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National Security Strategy

of the United States of America

D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 7

My fellow Americans:

� e American people elected me to make America great again. I promised that my Administration would put the safe� , interests, and well-being of our citizens fi rst. I pledged that we would revitalize the American economy, rebuild our military, defend our borders, protect our sovereignty, and advance our values.

During my first year in office, you have witnessed my America First foreign policy in action. We are prioritizing the interests of our citizens and protecting our sovereign rights as a nation. America is leading again on the world stage. We are not hiding from the challenges we face. We are confronting them head-on and pursuing opportunities to promote the securi� and prosperi� of all Americans.

� e United States faces an extraordinarily dangerous world, fi lled with a wide range of threats that have intensified in recent years. When I came into office, rogue regimes were developing nuclear weapons and missiles to threaten the entire planet. Radical Islamist terror groups were fl ourishing. Terrorists had taken control of vast swaths of the Middle East. Rival powers were aggressively undermining American interests around the globe. At home, porous borders and unenforced immigration laws had created a host of vulnerabilities. Criminal cartels were bringing drugs and danger into our communities. Unfair trade practices had weakened our economy and exported our jobs overseas. Unfair burden-sharing with our allies and inadequate investment in our own defense had invited danger from those who wish us harm. Too many Americans had lost trust in our government, faith in our future, and confidence in our values.

Nearly one year later, although serious challenges remain, we are charting a new and very di� erent course.

We are rallying the world against the rogue regime in North Korea and confronting the danger posed by the dictatorship in Iran, which those determined to pursue a f lawed nuclear deal had neglected. We have renewed our friendships in the Middle East and partnered with regional leaders to help drive out terrorists and extremists, cut off their f inancing, and discredit their wicked ideology. We crushed Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) terrorists on the battlefields of Syria and Iraq, and will continue pursuing them until they are destroyed. America’s allies are now contributing more to our common defense, strengthening even our strongest alliances. We have also continued to make clear that the United States will no longer tolerate economic aggression or unfair trading practices.

At home, we have restored con f idence in A merica’s pu r pose. We have recom m itted ou rselves to our founding principles and to the values that have made our families, communities, and society so successful. Jobs are coming back and our economy is growing. We are making historic investments in the United States military. We are enforcing our borders, building trade relationships based on fairness and reciprocity, and defending America’s sovereignty without apolog y.

T H E W H I T E H O U S E

W A S H I N G T O N , D C

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

The whole world is lifted by America’s renewal and the reemergence of American leadership. After one year, the world knows that America is prosperous, America is secure, and America is strong. We will bring about the be� er future we seek for our people and the world, by confronting the challenges and dangers posed by those who seek to destabilize the world and threaten America’s people and interests.

My Administration’s National Security Strategy lays out a strategic vision for protecting the American people and preserving our way of life, promoting our prosperity, preserving peace through strength, a nd adva ncing A mer ica n in f luence in t he world . We w i l l pu rsue t h is beauti f u l v ision—a world of strong, sovereign, and independent nations, each with its own cultures and dreams, thriving side- by-side in prosperity, freedom, and peace—throughout the upcoming year.

In pursuit of that future, we will look at the world with clear eyes and fresh thinking. We will promote a balance of power that favors the United States, our allies, and our partners. We will never lose sight of our values and their capacity to inspire, uplift, and renew.

Most of all, we will serve the American people and uphold their right to a government that prioritizes their security, their prosperity, and their interests. This National Security Strategy puts America First.

President Donald J. Trump

� e White House December 2017

Table of Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1

P I L L A R I : Protect the American People, the Homeland, and the American Way of Life .................................................................................. 7 Secure U.S. Borders and Territory ................................................................................................................................................ 8

Defend Against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) .................................................................................................... 8

Combat Biothreats and Pandemics .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Strengthen Border Control and Immigration Policy ........................................................................................................... 9

Pursue � reats to � eir Source ....................................................................................................................................................10 Defeat Jihadist Terrorists ..........................................................................................................................................................10

Dismantle Transnational Criminal Organizations ............................................................................................................11 Keep America Safe in the Cyber Era ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Promote American Resilience .......................................................................................................................................................14

P I L L A R I I : Promote American Prosperity ..........................................................17 Rejuvenate the Domestic Economy ...........................................................................................................................................18 Promote Free, Fair, and Reciprocal Economic Relationships ................................................................................19 Lead in Research, Technology, Invention, and Innovation ..................................................................................... 20 Promote and Protect the U.S. National Securi� Innovation Base ......................................................................21 Embrace Energy Dominance ........................................................................................................................................................ 22

P I L L A R I I I : Preserve Peace through Strength ..............................................25 Renew America’s Competitive Advantages ........................................................................................................................ 26 Renew Capabilities ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Military ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

Defense Industrial Base ............................................................................................................................................................ 29

Nuclear Forces ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30

Space ...............................................................................................................................................................................................31

Cyberspace ....................................................................................................................................................................................31

Intelligence ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Diplomacy and Statecraft ................................................................................................................................................................ 33 Competitive Diplomacy ............................................................................................................................................................ 33

Tools of Economic Diplomacy................................................................................................................................................. 34

Information Statecra� .............................................................................................................................................................. 34

P I L L A R I V : Advance American Influence ............................................................37 Encourage Aspiring Partners ....................................................................................................................................................... 38 Achieve Be� er Outcomes in Multilateral Forums ......................................................................................................... 40 Champion American Values .......................................................................................................................................................... 41

The Strategy in a Regional Context ................................................................45 Indo-Pacifi c ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Europe .............................................................................................................................................................................................................47 Middle East ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 South and Central Asia ...................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Western Hemisphere ...........................................................................................................................................................................51 Africa .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52

Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 55

Introduction

An America that is safe, prosperous, and free at home is an America with the strength, confi dence, and will to lead abroad. It is an America that can pre- serve peace, uphold liber� , and create enduring advantages for the American people. Pu� ing America fi rst is the du� of our government and the foun- dation for U.S. leadership in the world.

A strong America is in the vital interests of not only the American people, but also those around the world who want to partner with the United States in pursuit of shared interests, values, and aspirations.

� is National Securi� Strategy puts America fi rst.

A n A m e r ic a Fi r s t Nat ion a l S e c u r it y Strateg y is based on A mer ica n pr in-ciples, a clear-eyed assessment of U.S. interests, and a determination to tackle the chal- lenges that we face. It is a strategy of principled realism that is guided by outcomes, not ideology. It is based upon the view that peace, securi� , and prosperity depend on strong, sovereign nations that respect their citizens at home and cooper- ate to advance peace abroad. And it is grounded in the realization that American principles are a la s t i n g forc e for goo d i n t he world .

“We the People” is America’s source of strength.

� e United States was born of a desire for life, lib- erty, and the pursuit of happiness—and a convic- tion that unaccountable politica l power is t y r- anny. For these reasons, our Founders crafted and ratified the Constitution, establishing the repub- lica n for m of govern ment we enjoy today. T he Constitution grants our national government not on ly specif ied powers necessar y to protect our God-given rights and liberties but also safeguards them by limiting the government’s size and scope,

sepa rating Federa l powers, a nd protecting the rights of individuals through the rule of law. All political power is ultimately delegated from, and accou nt able to, t he people.

We protect American sovereignty by defending these institutions, traditions, and principles that have allowed us to live in freedom, to build the nation that we love. And we prize our national heritage, for the rare and fragile institutions of republican gov- ernment can only endure if they are sustained by a culture that cherishes those institutions.

Liber� and independence have given us the fl our- ishing society Americans enjoy today—a vibrant a nd con f ident Nation , welcom ing of d isag ree- ment a nd differences, but united by the bonds of h istor y, cu lture, beliefs, a nd principles that define who we are.

We are proud of our roots and honor the wisdom of the past. We are commi� ed to protecting the rights and digni� of every citizen. And we are a nation of laws, because the rule of law is the shield that pro- tects the individual from government corruption

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

and abuse of power, allows families to live with- out fear, and permits markets to thrive.

Our founding principles have made the United States of America among the greatest forces for good in h istor y. But we a re a lso awa re that we must protect a nd bu i ld upon ou r accompl ish- ments, always conscious of the fact that the inter- ests of the American people constitute our true Nor t h St a r.

America’s achievements and standing in the world were neither inevitable nor accidental. On many occasions, Americans have had to compete with adversarial forces to preser ve and advance our security, prosperity, and the principles we hold dear. At home, we fought the Civil War to end slav- er y a nd preser ve ou r Un ion in the long str ug- gle to extend equal rights for all Americans. In the course of the bloodiest century in human his- tor y, m i l l ion s of A mer ic a n s foug ht , a nd hu n- dreds of thousands lost their lives, to defend lib- er� in two World Wars and the Cold War. America, with our allies and partners, defeated fascism, imperialism, and Soviet communism and elimi- nated any doubts about the power and durability of republican democracy when it is sustained by a free, proud, and unif ied people.

T h e Un it e d St at e s c on s ol id at e d it s m i l it a r y victories with political and economic triumphs built on market economies and fair trade, dem- ocratic principles, and shared security partner- ships. American political, business, and military leaders worked together with their counterparts in Europe and Asia to shape the post-war order through the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and other institutions designed to advance our shared interests of securi� , freedom, and peace. We recog- nize the invaluable advantages that our strong rela- tionships with allies and partners deliver.

