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NursesTrainingtopic.pptxHeart Disease and Promoting Physical Activity Among Older Adults
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Purpose & Goal
Purpose: Teach about heart problems, learn types and causes of heart disease, Effects of heart diseases on an individual and quality of life and benefits of exercises
Goal
Let’s learn and practice new ways to be physically active and plan for tomorrow’s fitness.
Learning Objectives
By the end of the teaching session, you will be able to :
Identify three benefits of exercise for everyday health.
Demonstrate the correct technique for three types of exercises that you can do at home.
Create a plan to become more physically active.
Heart/Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart or cardiovascular diseases either affects the heart directly or the blood vessels and the associated organs. The disease diagnosis depends on the level and stage of progression (Tsao et al., 2022). The following are some of the common heart diseases in elderly:
Hypertension- It is high blood pressure which can be detected early or at late stage.
Myocardial infarction-It is death of the myocardial tissue due to reduction of blood and nutrient supply.
Risk Factors and causes of Heart Diseases in Elderly
Risk factors are the factors which increases the probability and chances of developing heart diseases. The risk factors are usually modifiable and non-modifiable. The causes can be the definite factors which leads to disease development. The causes and risk factors are as follows:
Modifiable Factors
Physical inactivity. Lack of physical exercises increases the risk of developing heart diseases. (Benjamin et al., 2019). The risk is due to excessive accumulation of body fats.
Obesity/overweight. Obesity may cause the deposition of fats on the walls of the blood vessels. It then increases the pressure of blood flow and lead to development of hypertension.
Excessive intake of sodium salts. It leads to increase in the blood volume due to increased water retention. Excess blood volume may lead to development of heart diseases like hypertension.
Risk Factors and causes of Heart Diseases in Elderly
Non-Modifiable Factors
Age. Advanced age reduces the elasticity of heart muscles thus predisposes to disease development (Benjamin et al., 2019).
Race. The black race has more risk of diseases like hypertension more than white race.
Family History. It predisposes due to genetic linkage.
Short Term Effects of Heart Disease
Stroke. It is ischemic or hemorrhagic disruption of blood flow to the brain. The condition causes paralysis and alteration in quality of life. Heart diseases like hypertension can cause stroke.
Weakness and inability to perform the normal activities of the daily life due to the inadequate energy in the body (Gheorghe et al., 2018). The inadequate energy can be due to progressive loss of function.
Long Term Effects of Heart Diseases
Heart failure. It occurs due to the inability of the heart to meet and maintain the pumping action and supply of nutrients to the body tissues.
Kidney failure. Kidney failure occurs due to damage to small blood vessels or microvasculature (Benjamin et al., 2019). Progression also alters the other body functions due to excessive accumulation of toxic substances.
Loss of memory. An individual may develop dementia due to reduction of blood flow to the brain.
Increasing Physical Activity and Improving Heart Health in Older Adults
Physical exercises are essential in preventing development of heart diseases.
Physical exercises increases the rate at which calories are burnt in the body and prevents excess storage of glycogen (Gronek et al., 2020). It then prevents from developing the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases like diabetes mellitus which damages the blood vessels.
Exercises prevents development of obesity and accumulation of fat deposits on the blood vessels thus preventing heart disease.
Consistent physical exercises improves condition of heart diseases like hypertension.
Types of Physical Exercises Which Improves Heart Conditions
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Mild Jogging exercises. It entails small stretches for minutes or more. It entails use of more energy. It also promotes loss of excessive fat and reduces obesity.
Short endurance exercises-entails moderate exercises of different versions like body stretches or jogging vigorously in a simultaneous manner (Gronek et al., 2020). The exercise increases burning of calories and improves blood circulation.
Lifting exercises-entails physical lifting and some few stretches. The exercise increases the muscular strength and reduces the amount of fats in the body. Reduction in body fats reduces the risk of developing heart disease or complications of heart diseases.
Other Benefits of Physical Activity
The benefits of physical activity are general systemic either long term or short term
One of the benefits is an improvement of the sleeping patterns (Solomon et al., 2018). After physical exercise, the adequate and good blood circulation promotes health sleep due to the need to rest the strained muscles.
