consistent with their concept of self.

The more people perceive and accept experiences, the more they will tend to be accepting and understanding of others.

Client-Centered Counseling

Counselor congruence

Empathic understanding

Unconditional positive regard

Goals & Changes toward Self-Actualization

Counseling does not attempt to resolve the client’s problem

Aims to assist client in growth to become a fully functioning individual

Open to experience

Self-trust

Internal source of evaluation

Willingness to continue growing

Gestalt Therapy

Fritz Perls founder

Born in Berlin

Helped establish Gestalt institutes

Gestalt Theory of Personality

Phenomenological concepts

Independence

Focus on the here and now

View:

People are self-determined

Strive for self-actualization

Best understood from phenomenological perspective

Gestalt Key Concepts

Each aspect of a person can only be understood within the context of the whole person.

An existential-phenomenological perspective

Helping clients move from dependence to independence

Being integrated and centered in the now

Experimentation

Health

Relational focus

Gestalt Counseling Techniques

Authenticity

Assuming responsibility

Using personal pronouns

Now I’m aware

The empty chair

Existential Therapy

No single founder

Traced back to philosophy

Premise that people do not exist in isolation

Existential Theory

Each person is unique

Individuals struggle to find meaning

May & Yalom (2005) interrelated human concerns:

Death, freedom, isolation and meaningless

Death being the ultimate concern

Personal meaning and authenticity associated with death

Existential Key Concepts

Uniqueness of the individual

The search for meaning

The role of anxiety

Existential Key Concepts (cont’d)

Freedom and responsibility

Being and nonbeing

Three modes of existence

Self-transcendence

Goals of Existential Counseling

Relate directly to the key concepts

Assist client in:

discovering their own uniqueness

find personal meaning in life

use anxiety in a positive sense

become aware of their choices and the need to take responsibility for choices

see death as an eventual reality that gives life meaning

Existential compared to Client-Centered

Similar to the Person (Client)-Centered: aim for phenomenological understanding and encourage the client to become aware of inner choices

Differ: nature of counseling relationship.

Existential Techniques

Relationship over specific techniques

Dereflection: Focus on strengths instead of weaknesses

Paradoxical intention: Encourage client to do that which is feared

Symptom prescription

Symptom restraining

Self-transcendence

Creative Arts Therapy (CAT)

Utilizes modalities of art, music, dance and drama

Existential theory is used

Certification varies with modality

Music therapy

Art therapy

Drama therapy

Dance therapy

Bibliotherapy