Following the remarkable victory of free nations in the Cold War, America emerged as the lone super-

power with enormous advantages and momen- tum in the world. Success, however, bred com- placency. A belief emerged, a mong ma ny, that American power would be unchallenged and self– sustaining. The United States began to drift. We experienced a crisis of conf idence a nd surren- dered our adva ntages in key a reas. As we took ou r p ol it ic a l , econom ic , a nd m i l it a r y adva n- tages for g ra nted , other actors stead ily imple- mented their long-term plans to challenge America and to advance agendas opposed to the United States, our allies, and our partners.

We stood by while countries exploited the interna- tional institutions we helped to build. � ey subsi- dized their industries, forced technology transfers, and distorted markets. These and other actions challenged America’s economic securi� . At home, excessive regulations and high taxes stifl ed growth a nd wea kened free enter prise —h istor y ’s great- est a ntidote to povert y. Each time govern ment encroached on the productive activities of private commerce, it threatened not only our prosperity but also the spirit of creation and innovation that has been key to our national greatness.

A Competitive World The United States will respond to the growing political, economic, and military competitions we face around the world.

China and Russia challenge American power, infl u- ence, and interests, a� empting to erode American security and prosperity. They are determined to make economies less free and less fair, to grow their militaries, and to control information and data to repress their societies and expand their inf luence. At the same time, the dictatorships of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the Islamic Republic of Iran are determined to desta- bilize regions, threaten Americans and our allies, a nd bruta lize their own people. Tra nsnationa l

I N T R O D U C T I O N

threat groups, from jihadist terrorists to transna- tional criminal organizations, are actively trying to harm Americans. While these challenges dif- fer in nature and magnitude, they are fundamen- ta lly contests between those who va lue human d ig n it y a nd f re e dom a nd t hose who oppre ss i n d iv idu a l s a n d en for c e u n i for m it y.

T hese competitions requ ire t he Un ited St ates to rethink the policies of the past two decades—poli- cies based on the assumption that engagement with rivals and their inclusion in international insti- tutions and globa l commerce would turn them into benign actors and trustworthy partners. For the most part, this premise turned out to be false.

Rival actors use propaganda and other means to try to discredit democracy. � ey advance anti-Western views and spread false information to create divi- sions among ourselves, our allies, and our partners. In addition, jihadist terrorists such as ISIS and al-Qa’ida continue to spread a barbaric ideology that calls for the violent destruction of governments and innocents they consider to be apostates. � ese jihadist terrorists attempt to force those under their inf luence to submit to Sharia law.

America’s military remains the strongest in the world. However, U.S. advantages are shrinking as rival states modernize and build up their con- ventiona l a nd nuclea r forces. Ma ny actors ca n now f ield a broad arsenal of advanced missiles, including variants that can reach the American homeland. Access to technology empowers and emboldens otherwise weak states. North Korea—a countr y that sta r ves its own people —has spent hundreds of millions of dollars on nuclear, chem- ical, and biological weapons that could threaten ou r homela nd . I n add it ion , m a ny actors have become sk i l led at operating below the th resh- old of military conf lict—challenging the United States, our allies, and our partners with hostile actions cloaked in deniabili� . Our task is to ensure that American military superiority endures, and

in combination with other elements of national power, is ready to protec t A mer ica n s aga i n st soph isticated cha l lenges to nationa l secu r it y.

The contest over information accelerates these political, economic, and military competitions. Data, like energy, will shape U.S. economic prosper- ity and our future strategic position in the world. The ability to harness the power of data is fun- damental to the continuing growth of America’s economy, prevailing against hostile ideologies, a nd building a nd deploy ing the most effective military in the world.

We learned the di� cult lesson that when America does not lead, malign actors fi ll the void to the dis- advantage of the United States. W hen America does lead, however, from a position of strength and confi dence and in accordance with our inter- ests and values, all benefi t.

Competition does not always mean hostility, nor does it inevitably lead to conf lict—although none should doubt our commitment to defend our inter- ests. An America that successfully competes is the best way to prevent confl ict. Just as American weak- ness invites challenge, American strength and con- fidence deters war and promotes peace.

An America First National Securi� Strategy The competitions and rivalries facing the United States are not passing trends or momentary prob- lems. They are intertwined, long-term challenges that demand our sustained national a� ention and commitment.

A mer ic a possesses u n m atched pol it ic a l , eco - nomic, military, and technological advantages. But to maintain these advantages, build upon our strengths, and unleash the talents of the American people, we must protect four vital national inter- ests in this competitive world.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

F i r s t , ou r f u n d a m e n t a l r e s p on s i b i l it y i s t o protect the A mer ican people, the homeland, and the American way of life. We will strengthen control of our borders and reform our immigra- tion system. We will protect our critical infrastruc- ture and go after malicious cyber actors. A layered missile defense system will defend our homeland against missile a� acks. And we will pursue threats to t hei r sou rce, so t h at ji h ad ist ter ror ist s a re stopped before they ever reach our borders.

Second, we will promote American prosperity. We w ill rejuvenate the A merica n economy for the benefit of American workers and companies. We will insist upon fair and reciprocal economic relationships to address trade imbalances. The United States must preserve our lead in research and technolog y and protect our economy from competitors who unfairly acquire our intellec- tua l proper t y. A nd we w ill embrace A merica’s energy dominance because unleashing abundant energy resources stimulates our economy.

Third, we will preserve peace through strength by rebuilding our military so that it remains pre- eminent, deters our adversaries, and if necessary, is able to fight and win. We will compete with all tools of national power to ensure that regions of the world are not dominated by one power. We will strengthen America’s capabilities—includ- ing in space and cyberspace—and revitalize oth- ers that have been neglected. Allies and partners mag n if y ou r power. We ex pect them to shou l- der a fa i r sh a re of t he bu rden of res pon sibi l- ity to protect against common threats.

Fourth, we will advance A mer ican in f luence because a world that supports American inter- ests and ref lects our values makes America more secure and prosperous. We will compete and lead in multilateral organizations so that American interests and principles are protected. America’s commitment to liber� , democracy, and the rule of law serves as an inspiration for those living under

� ranny. We can play a catalytic role in promoting private-sector-led economic growth, helping aspir- ing partners become future trading and security partners. And we will remain a generous nation, even as we expect others to share responsibili� .

Strengthening our sovereignty—the first duty of a government is to serve the interests of its own people—is a necessar y condition for protecting these four national interests. And as we strengthen our sovereignty we will renew confidence in our- selves as a nation. We are proud of our histor y, optimistic about America’s future, and confident of the positive example the United States o� ers to the world. We are also realistic and understand that the American way of life cannot be imposed upon others, nor is it the inevitable culmination of progress. Together with our a llies, partners, and aspiring partners, the United States will pur- sue cooperation w ith reciprocit y. Cooperation mea n s sh a r i ng res pon sibi l it ies a nd bu rden s . In trade, fair and reciproca l relationships ben- ef it a l l w ith equa l levels of ma rket access a nd opportunities for economic growth. An America First National Security Strategy appreciates that America will catalyze conditions to unleash eco- nomic success for America and the world.

In the United States, free men and women have created the most just and prosperous nation in h istor y. O u r generat ion of A mer ic a n s is now ch a rged w it h preser v i n g a nd defend i n g t h at preciou s i n her it a nce. T h is Nat ion a l Secu r it y Strategy shows the way.

P I L L A R I

Protect the American People, the Homeland, and

the American Way of Life

“We will defend our country, protect our communities,

and put the safe� of the American people fi rst.”

P R E S I D E N T D O N A L D J . T R U M P | J U L Y 2 0 1 7

T h is Nationa l Securit y Strateg y begins w ith the determ ination to protect the A mer ic a n people, t he A mer ic a n way of life, and American interests. Americans have long recognized the benefi ts of an interconnected world, where in for mation a nd com merce f low freely. Engaging with the world, however, does not mean the United States should abandon its rights and duties as a sovereign state or compro- mise its security. Openness a lso imposes costs, si nce adversa r ies ex ploit ou r f ree a nd demo - cratic system to harm the United States.

North Korea seeks the capabili� to kill millions of Americans with nuclear weapons. Iran supports terrorist groups and openly calls for our destruc- tion. Jihadist terrorist organizations such as ISIS and al-Qa’ida are determined to a� ack the United States and radicalize Americans with their hate- ful ideology. Non-state actors undermine social order through drug and human traff icking net- works, which they use to commit violent crimes and kill thousands of American each year.

Adversaries target sources of American strength, including our democratic system and our econ-

omy. They steal and exploit our intellectual prop- erty and personal data, interfere in our political processes, target our aviation and maritime sec- tors, and hold our critical infrastructure at risk. All of these actions threaten the foundations of the American way of life. Reestablishing lawful control of our borders is a first step toward pro- tecting the American homeland and strengthen- i n g A mer ic a n sovereig nt y.

We must prevent nuclear, chemical, radiological, and biological a� acks, block terrorists from reach- ing our homeland, reduce drug and human traf- f icking, and protect our critical infrastructure. We must a lso deter, disrupt, a nd defeat poten- tial threats before they reach the United States. We w ill ta rget jihad ist terrorists a nd tra nsna- tional criminal organizations at their source and dismantle their networks of support.

We must also take steps to respond quickly to meet the needs of the American people in the event of natural disaster or attack on our homeland. We must build a culture of preparedness and resilience across our governmental functions, critical infra- structure, and economic and political systems.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Secure U.S. Borders and Territory State and non-state actors place the safety of the A mer ic a n p e ople a nd t he Nat ion’s e c onom ic v it a l it y at r i sk by ex ploit i n g v u l nera bi l it ie s across the land, air, maritime, space, and cyber- space doma ins. Adversa ries consta ntly evolve their methods to threaten the United States and ou r citi zens. We must be ag i le a nd adapt able.