Adequate exercises also improves the general mental well-being. It comes due to adequate relaxation which also improves the mood status and prevents some mild depression.
Recommended Amount of Daily Exercises
Recommended amount of the daily exercises or weekly exercises depends on the condition of the client. Individuals with some conditions like myocardial infarction do not need strenuous exercises since it may worsen the condition.
Health adults or those without complicated hear diseases can walk or achieve a one-kilometer distance on daily basis (Gronek et al., 2020). There can be an increase depending on the level of performance.
The endurance and aerobic exercises consideration for the elderly is a minimum of three times in a week each lasting for more than 20 minutes.
Improved sense of self
Increase your endurance
Improved balance
Improved mobility
Less stress
More energy
It’s fun!
Benefits of Exercise
Stretching
Equipment Needed:
None!
You can stretch anywhere
Chair
Bed
Standing
Stretching Demonstration:
Active Range of Motion
Yoga
Tai-chi
Importance of breathing:
Increased blood flow to muscles
Demonstrate:
Good posture
Body mechanics
Repetition
3 sets of 10
Light weight
Breathing
Stop if you feel tired/dizzy
(Hunter, McCarthy, & Bamman, 2004)
Equipment Needed:
Grab a seat
Body weight
Rubber bands
Free weights
Resistance Training
Good shoes
Good environment (avoid slippery surfaces)
Dress comfortably
Good technique
Where are some of your favorite places to walk?
(Julius, Brach, Wert, & VanSwearingen, 2012; VanSwearingen, Perera, Brach, Wert, & Studenski 2011)
Walking
Great cardiovascular health
Very low impact
Great for walking in the water
Consider a water aerobic class at a local fitness center
(Nualmin, Parkhurst, Dhindsa, Tarumi, Vavrek, & Tanaka, 2012)
Swimming
Let’s make a plan:
Pick a time and place to exercise.
Get a friend or loved one involved.
Develop a routine.
Making it work for you!
What are your plans for tomorrow?
Plan for Daily Physical Activity
Thank You!
References
Hunter, G., McCarthy, J., & Bamman, M. (2004). Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Medicine, 34(5). 329-48.
Julius, L., Brach, J., Wert, D., & VanSwearingen, J. (2012). Perceived effort of walking: Relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults. Physical Therapy, 92(10), 1268-77. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20110326.
Miller, M. & Stoeckel, P. (2011). Client education: Theory and practice. Boston, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Nualmin, N., Parkhurst, K., Dhindsa, M., Tarumi, T., Vavrek, J., & Tanaka, H. (2012). Effects of swimming training on blood pressure and vascular function in adults >50years of age. American Journal of Cardiology, 109(7), 1005-10. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.029.
VanSwearingen, J., Perera, S., Brach, J., Wert, D., & Studenski, S. (2011). Impact of exercise to improve gait efficiency on activity and participation in older adults with mobility limitations: A randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy, 91(12). 1740-51. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100391
References
Solomon, T. P., Eves, F. F., & Laye, M. J. (2018). Targeting postprandial hyperglycemia with physical activity may reduce cardiovascular disease risk. But what should we do, and when is the right time to move?. Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 5, 99. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2018.00099/full
Gronek, P., Wielinski, D., Cyganski, P., Rynkiewicz, A., Zając, A., Maszczyk, A., ... & Celka, R. (2020). A review of exercise as medicine in cardiovascular disease: pathology and mechanism. Aging and disease, 11(2), 327. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7069454/
Tsao, C. W., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Alonso, A., Beaton, A. Z., Bittencourt, M. S., ... & American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2022). Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 145(8), e153-e639. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001052
Benjamin, E. J., Muntner, P., Alonso, A., Bittencourt, M. S., Callaway, C. W., Carson, A. P., ... & American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. (2019). Heart disease and stroke statistics—2019 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 139(10), e56-e528. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1161/cir.0000000000000659
Gheorghe, A., Griffiths, U., Murphy, A., Legido-Quigley, H., Lamptey, P., & Perel, P. (2018). The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC public health, 18(1), 1-11. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-018-5806-X
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