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Introduction to Counseling: An Art and Science Perspective

Chapter 7:

The Classic Theories of Freud, Adler, and Jung

Classic Psychological Theories

Psychoanalytic field

Sigmund Freud

Alfred Adler

Carl Jung

Classic Theories

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Freud was born in 1856

Lived most of his life in Vienna

Earned a medical degree

Spent time working in fields of hypnosis and hysteria

Became interested in a “talking cure”

Self-analysis contributed to the development of his theories

Freud’s Theory of Personality

Deterministic view

Behavior directed by unconscious biological urges

Urges involved sex and aggression

Psychosexual stages

Structure of Personality

Driven by pleasure principal

Ego

Ruled by the reality principal

Attempts to influence over id and superego

Super ego

Concerned with moral reasoning

Inhibits the impulses of the id

Defense Mechanisms

Endopsychic conflicts emerge between personality structures

Defense mechanics are employed

Occur unconsciously

Distort reality enabling time for ego to strengthen

Types of Defense Mechanisms

Projection

Reaction formation

Fixation

Regression

Repression

Conscious-Unconscious

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral stage

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Oedipus complex

Electra complex

Latency stage

Genital stage

Psychotherapy Process

Opening phase

Counselor obtains important history from client

Understanding of client’s unconscious conflicts

Development of transference

Projecting thoughts and feelings onto counselor

Psychotherapy Process

Working through

Toward gaining insights

Resolution of transference

Work toward termination

Working through resistance

Psychoanalysis Techniques

Free association

Dream analysis

Confrontation and clarification

Interpretation

Ego-Analytic Position

Noninstinctual factors are emphasized

The ego is autonomous from the id

Ego facilitating adaptation to the environment through coping skills

Psychosocial and interpersonal variables are emphasized

Later stages of development are important

Psychopathology occurs when the needs associated with developmental tasks are not met

Brief Approaches to Counseling

Garske and Molteni’s (1985) six factors promoting change in brief psychodynamic psychotherapy

A contract is established with the client

A statement of goals and objectives is established

The analyst takes an active approach

The analyst interprets links between the client’s current problems and relationship with analyst

The time-limited approach arouses issues relating to separation

The termination phase of therapy is characterized by working through problems associated with separation and individualization

Alfred Adler

Born in 1870

Medical degree from University of Vienna

Colleague of Freud's, but relationship conflictual

Founded “individual psychology” theory

Emphasis on early experiences with family of origin: family constellation

Adler’s Theory of Personality

The creative self

Center from which all life movement generates

The concept of teleologial movement

All behaviors in terms of movement

Behavior understood from an interpersonal perspective

People do not behave in isolation

The psychology of use

All behavior has a use that propels an individual toward a goal

Adler’s Theory of Personality

The phenomenological psychology

Understanding from client’s internal frame of reference

Emphasis on social interest

Tendency toward affiliation

Motivating force

The lifestyle

Basic orientation to life

Recurrent patterns/themes

Adler’s Theory of Personality

A holistic psychology

Understand overall individual

Cannot be separated

Striving for significance

Individual strive to avoid inferiority

Striving for superiority feelings

The family constellation

Birth order

Family size

Adlerian’s Psychotherapy

Mosak and Maniacci (2011) summarized major goals of Adlerian psychotherapy

Increasing clients’ social interest

Helping clients overcome feelings of discouragement and reducing inferiority feelings

Modifying clients’ lifestyle in terms of views and goals

Addressing faulty motivation

Helping clients feel a sense of equality with others

Assisting clients to become contributing members of society

Adlerian’s Psychotherapy Techniques

Phase 1: Establish relationship

Listening skills

Winning respect and offering hope

Encouragement

Phase 2: Analysis and assessment

Phase 3: Promoting insight

Phase 4: Reorientation

Carl Jung

Born 1875 in Switzerland

Earned medical degree, specialized in psychiatry

Religious underpinnings

Colleague of Freud, but disagreed with his underlying tenets

Integrated religion, mythology, archeology, literature, history, and philosophy into the study of psychology

Jung’s Theory of Personality

The ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious

Collective unconscious

Archetypes

Personality Types

Extroverted

Outgoing

Introverted

Introspective

Personality is also differentiated on four factors

Thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition

Jung’s Theory of Counseling

Emphasis on unconscious

Utilizes dream analysis

Goal to help self-emerge

Gain insight to structures of personality

He was cautious about using techniques