Defend Against Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)

� e danger from hostile state and non-state actors who are trying to acquire nuclear, chemical, radio- logical, and biological weapons is increasing. The Syrian regime’s use of chemical weapons against it s ow n c it i z en s u n d er m i n e s i nt e r n at ion a l n or m s a g a i n s t these heinous weapons, wh ich may encourage more actors to pursue a nd use them. ISIS has used chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria. Terrorist groups con- t i nue to pu rsue W M D -related materials. We would face grave d a n ger i f t er ror is t s obt a i ne d inadequately secured nuclea r, r a d iolog ic a l , or biolog ic a l m a t e r i a l .

As missiles grow in numbers, ty pes, and effec- tiveness, to include those w ith greater ra nges, t hey a re t he most l i kely mea n s for st ates l i ke Nor t h Korea to use a nuclea r weapon aga i n st the United States. North Korea is also pursuing chem ica l a nd biologica l weapons wh ich cou ld a lso be delivered by m issile. China a nd Russia are developing advanced weapons and capabil- ities that could threaten our critical infrastruc- ture and our command and control architecture.

Priori� Actions

E N H A N C E M I S S I L E D E F E N S E : T he Un it e d St at e s is deploy ing a layered m issi le defense system focused on North Korea and Iran to defend our homeland against missile attacks. This system will include the ability to defeat missile threats pr ior to lau nch . En h a nced m issi le defen se is not i nt e n d e d t o u n d e r m i n e s t r at eg ic s t a bi l- it y or d isr upt longsta nd ing strateg ic relation- sh ips w it h Ru ssia or Ch i n a .

DETECT AND DISRUPT WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION:

At our borders and within our territory, we will bolster efforts to detect nuclear, chemical, radio- logical, and biological agents and keep them from being used against us. We will also better inte-

grate intelligence, law enforce- ment, and emergency manage- ment operations to ensure that f r ont l i ne defen der s h ave t he right information and capabili- ties to respond to WMD threats from state and non-state actors.

ENHANCE COUNTERPROLIFERATION

MEASURES: Building on decades o f i n i t i a t i v e s , w e w i l l a u g - m e n t m e a s u r e s t o s e c u r e , e l i m i n a t e , a n d p r e v e n t t h e s p r e a d of W M D a n d r e l a t e d m at er ia ls , t hei r del iver y s ys-

tem s, tech nolog ies, a nd k nowledge to reduce the cha nce that they m ight fa ll into the ha nds of host i le ac tors. We w i l l hold st ate a nd non- st ate ac tors accou nt able for t he u se of W M D.

TA R G E T W M D T E R R O R I S T S : We w i l l d i rect cou n- terterrorism operations against terrorist WMD specialists, fi nanciers, administrators, and facilita- tors. We will work with allies and partners to detect and disrupt plots.

Strengthening control

over our borders and

immigration system is

central to national securi� ,

economic prosperi� , and

the rule of law.

P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N W A Y O F L I F E

Combat Biothreats and Pandemics

Biological incidents have the potential to cause catastrophic loss of life. Biological threats to the U.S. homeland—whether as the result of deliberate a� ack, accident, or a natural outbreak—are growing and require actions to address them at their source.

Naturally emerging outbreaks of viruses such as Ebola and SA RS, as well as the deliberate 2001 a nt h ra x at t ack s i n t he Un ited St ates, demon- strated the impact of biological threats on national secu r it y by ta k ing lives, generating econom ic losses, and contributing to a loss of confidence in government institutions.

Advancements in life sciences that benef it our health, economy, and socie� also open up new ave- nues to actors who want to cause harm. Dedicated state actors are likely to develop more advanced bioweapons, and these capabilities may become available to ma licious non-state actors as well.

Priori� Actions

DETECT AND CONTAIN BIOTHREATS AT THEIR SOURCE:

We w i l l work w it h ot her c ou nt r ie s t o det e c t a n d m it igat e out br e a k s e a rly t o pr event t he spread of disease. We will encourage other coun- tries to invest in basic health care systems and to strengthen globa l hea lth security across the intersection of human and animal health to pre- vent infectious disease outbrea ks. And we will work with partners to ensure that laboratories that handle dangerous pathogens have in place safety and security measures.

SUPPORT BIOMEDICAL INNOVATION: We will protect and support advancements in biomedical inno- vation by streng then ing the intellectua l prop - erty system that is the foundation of the biomedi- ca l industr y.

IMPROVE EMERGENCY RESPONSE: At home, we will st reng t hen ou r emergenc y respon se a nd u n i-

f ied coordination systems to rapidly character- ize outbreaks, implement public health contain- ment measu res to lim it t he spread of d isease, a n d p r ov id e s u r g e m e d ic a l c a r e — i n c lu d i n g l i fe -sav i ng t re at ment s .

Strengthen Border Control and Immigration Policy

St ren g t hen i n g c ont rol over ou r b orders a nd immigration system is central to national secu- r it y, econom ic prosper it y, a nd the r u le of law. Ter rorists, d rug tra ff ickers, a nd crim ina l ca r- tels ex ploit porou s borders a nd t h reaten U. S . secu rit y a nd public sa fet y. T hese actors adapt quickly to outpace our defenses.

The United States affirms our sovereign right to deter m i ne who shou ld enter ou r cou nt r y a nd u nder what circu msta nces. T he Un ited States understands the contributions immigrants have made to our Nation throughout its history. Illegal i m m ig rat ion , however, bu rden s t he economy, hurts American workers, presents public safety risks, and enriches smugglers and other criminals.

� e United States recognizes that decisions about who to legally admit for residency, citizenship, or otherwise are among the most important a coun- try has to make. The United States will continue to welcome lawful immigrants who do not pose a security threat and whose entr y is consistent with the national interest, while at the same time enhancing the screening and vetting of travelers, closing dangerous loopholes, revising outdated laws, and eliminating easily exploited vulnera- bilities. We will a lso reform our current immi- gration system, which, contrary to our national interest and national securi� , allows for random- ized entry and extended-family chain migration. Residency and citizenship determinations should be based on individuals’ merits and their ability to positively contribute to U.S. socie� , rather than chance or extended family connections.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Priori� Actions

E N HAN CE BO R D E R S ECU R IT Y: We w ill secu re ou r b or d e r s t h r ou g h t h e c on s t r u c t ion of a b or - der wa ll, the use of mu ltilayered defenses a nd advanced technolog y, the employ ment of addi- tional personnel, and other measures. The U.S. Government will work with foreign partners to deter, detect, and disrupt suspicious individuals well before they enter the United States.

E N H A N C E V E T T I N G : T he U. S . G over n ment w i l l enhance vetting of prospective immigrants, ref- ugees, and other foreign visitors to identify indi- viduals who might pose a risk to national secu- rity or public safety. We will set higher security standards to ensure that we keep dangerous peo- ple out of t he Un ited St ates a nd en h a nce ou r information collection and analysis to identif y those who may a lready be with in our borders.

E N F O R C E I M M I G R AT I O N L AW S : We w i l l en for c e immigration laws, both at the border and in the interior, to provide an e� ective deterrent to illegal immigration. � e apprehension and swift removal of illegal aliens at the border is critical to an e� ective border security strategy. We must also increase efforts to identify and counter fraud in the immi- gration process, which undermines the integrity of our immigration system, exploits vulnerable individuals, and creates national security risks.

B O L S T E R T R A N S P O R TAT I O N S E C U R I T Y : We w i l l i mprove i n for m at ion sh a r i ng across ou r gov- ernment and with foreign partners to en hance the security of the pathways through which peo- ple and goods enter the country. We will invest in technology to counter emerging threats to our avi- ation, surface, and maritime transportation sec- tors. We will a lso work with internationa l a nd industr y pa r tners to ra ise securit y sta nda rds.

Pursue � reats to � eir Source There is no perfect defense against the range of threats facing our homeland. That is why America must, alongside allies and partners, stay on the offensive against those violent non-state groups that target the United States and our allies.

� e primary transnational threats Americans face are from jihadist terrorists and transnational crim- inal organizations. Although their objectives di� er, these actors pose some common challenges. First, they exploit our open society. Second, they often operate in loose confederations and adapt rapidly. � ird, they rely on encrypted communication and the dark web to evade detection as they plot, recruit, fi nance, and execute their operations. Fourth, they thrive under conditions of state weakness and prey on the vulnerable as they accelerate the brea k- down of rules to create havens from which to plan and launch a� acks on the United States, our allies, and our partners. Fifth, some are sheltered and supported by states and do their bidding.

Defeat Jihadist Terrorists

Jihadist terrorist organizations present the most dangerous terrorist threat to the Nation. America, alongside our allies and partners, is fi ghting a long war against these fanatics who advance a totali- tarian vision for a global Islamist caliphate that justif ies murder a nd slaver y, promotes repres- sion, and seeks to undermine the American way of life. Jihadist terrorists use virtual and physical networks around the world to radicalize isolated individuals, exploit vulnerable populations, and i n spi re a nd d i rect plot s.

Even after the territorial defeat of ISIS and al-Qa’ida in Syria and Iraq, the threat from jihadist terror- ists will persist. � ey have used ba� lefi elds as test beds of terror and have exported tools and tactics to their followers. Many of these jihadist terror-

P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N W A Y O F L I F E

ists are likely to return to their home countries, from which they can continue to plot and launch a� acks on the United States and our allies.

T he Un ited St ates a lso work s w it h a l l ies a nd p a r t n e r s t o d e t e r a n d d i s - r u p t o t h e r f o r e i g n t e r r o r - i s t g r o u p s t h a t t h r e a t e n t h e h o m e l a n d — i n c l u d - i n g I r a n i a n- b a ck e d g r oup s such as Lebanese Hizba lla h.

Priori� Actions

DISRUPT TERROR PLOTS: We will e n h a n c e i nt el l igen c e sh a r - ing domestically and with for- eig n pa r t ners . We w i l l g ive o u r f r o n t l i n e d e f e n d e r s — i n c lu d i n g h o m e l a n d s e c u - rit y, law en forcement, a nd intelligence profes- sionals—the tools, authorities, and resources to stop terrorist acts before they take place.

TAKE DIRECT ACTION: The U.S. military and other operating agencies will take direct action against ter ror ist net work s a nd pu rsue ter ror ist s who threaten the homeland and U.S. citizens regard- less of where they are. � e campaigns against ISIS and al-Qa’ida and their a� liates demonstrate that the United States will enable partners and sus- tain direct action campaigns to destroy terrorists and their sources of support, making it harder for t hem to plot a ga i n s t u s .

ELIMINATE TERRORIST SAFE HAVENS: Time and ter- ritory allow jihadist terrorists to plot, so we will act against sanctuaries and prevent their reemer- gence, before they can threaten the U.S. home- land. We will go after their digital networks and work with private industry to confront the chal- lenge of terrorists and criminals “going dark” and using secure platforms to evade detection.

SEVER SOURCES OF STRENGTH: We will disrupt the fi nancial, materiel, and personnel supply chains of terrorist organizations. We will sever their fi nanc- ing and protect the U.S. and international fi nancial systems from abuse. We will degrade their abili�

to message and attract poten- t ia l re c r u it s . T h is i nclude s combating the ev i l ideolog y of ji h ad is t s by ex p osi n g it s falsehoods, promoting count- er-n a r rat ive s , a nd a mpl i f y- i n g c re d ible voic e s .

S H A R E R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y : O u r a llies a nd pa r tners, who a re also targets of terrorism, will cont i nue to sh a re res pon si- bi l it y i n f ig ht i ng t hese ba r- baric groups. We will help our partners develop and respon- sibly employ the capacit y to

degrade and maintain persistent pressure against terrorists and will encourage partners to work independently of U.S. assistance.

C O M B AT R A D I C A L I Z AT I O N A N D R E C R U I T M E N T I N

COMMUNITIES: The United States rejects bigotr y and oppression and seeks a future built on our val- ues as one American people. We will deny vio- lent ideologies the space to take root by improving trust among law enforcement, the private sector, and American citizens. U.S. intelligence and home- land security experts will work with law enforce- ment and civic leaders on terrorism prevention and provide accurate and actionable information about rad ic a l i z at ion i n t hei r c om mu n it ie s .

Dismantle Transnational Criminal Organizations

The United States must devote greater resources to disma ntle tra nsnationa l crim ina l orga niza- tions (TCOs) and their subsidiary networks. Some have established globa l supply cha ins that a re

We will give our frontline

defenders—including homeland

securi� , law enforcement, and

intelligence professionals—

the tools, authorities, and

resources to stop terrorist acts

before they take place.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

comparable to Fortune 500 corporations. Every day they deliver drugs to American communities, fuel gang violence, and engage in cybercrime. � e illicit opioid epidemic, fed by drug cartels as well as Chinese fentanyl traffickers, kills tens of thou- sands of Americans each year. � ese organizations weaken our allies and partners too, by corrupting and undermining democratic institutions. TCOs are motivated by profi t, power, and political infl u- ence. They exploit weak governance and enable other national security threats, including terror- ist organizations. In addition, some state adver- saries use TCOs as instruments of national power, offering them territorial sanctuar y where they are free to conduct unattributable cyber intru- sions, sabotage, theft, and political subversion.

Priori� Actions

IMPROVE STR ATEGIC PL ANNING AND INTELLIGENCE:

We will establish national-level strategic intelli- gence and planning capabilities to improve the abilit y of agen- cies to work together to combat TCOs at home and abroad.

D E F E N D CO M M U N I T I E S : We w i l l deny TCOs the ability to harm A m e r ic a n s . We w i l l s u p p or t public health efforts to halt the growth of illicit drug use in the United States, expand national and community-based preven- tion efforts, increase access to evidenced-based treatment for a d d ic t ion , i mpr ove pr e s c r ip - tion drug monitoring, and provide training on substance use disorders for medical personnel.

D E F E N D I N D E P T H : U. S . a g e n c ie s a n d fo r e i g n partners will target TCO leaders and their sup- port infrastructure. We will assist countries, par- ticu la rly in the Western Hem isphere, to brea k the power of these organizations and networks.

COUNTER CYBER CRIMINALS: We will use sophisti- cated investigative tools to disrupt the ability of crim ina ls to use on line ma rket places, cr y pto - currencies, and other tools for illicit activities. � e United States will hold countries accountable for harboring these criminals.

Keep America Safe in the Cyber Era America’s response to the challenges and oppor- tunities of the cyber era will determine our future prosperi� and securi� . For most of our history, the United States has been able to protect the home- land by controlling its land, air, space, and mari- time domains. Today, cyberspace offers state and non-state actors the ability to wage campaigns against American political, economic, and secu- rit y interests w ithout ever physica lly crossing our borders. Cyberattacks offer adversaries low-

cost and deniable opportunities to seriously damage or disrupt critica l infrastructure, cripple A mer ica n businesses, wea ken o u r F e d e r a l n e t w o r k s , a n d attack the tools and devices that Americans use every day to com- municate and conduct business.

Critical infrastructure keeps our food f resh , ou r hou ses wa r m , our trade f lowing, and our cit- izens productive and safe. The v u l n e r a bi l it y of U. S . c r it ic a l in f ra st r uct u re to c yber, phys-

ica l, a nd elec t rom ag net ic at t ack s mea n s t h at adversaries could disrupt military command and control, banking and fi nancial operations, the elec- trical grid, and means of communication.

Federal networks also face threats. � ese networks allow government agencies to carry out vital func- tions and provide services to the American peo-

America’s response

to the challenges and

opportunities of the cyber

era will determine

our future prosperi�

and securi� .

P I L L A R I : P R O T E C T T H E A M E R I C A N P E O P L E , T H E H O M E L A N D , A N D T H E A M E R I C A N W A Y O F L I F E

ple. The government must do a better job of pro- tecting data to sa fegua rd in formation a nd the privacy of the American people. Our Federal net- works must be modernized and updated.

In addition, the daily lives of most Americans rely on computer-driven and interconnected technolo- gies. As our reliance on computers and connectiv- ity increases, we become increasingly vulnerable to cyberattacks. Businesses and individuals must be able to operate securely in cyberspace.

Security was not a major consideration when the Internet was designed and launched. As it evolves, the government and private sector must design s ystem s t h at i ncor porate prevent ion , protec - tion, and resiliency from the start, not as an after- thought. We must do so in a way that respects free markets, private competition, and the limited but important role of government in enforcing the rule of law. As we build the next generation of dig- ital infrastructure, we have an opportuni� to put our experience into practice.

T he Inter net is a n A mer ica n invention , a nd it should ref lect our values as it continues to trans- for m the f utu re for a ll nations a nd a ll genera- tions. A strong, defensible cyber infrastructure fosters economic growth, protects our liberties, a n d a dv a n c e s ou r n at ion a l s e c u r it y.

Priori� Actions

IDENTIFY AND PRIORITIZE RISK: To improve the secu- r it y a nd resi l ience of ou r c r it ic a l i n f ra st r uc - t u re, we w i l l a ssess r isk across si x key a rea s: national securi� , energy and power, banking and finance, health and safety, communications, and tra nspor tation . We w i l l assess where cyberat- tacks could have catastrophic or cascading con- sequences and prioritize our protective efforts, capabilities, and defenses accordingly.

BUILD DEFENSIBLE GOVERNMENT NETWORKS: We will use the latest commercial capabilities, shared ser- vices, and best practices to modernize our Federal information technology. We will improve our abil- i� to provide uninterrupted and secure communi- cations and services under all conditions.

D E T E R A N D D I S R U P T M A L I C I O U S C Y B E R AC T O R S :

The Federal Government will ensure that those charged with securing critical infrastructure have the necessary authorities, information, and capa- bilities to prevent attacks before they a ffect or hold at risk U.S. critical infrastructure. � e United States will impose swift and costly consequences on foreig n gover n ments, cr im ina ls, a nd other actors who undertake signifi cant malicious cyber activities. We will work with allies and friends to expand our awareness of malicious activities. A stronger and more resilient critical infrastructure will strengthen deterrence by creating doubt in our adversaries that they can achieve their objectives.

I M P R O V E I N F O R M AT I O N S H A R I N G A N D S E N S I N G :

The U.S. Government will work with our critical infrastructure partners to assess their informa- tional needs and to reduce the barriers to informa- tion sharing, such as speed and classification lev- els. We will also invest in capabilities that improve the ability of the United States to attribute cyber- a� acks. In accordance with the protection of civil liberties and privacy, the U.S. Government will expand collaboration with the private sector so that we can be� er detect and a� ribute a� acks.

DEPLOY L AYERED DEFENSES: Since threats transit globally, passing through communications back- bones without challenge, the U.S. Government will work with the private sector to remediate known bad activ ities at t he net work level to improve the secu r it y of a l l customers. Ma licious activ- ity must be defeated within a network and not be passed on to its destination whenever possible.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Promote American Resilience Despite our best efforts, our government cannot prevent all dangers to the American people. We can, however, help Americans remain resilient in the face of adversity. Resilience includes the abil- ity to withstand and recover rapidly from delib- erate attacks, accidents, natural disasters, as well as unconventional stresses, shocks, and threats to our economy a nd democratic system. In the event of a disaster, Federal, state, and local agen- cies must perform essential functions and have plans in place to ensure the continuation of our c on s t it u t ion a l for m of gove r n m e n t .

Reducing risk and building more resilient com- munities are the best ways to protect people, prop- erty, and taxpayer dollars from loss and disrup- tion. Through risk-informed investments, we will build resilient communities and infrastructure to protect and benefi t future generations.

Should tragedy strike, the U.S. Government will help communities recover and rebuild. Citizens must be confi dent in our government, but also rec- ognize that response and recover y begins with individuals and local communities. In diff icult times, the true character of the American peo- ple emerges: their strength, their love, and their resolve. Our fi rst responders selfl essly run toward danger, and volunteers rally to the aid of neigh- bors when d isa ster st r i kes.

A democracy is only as resilient as its people. An informed and engaged citizenry is the fundamen- tal requirement for a free and resilient nation. For generations, our society has protected free press, free speech, and free thought. Today, actors such as Russia are using information tools in an a� empt to u nder m i ne t he leg it i m ac y of democracies. Adversaries target media, political processes, fi nan- cial networks, and personal data. The American public and private sectors must recognize this and

work together to defend our way of life. No exter- na l th reat ca n be a llowed to sha ke ou r sha red commitment to our values, undermine our sys- tem of government, or divide our Nation.

Priori� Actions

IMPROVE RISK MANAGEMENT: The United States will improve its ability to assess the threats and haz- a rds that pose the greatest risks to A merica ns and will prioritize resources based on the high- est risks.

BUILD A CULTURE OF PREPAREDNESS: This Admin- istration will take steps to build a culture of pre- paredness, informing and empowering commu- n ities a nd ind iv idua ls to obta in the sk ills a nd take the preparatory actions necessary to become more resilient against the threats and ha zards that Americans face.

IMPROVE PLANNING: State and local governments must conduct realistic exercises that test exist- ing plans to make sure that they are sound and can be executed. Agencies from all levels of gov- ernment must coordinate be� er and apply lessons learned from exercises to pinpoint the areas and capabilities that require improvement.

INCENTIVIZE INFORMATION SHARING: To improve the coordination among the private sector and all lev- els of government that is needed to improve resil- ience, we must make a stronger commitment to protecting sensitive information so that all part- ners actively identify and share vulnerabilities and work collaboratively to reduce them.

P I L L A R I I

Promote American Prosperity

“Economic securi� is national securi� .”

P R E S I D E N T D O N A L D J . T R U M P | N O V E M B E R 2 0 1 7

A strong economy protects the American people, supports our way of life, and sus-tains American power. American work- ers thrive when they are free to innovate, develop and access our abundant natural resources, and operate in markets free from excessive regula- tions and unfair foreign trade practices. A grow- ing and innovative economy a llows the United States to maintain the world’s most powerful mili- tary and protect our homeland.

We mu st rebu i ld ou r econom ic st reng t h a nd restore con f idence in the A mer ica n econom ic model. Over decades, American factories, com- panies, and jobs moved overseas. After the 2008 global fi nancial crisis, doubt replaced confi dence. Risk-aversion and regulations replaced investment and entrepreneurship. � e recovery produced ane- mic growth in real earnings for American workers. � e U.S. trade defi cit grew as a result of several fac- tors, including unfair trading practices.

For 70 years, the United States has embraced a strateg y premised on the belief that leadership of a stable international economic system rooted in American principles of reciprocity, free mar- ket s, a nd f ree t rade ser ved ou r econom ic a nd security interests. Working with our allies and pa r tners, the Un ited States led the creation of a group of f inancial institutions and other eco- nom ic forums that established equitable ru les a nd built instruments to stabilize the interna-

tional economy and remove the points of friction that had contributed to two world wars.

T hat econom ic system continues to ser ve ou r interests, but it must be reformed to help American w o r k e r s p r o s p e r, p r o t e c t o u r i n n o v a t i o n , and ref lect the principles upon which that sys- tem was fou nded . Trad ing pa r tners a nd inter- n at ion a l i n st it ut ion s c a n do more to add ress trade imbalances and adhere to and enforce the rules of the order.

Tod ay, A mer ica n prosper it y a nd secu r it y a re cha l lenged by a n econom ic compet it ion play- ing out in a broader strategic context. The United States helped expand the liberal economic trad- ing system to countries that did not share our val- ues, in the hopes that these states wou ld liber- alize their economic and political practices and prov ide com mensu rate benef its to the Un ited States. Experience shows that these countries dis- tor ted a nd u nder m ined key econom ic institu- tions without undertaking significant reform of their economies or politics. � ey espouse free trade rhetoric and exploit its benefits, but only adhere selectively to the rules and agreements.

We welcome all economic relationships rooted in fairness, reciproci� , and faithful adherence to the rules. � ose who join this pursuit will be our clos- est economic partners. But the United States will no longer turn a blind eye to violations, cheating, or economic aggression. We must work with like-

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

minded allies and partners to ensure our princi- ples prevail and the rules are enforced so that our e c o n o m i e s p r o s p e r .

The United States will pursue an economic strategy that reju- venates the domestic economy, benef its the American worker, revitalizes the U.S. manufactur- ing base, creates m idd le-class jobs, encourages innovation, pre- serves technological advantage, sa feg ua rd s t he env i ron ment , and achieves energy dominance. Rebuilding economic strength at home a nd preser v ing a fa ir a nd rec iproc a l i nter n at ion a l economic system will enhance our security and advance pros- perity and peace in the world.

Rejuvenate the Domestic Economy Econom ic cha llenges at home dema nd that we u ndersta nd econom ic prosperit y as a pilla r of nationa l secu r it y. Despite low u nemploy ment rates and stock market gains, overall economic g row th has, u nti l recently, been a nem ic since the 2008 recession. In the past f ive years, gross domestic product (GDP) growth hovered barely above two percent, and wages stagnated. Ta xes increased, a nd hea lth insura nce a nd prescrip- tion drug costs continued to rise, albeit at a slower pace. Education costs climbed at rates far above inf lation, increasing student debt. Productivity growth fell to levels not seen in decades.

Signifi cant government intrusion in the economy slowed growth and job creation. Regulatory and corporate tax policies incentivized businesses to invest overseas and disadvantaged American com- panies against foreign competitors. Excessive reg-

ulation burdened small businesses. Banking regu- lations squelched new bank formation and caused hu nd reds of sma l l ba n ks to close. Reg u lat ion

decreased credit availability to consumers and decreased prod- uct choice. Excessive environ- mental and infrastructure reg- u l at ion s i m p e d e d A m e r ic a n e n e r g y t r a d e a n d t h e d e vel- o p m e n t o f n e w i n f r a s t r u c - t u r e p r o j e c t s .

Moreover, the poor state of our physica l infrastructure stulti- f ied the economy, reduced the profitability of American small businesses, and slowed the pro- ductivity of American workers. America’s digital infrastructure also fell behind. Improvements

i n b a n dw idt h , b e t t e r br o a d b a n d c on n e c t iv- ity, and protection from persistent cyberattacks are needed to support America’s future growth. Economic and personal transactions are depen- dent upon the “.com world,” and wealth creation depends on a reliable, secure Internet.

T he Ad m in istration is ded icated to rejuvenat- ing the U.S. economy, unleashing the potential of all Americans, and restoring conf idence in our free market system. Promoting American pros- perity makes America more secure and advances American infl uence in the world.

Priori� Actions

REDUCE REGULATORY BURDENS: Departments and agencies will eliminate unnecessary regulations that stifl e growth, drive up costs for American busi- nesses, impede research and development, dis- courage hiring, and incentivize domestic busi- nesses to move oversea s. We w i l l ba la nce ou r reduction in regulations with adequate protec- t i o n s a n d o v e r s i g h t .

Rebuilding economic

strength at home and

preserving a fair and

reciprocal international

economic system will

enhance our securi� and

advance prosperi� and

peace in the world.

P I L L A R I I : P R O M O T E A M E R I C A N P R O S P E R I T Y

PROMOTE TA X REFORM: This Administration will work with the Congress to create a simpler, fairer, a nd pro -g row t h t a x code t hat encou rages t he creation of higher wage jobs and gives midd le- i ncome fa m i l ies t a x rel ief. Reduced bu si ness tax rates and a territorial system for foreign sub- sidiar y earnings will improve the competitive- ness of American companies and encourage their return to the United States.

IMPROVE AMERICAN INFRASTRUCTURE: Federal, state, and local governments will work together with pri- vate industry to improve our airports, seaports and waterways, roads and railways, transit sys- tems, and telecommunications. � e United States will use our strategic advantage as a leading natu- ral gas producer to transform transportation and manufacturing. We will improve America’s digital infrastructure by deploying a secure 5G Internet capability nationwide. These improvements will increase national competitiveness, benefi t the envi- ronment, and improve our quali� of life.

REDUCE THE DEBT THROUGH FISCAL

R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y: T he n at ion a l debt, now over $20 trillion, pres- ents a grave threat to America’s long-ter m pros per it y a nd , by extension, our national securi� . By restraining Federal spending, making government more effi- cient, and by modernizing our tax system and making our busi- nesses globally competitive, our economy will grow and make the existing debt more serviceable.

S U P P O R T E D U C A T I O N A N D

A P P R E N T I C E S H I P P R O G R A M S :

We w i l l s u p p or t a p p r e nt ic e sh ip s a n d work- f o r c e d e v e l o p m e n t p r o g r a m s t h a t p r e - p a r e A m e r i c a n w o r k e r s f o r h i g h - w a g e ma nu factu r ing a nd science, tech nolog y, eng i- neer i ng , a nd mat hemat ics (ST E M) jobs of t he 21st century.

Promote Free, Fair, and Reciprocal Economic Relationships For decades, the United States has allowed unfair trading practices to grow. Other countries have used dumping, discriminatory non-tariff barri- ers, forced technolog y transfers, non-economic capacity, industrial subsidies, and other support from governments and state-owned enterprises to ga i n econom ic adva nt ages.

Today we must meet the challenge. We will address persistent trade imba lances, brea k down trade barriers, and provide Americans new opportuni- ties to increase their exports. The United States will expand trade that is fairer so that U.S. work- ers a nd industries have more oppor tun ities to compete for business. We oppose closed mercan- tilist trading blocks. By strengthening the inter- national trading system and incentivizing other

c o u n t r i e s t o e m b r a c e m a r - ket-f r iend ly p ol ic ie s , we c a n enhance our prosperi� .

� e United States distinguishes between economic competition with countries that follow fair and free market principles and competition with those that act with little regard for those prin- ciples . We w i l l compete w it h like-m inded states in the eco- n om ic d om a i n — p a r t ic u l a rly where trade imbalances exist— while recognizing that compe- tition is hea lthy when nations

share values and build fair and reciprocal rela- tionships. The United States will pursue enforce- ment actions when cou ntries v iolate the r u les to gain unfair advantage. The United States will engage industrialized democracies and other like- minded states to defend against economic aggres-

� e Administration is

dedicated to rejuvenating

the U.S. economy,

unleashing the potential

of all Americans, and

restoring confi dence in our

free market system.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

sion , i n a l l it s for m s, t h at t h reaten s ou r com- mon prosperity and security.

Priori� Actions

ADOP T N EW TR ADE AN D INVESTM E NT AG RE E M E NTS

AND MODERNIZE EXISTING ONES: The United States will pursue bilateral trade and investment agree- ments with countries that commit to fair and recip- roca l trade and will modernize existing agree- ments to ensure they are consistent with those principles. Agreements must adhere to high stan- dards in intellectual property, digital trade, agri- culture, labor, and the environment.

CO U N T E R U N FA I R T R A D E P R AC TI C E S : T he Un ited States will counter all unfair trade practices that d istor t m a rket s u si ng a l l appropr iate mea n s, f r om d i a log ue t o en for c e m ent t o ol s .

CO U N T E R FO R E I G N CO R R U P T I O N : Usi ng ou r eco - nomic and diplomatic tools, the United States will continue to target corrupt foreign off icials and work with countries to improve their ability to fight corruption so U.S. companies can compete fairly in transparent business climates.

WO R K WITH LI K E - M I N D E D PA R TN E R S : T he Un ited States will work with like-minded partners to pre- serve and modernize the rules of a fair and recip- rocal economic order. Together we will emphasize fair trade enforcement actions when necessary, as well as multinational efforts to ensure transpar- ency and adherence to international standards w ith in trade a nd investment projects.

FACILITATE NEW MARKET OPPORTUNITIES: � e United States will partner with countries as they build their export markets, promote free market com- petition, and incentivize private sector growth. We will expand U.S. trade and investment oppor- tu n ities a nd increase the ma rket base for U. S. goods a nd ser v ices.

Lead in Research, Technology, Invention, and Innovation T he Un ited St ates w i l l bu i ld on t he ingenu it y that has launched industries, created jobs, and improved the quality of life at home and abroad. To m a i nt a i n ou r c omp et it ive adva nt a ge , t he United States will prioritize emerging technolo- gies critical to economic growth and securi� , such as data science, encr y ption, autonomous tech- nologies, gene editing, new materials, nanotech- nolog y, advanced computing technologies, and artif icial intelligence. From self-driving cars to autonomous weapons, the fi eld of artifi cial intelli- gence, in particular, is progressing rapidly.

� e United States must continue to a� ract the inno- vative and the inventive, the brilliant and the bold. We will encourage scientists in government, aca- demia, and the private sector to achieve advance- ments across the full spectrum of discovery, from incrementa l improvements to ga me- cha ng ing breakthroughs. We will nurture a healthy inno- vation economy that collaborates with allies and partners, improves STEM education, draws on an advanced technical workforce, and invests in ear- ly-stage research and development (R&D).

Priori� Actions

U N D E R S TA N D W O R L D W I D E S C I E N C E A N D T E C H -

NOLOGY (S&T) TRENDS: To retain U.S. advantages over our competitors, U.S. Government agencies must improve their understanding of worldwide S&T trends and how they are likely to inf luence— or undermine—American strategies and programs.

ATTRACT AND RETAIN INVENTORS AND INNOVATORS:

The U.S. Government must improve our collab- orat ion w it h i ndu st r y a nd ac adem ia a nd ou r recruitment of technical talent. We will remove barriers to the full use of ta lent across Federa l agencies, and increase incentives for hiring and retaining Federa l STEM employees. Initiatives

P I L L A R I I : P R O M O T E A M E R I C A N P R O S P E R I T Y

will include rapid hiring, swift adjudication of national security clearances, and offers of com- petitive sa la r ies. We must create ea sier pat hs for the f low of scientists, engineers, and technol- og is t s i nto a nd out of publ ic ser v ic e .

LEVERAGE PRIVATE CAPITAL AND EXPERTISE TO BUILD

AND INNOVATE: The U.S. Government will use pri- vate sector technical expertise and R&D capabili- ties more e� ectively. Private industry owns many of the tech nologies that the govern ment relies upon for critical national security missions. The Department of Defense and other agencies will establish strategic partnerships with U.S. compa- nies to help align private sector R&D resources to priority national security applications.

RAPIDLY FIELD INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS: The United States must regain the element of surprise a nd f ield new tech nologies at the pace of mod- ern industr y. Govern ment agencies must sh if t from an archaic R&D process to an approach that rewards rapid f ielding and risk taking.

Promote and Protect the U.S. National Securi� Innovation Base America’s business climate and legal and regu- lator y systems encourage risk taking. We are a nation of people who work hard, dream big, and never give up. Not ever y cou ntr y sha res these cha racter istics. Some instead stea l or i l licit ly acquire America’s hard-earned intellectual prop- erty and proprietary information to compensate for their own systemic weaknesses.

Every year, competitors such as China steal U.S. intellectual property valued at hundreds of bil- lions of dol la rs. Stea ling propr iet a r y tech nol- ogy and early-stage ideas allows competitors to un fa irly tap into the in novation of free societ- ies. Over the years, rivals have used sophisticated

means to weaken our businesses and our econ- omy as facets of cyber- enabled econom ic wa r- fare and other malicious activities. In addition to these illegal means, some actors use largely legit- imate, legal transfers and relationships to gain access to f ields, experts, and trusted foundries that fill their capability gaps and erode America’s l o n g - t e r m c o m p e t i t i v e a d v a n t a g e s .

We must defend our National Securi� Innovation Ba se (NSI B) aga i n st compet itors. T he NSI B is the A merica n network of k nowledge, capabili- ties, and people—including academia, Nationa l Laboratories, and the private sector—that turns ideas into innovations, transforms discoveries into successful commercia l products and com- panies, and protects and enhances the American way of life. � e genius of creative Americans, and the free system that enables them, is critical to American security and prosperity.

Protecting the NSIB requires a domestic and inter- national response beyond the scope of any indi- vidual company, industry, university, or govern- ment agency. The landscape of innovation does not divide neatly into sectors. Technologies that are part of most weapon systems often originate in diverse businesses as well as in universities and colleges. Losing our innovation and technologi- cal edge would have far-reaching negative implica- tions for American prosperi� and power.

Priori� Actions

UNDERSTAND THE CHALLENGES: � e U.S. Government will develop a capabili� to integrate, monitor, and better understand the national security implica- tions of unfair industry trends and the actions of our rivals. We will explore new ways to share this information with the private sector and academia so they be� er understand their responsibilities in curtailing activities that undercut America’s NSIB.

PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY: � e United States will reduce the illicit appropriation of U.S. pub-

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

lic and private sector technology and technical knowledge by hostile foreign competitors. While ma inta in ing a n investor-friend ly climate, th is Administration will work with the Congress to strengthen the Commi� ee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to ensure it addresses c u r r e nt a n d f ut u r e n at ion a l securi� risks. � e United States w i l l pr ior it i z e c ou nt e r i nt el- l igence a nd law en forcement activities to curtail intellectual proper t y t hef t by a l l sou rces and will explore new legal and regulatory mechanisms to pre- vent and prosecute violations.

T I G H T E N V I S A P R O C E D U R E S :

The Un ited States will rev iew v isa proc edu res to reduc e econom ic t hef t by non-traditiona l intelligence collectors. We will c on s id e r r e s t r ic t ion s on for e i g n S T E M s t u- d e n t s f r o m d e s i g n a t e d c ou n t r ie s t o e n s u r e t h at i nt el le c t u a l prop er t y is not t ra n sfer re d to ou r compet itors, wh i le ack nowledg i ng t he importance of recruiting the most advanced tech- n ic a l work forc e to t he Un ited St ates .

PROTECT DATA AND UNDERLYING INFR ASTRUCTURE:

The United States will expand our focus beyond protecting net works to protecting the data on those networks so that it remains secure—both at rest and in transit. To do this, the U.S. Government w i l l e n c ou r a g e p r a c t ic e s a c r o s s c o m p a n ie s a nd universities to defeat espionage a nd theft.

Embrace Energy Dominance For the fi rst time in generations, the United States will be an energy-dominant nation. Energy dom- inance—America’s central position in the global energy system as a leading producer, consumer, and innovator—ensures that markets are free and U.S. infrastructure is resilient and secure. It ensures

that access to energy is diversifi ed, and recognizes the importance of environmenta l stewardship.

Access to domestic sources of clean, affordable, a nd rel iable energ y u nder pi n s a pros perou s , secure, and powerful America for decades to come.

Un le a s h i n g t h e s e a b u n d a n t energy resources—coal, natural gas, petroleum, renewables, and nuclea r—stimu lates t he econ- omy and builds a foundation for future growth. Our Nation must take advantage of our wealth in domestic resources and energy efficiency to promote competi- tiveness across our industries.

The United States also anchors the North American energy sys-

tem, which is one of the most highly integrated in the world. Our vibrant cross-border energy trade and investment are vital for a robust and resilient U.S. economy and energ y market. We are com- mitted to supporting energy initiatives that will attract investments, safeguard the environment, strengthen our energy security, and unlock the enormous potential of our shared region.

Climate policies will continue to shape the global energy system. U.S. leadership is indispensable to countering an anti-growth energy agenda that is detrimental to U.S. economic and energy secu- ri� interests. Given future global energy demand, much of the developing world will require fossil fuels, as well as other forms of energy, to power their economies and lift their people out of pover� . � e United States will continue to advance an approach that balances energy security, economic develop- ment, and environmental protection. The United States will remain a global leader in reducing tradi- tional pollution, as well as greenhouse gases, while expanding our economy. � is achievement, which can serve as a model to other countries, fl ows from innovation, technology breakthroughs, and energy eff iciency ga ins, not f rom onerous regu lation .

For the fi rst time in

generations, the United

States will be an energy-

dominant nation.

P I L L A R I I : P R O M O T E A M E R I C A N P R O S P E R I T Y

As a growing supplier of energy resources, technol- ogies, and services around the world, the United States will help our allies and partners become more resilient against those that use energ y to coerce. America’s role as an energy exporter will also require an assessment of our vulnerabilities a nd a resilient A merica n in f rastructu re.

Fina lly, the Nation’s long-term energ y security future rests with our people. We must invest in our future by supporting innovation and R&D, includ- ing through the National Laboratories.

Priori� Actions

R E D U CE BAR R I E RS : � e United States will promote clean and safe development of our energy resources, while limiting regulator y burdens that encum- ber energy production and constrain economic growth. We will streamline the Federal regula- tory approval processes for energy infrastructure, from pipeline and export terminals to container shipments and gathering lines, while also ensuring responsible environmental stewardship.

P RO M OTE E XP O R T S : T he Un ited States w i l l pro - mote exports of our energy resources, technolo- gies, and services, which helps our allies and part- ners diversif y their energ y sources a nd brings economic gains back home. We will expand our export capaci� through the continued support of private sector development of coastal terminals, allowing increased market access and a greater c omp et it ive e d ge for U. S . i ndu s t r ie s .

ENSURE ENERGY SECURIT Y: The United States will work with a llies and partners to protect globa l energ y infrastructure from cyber and physica l threats. The United States will support the diver- sification of energy sources, supplies, and routes at home and abroad. We will modernize our stra- t eg ic p et r oleu m s t o ck s a nd enc ou ra ge ot her countries to develop their own—consistent with t hei r n at ion a l energ y secu r it y need s.

AT TA I N U N I V E R SA L E N E R GY ACC E S S : T he Un ited St ates w i l l seek to en su re u n iversa l access to affordable, reliable energy, including highly effi- cient fossi l f uels, nuclea r, a nd renewables, to help reduce pover t y, foster econom ic g row t h , a n d p r o m ot e p r o s p e r it y.

FURTHER AMERICA’S TECHNOLOGICAL EDGE: We will improve America’s technological edge in energy, includ ing nuclea r tech nolog y, next-generation nuclear reactors, better batteries, advanced com- puting, carbon-capture technologies, and opportu- nities at the energy-water nexus. � e United States will continue to lead in innovative and efficient energy technologies, recognizing the economic and environmental benefi ts to end users.

P I L L A R I I I

Preserve Peace Through Strength

“As long as I am President, the servicemen and women who defend our Nation will have the equipment, the resources, and the funding they need to secure our homeland, to respond to our enemies quickly and decisively, and, when necessary, to fi ght, to overpower, and to always, always, always win.”

P R E S I D E N T D O N A L D J . T R U M P | D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 7

A central continuity in history is the con-test for power. The present time period is no different. Three main sets of chal- len gers —t he rev ision ist p owers of Ch i n a a nd Russia, the rogue states of Iran and North Korea, and transnational threat organizations, particu- larly jihadist terrorist groups—are actively com- peting against the United States and our a llies and partners. Although differing in nature and magn itude, these riva ls compete across politi- cal, economic, and military arenas, and use tech- nology and information to accelerate these con- tests in order to shift regional balances of power in their favor. These are fundamentally political contests between those who favor repressive sys- tems and those who favor free societies.

China and Russia want to shape a world antithetical to U.S. values and interests. China seeks to displace the United States in the Indo-Pacifi c region, expand the reaches of its state-driven economic model, and reorder the region in its favor. Russia seeks to restore its great power status and establish spheres of inf luence near its borders. The intentions of both nations are not necessarily fi xed. � e United

States stands ready to cooperate across areas of mut u a l i ntere s t w it h b ot h c ou nt r ie s .

For decades, U.S. policy was rooted in the belief that support for China’s rise and for its integra- tion into the post-war international order would libera lize China. Contrar y to our hopes, China ex pa nded its power at t he ex pense of t he sov- ereignt y of others. Ch ina gathers a nd exploits data on an unrivaled scale and spreads features of its author ita r ia n system , includ ing cor r up - tion and the use of surveillance. It is building the most capable a nd wel l-f u nded m i lit a r y in t he world, after our own. Its nuclear arsenal is grow- ing and diversi� ing. Part of China’s military mod- ernization and economic expansion is due to its access to the U.S. in novation economy, includ- ing America’s world-class universities.

Russia aims to weaken U.S. infl uence in the world and divide us from our allies and partners. Russia v iews t he Nor t h At la ntic Treat y Orga n i zation (NATO) and European Union (EU) as threats. Russia is investing in new military capabilities, includ- ing nuclear systems that remain the most signifi- cant existential threat to the United States, and in

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

destabilizing cyber capabilities. � rough modern- ized forms of subversive tactics, Russia interferes in the domestic political a� airs of countries around the world. The combination of Russian ambition and growing military capabilities creates an unsta- ble frontier in Eurasia, where the risk of conf lict due to Russian miscalculation is growing.

� e scourge of the world today is a small group of rogue regimes that violate all principles of free a nd civ ilized states. The Ira n ia n regime spon- sors terrorism around the world. It is developing more capable ballistic missiles and has the poten- tial to resume its work on nuclear weapons that cou ld threaten the United States a nd our pa rt- ners. North Korea is ruled as a ruthless dictator- ship without regard for human dignity. For more than 25 years, it has pursued nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles in defi ance of every commit- ment it has made. Today, these missiles and weap- ons threaten the United States and our allies. � e longer we ignore threats from countries deter- mined to proliferate and develop weapons of mass destruction, the worse such threats become, and t he fewer defen sive opt ion s we h ave .

The United States continues to wage a long war against jihadist terrorist groups such as ISIS and al-Qa’ida. These groups are linked by a common rad ica l Isla m ist ideolog y that encou rages v io - lence against the United States and our partners and produces misery for those under their control. Although the United States and our partners have infl icted defeats on ISIS and al-Qa’ida in Syria and Iraq, these organizations maintain global reach with established branches in strategic locations. The threat from jihadist terrorists will persist, even as we intensify efforts to prevent attacks on Americans, our allies, and our partners.

Protecting American interests requires that we compete continuously within and across these contests, which are being played out in regions a rou nd t he world . T he outcome of t hese con-

tests will inf luence the political, economic, and m ilita r y strength of the Un ited States a nd our a llies and pa rtners.

To preva i l , we mu st i nteg rate a l l element s of America’s national power—political, economic, and military. Our allies and partners must also con- tribute the capabilities, and demonstrate the will, to confront shared threats. Experience suggests that the willingness of rivals to abandon or forgo aggression depends on their perception of U.S. strength and the vitali� of our alliances.

The United States will seek areas of cooperation with competitors from a position of strength, fore- most by ensuring our militar y power is second to none and fully integrated with our allies and a ll of our instruments of power. A strong m ili- tary ensures that our diplomats are able to oper- ate from a position of strength. In this way we can, together with our allies and partners, deter and if necessary, defeat aggression against U.S. interests and increase the likelihood of managing competi- tions without violent confl ict and preserving peace.

Renew America’s Competitive Advantages The United States must consider what is endur- ing about the problems we face, and what is new. The contests over inf luence are timeless. They have existed in varying degrees and levels of inten- sity, for millennia. Geopolitics is the interplay of these contests across the globe. But some condi- tions are new, and have changed how these com- petitions a re un folding. We face simu lta neous threats from different actors across multiple are- nas—a ll accelerated by technolog y. The United States must develop new concepts and capabili- ties to protect our homeland, advance our pros- peri� , and preserve peace.

Since the 1990s, the United States displayed a great degree of strategic complacency. We assumed that our military superiori� was guaranteed and that a democratic peace was inevitable. We believed that liberal-democratic enlargement and inclu- sion would fundamentally alter the nature of international rela- tions and that competition would give way to peaceful cooperation.

I n s t e a d o f b u i l d i n g m i l i - tar y capacity, as threats to our n at ion a l s e c u r it y i n c r e a s e d , the United States dramatically cut t he si ze of ou r m i lit a r y to t h e lowe s t le vel s s i n c e 194 0. Instead of developing impor t- ant capabilities, the Joint Force ent ere d a ne a rly de c ade lon g “procurement holiday ” during wh ich t he ac qu isit ion of new weapon s ystem s wa s severely limited. The brea kdown of the Nation’s annual Federal budgeting process, exem- plif ied by sequestration and repeated continu- ing resolutions, further contributed to the ero- sion of America’s militar y dominance during a t i me of i ncrea si ng t h reat s .

Despite decades of efforts to reform the way that the United States develops and procures new weap- ons, our acquisition system remained sclerotic. The Joint Force did not keep pace with emerg- ing threats or technologies. We got less for our defense dol la rs, shor tcha ng ing A mer ica n ta x- payers and warfi ghters.

We also incorrectly believed that technology could compensate for our reduced capaci� —for the abil- i� to fi eld enough forces to prevail militarily, con- solidate our gains, and achieve our desired polit- ical ends. We convinced ourselves that all wars would be fought and won quickly, from stand-off distances and with minimal casualties.

In addition, after being dismissed as a phenom- enon of an earlier century, great power competi- tion returned. China and Russia began to reassert their infl uence regionally and globally. Today, they are fi elding military capabilities designed to deny

America access in times of cri- sis and to contest our ability to operate f reely in cr itica l com- mercial zones during peacetime. In short, they are contesting our geopolitical advantages and try- ing to change the international o r d e r i n t h e i r f a v o r.

M o r e o v e r, d e t e r r e n c e t o d a y i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o r e c o m - plex to achieve than during the C old Wa r. A d ve r s a r ie s s t u d- ie d t he A mer ic a n way of wa r and began investing in capabil- ities that targeted our strengths and sought to exploit perceived weaknesses. The spread of accu- r a t e a n d i n e x p e n s i v e w e a p -

ons and the use of cyber tools have allowed state a nd non-state competitors to ha r m the Un ited St ates across va r ious doma ins. Such capabi li- ties contest what was until recently U.S. domi- nance across the land, air, maritime, space, and cyberspace domains. They also enable adversar- ies to a� empt strategic a� acks against the United States—without resorting to nuclear weapons—in ways that could cripple our economy and our abil- i� to deploy our military forces. Deterrence must be extended across all of these domains and must add ress a l l possible st rateg ic at t ack s.

In addition, adversaries and competitors became adept at operating below the threshold of open m i l it a r y con f l ic t a nd at t he edges of i nter n a- tiona l law. Repressive, closed states a nd orga- n i zat ion s, a lt houg h br it t le i n m a ny ways, a re of ten more agile a nd faster at integrating eco- nom ic, m ilita r y, a nd especia lly in for mationa l

P I L L A R I I I : P R E S E R V E P E A C E T H R O U G H S T R E N G T H

� e United States will seek

areas of cooperation with

competitors from a position

of strength, foremost by

ensuring our military

power is second to none

and fully integrated with

our allies and all of our

instruments of power.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

means to achieve their goals. They are unencum- bered by truth, by the rules and protections of pri- vacy inherent in democracies, and by the law of armed conf lict. They employ sophisticated politi- cal, economic, and military campaigns that com- bine discrete actions. They are patient and con- tent to accrue strategic gains over time—making it harder for the United States and our allies to respond. Such actions are calculated to achieve maximum effect without provoking a direct mil- ita r y response f rom the Un ited States. A nd as these incremental gains are realized, over time, a new status quo emerges.

� e United States must prepare for this � pe of com- petition. China, Russia, and other state and non- state actors recognize that the United States often views the world in binary terms, with states being either “at peace” or “at war,” when it is actually an arena of continuous competition. Our adversar- ies will not fi ght us on our terms. We will raise our competitive game to meet that challenge, to pro- tect American interests, and to advance our values.

Our diplomatic, intelligence, military, and eco- nomic agencies have not kept pace with the changes in the character of competition. America’s mili- tary must be prepared to operate across a full spec- trum of confl ict, across multiple domains at once. To meet these challenges we must also upgrade our political and economic instruments to operate across these environments.

Bureaucratic inertia is powerful. But so is the tal- ent, creativity, and dedication of Americans. By aligning our public and private sector efforts we can f ield a Joint Force that is unmatched. New advances in computing, autonomy, and manufac- turing are already transforming the way we fi ght. When coupled with the strength of our allies and partners, this advantage grows. The future that we face is ours to win or lose. Histor y suggests that Americans will rise to the occasion and that we can shift trends back in favor of the United St at e s , ou r a l l ie s , a n d ou r p a r t n e r s .

Renew Capabilities Given the new features of the geopolitical envi- ronment, the United States must renew key capa- bilities to address the challenges we face.

Military

U. S. m i lita r y streng th rema ins a v ita l compo - nent of the competition for inf luence. The Joint Force demon st rates U. S . resolve a nd com m it- ment a nd prov ides us w ith the abilit y to f ight and win across any plausible conf lict that threat- ens U.S. vital interests.

T h e Un it e d St a t e s mu s t r e t a i n ove r m a t c h — t he c ombi n at ion of c apabi l it ie s i n su f f ic ient sca le to prevent enemy success a nd to ensu re t hat A mer ica’s sons a nd daug hters w i l l never be i n a fa i r f ig ht . O ver match st reng t hens ou r d iplom ac y a nd per m it s us to sh ape t he i nter- nationa l env iron ment to protect our interests. To retain military overmatch the United States must restore our abilit y to produce innovative capabilities, restore the readiness of our forces for major war, and grow the size of the force so that it is capable of operating at sufficient scale and for ample duration to win across a range of scenarios.

We must convince adversaries that we can and w ill defeat them—not just pu n ish them if they a� ack the United States. We must ensure the abil- ity to deter potential enemies by denial, convinc- ing them that they cannot accomplish objectives through the use of force or other forms of aggres- sion. We need our allies to do the same—to modern- ize, acquire necessary capabilities, improve read- iness, expand the size of their forces, and affirm the political will to win.

Priori� Actions

M O D E R N I Z AT I O N : Ensuring that the U.S. military can defeat our adversaries requires weapon sys- tems that clearly overmatch theirs in letha lity. Where possible, we must improve existing systems to maximize returns on prior investments. In other areas we should seek new capa- bilities that create clear advan- t a ge s for ou r m i l it a r y wh i le posing costly dilemmas for our a d ve r s a r ie s . We mu s t e l i m i- nate bureaucratic impediments to innovation and embrace less ex pen sive a nd t i me -i nten sive com mercia l of f-t he-shelf solu- t ion s. Depa r t ment s a nd agen- cies must work with industry to experiment, prototype, and rap- idly f ield new capabilities that can be easily upgraded as new technologies come online.

ACQUISITION: The United States will pursue new approaches to acquisition to ma ke better dea ls on b eh a l f of t he A mer ic a n p e ople t h at avoid c os t over r u n s , el i m i n at e bloat e d bu re auc ra- cies, and stop unnecessary delays so that we can put the right equ ipment into the ha nds of ou r forces. We must ha r ness in novative tech nolo - gies that are being developed outside of the tradi- tiona l defense industria l base.

CAPACITY: The size of our force matters. To deter con f lict a nd, if deterrence fa ils, to win in wa r, t he Nat ion mu s t b e able to f ield forc e s c apa- ble of operating in sufficient scale and for ample du rat ion to defeat enem ies, con sol id ate m i l i- t a r y ga ins, a nd ach ieve sust a inable outcomes that protect the American people and our vital interests. The United States must reverse recent decisions to reduce the si ze of the Joint Force a n d g r ow t h e for c e wh i le m o d e r n i z i n g a n d ensuring readiness.

IMPROVE READINESS: � e United States must retain a ready force that is capable of protecting the home- land while defending U.S. interests. Readiness requires a renewed focus on training, logistics, and maintenance. We must be able to get to a the- ater in time to shape events qu ick ly. T h is w ill requ i re a resi l ient for wa rd post u re a nd ag i le

globa l mobility forces.

RETAIN A FULL-SPECTRUM FORCE:

T he Joi nt Forc e mu st rem a i n capable of deterring and defeat- ing the full range of threats to the United States. The Department of Defen se mu s t develop new operational concepts and capa- bilities to win without assured dom i n a n c e i n a i r, m a r it i m e , l a n d , s p a c e , a n d c y b e r s p a c e d o m a i n s , i n c l u d i n g a g a i n s t those operating below the level of convent ion a l m i l it a r y con-

f lict. We must sustain our competence in irregu- lar warfare, which requires planning for a long- term, rather than ad hoc, f ight against terrorist net works a nd ot her ir reg u la r t h reats.

Defense Industrial Base

A healthy defense industrial base is a critical ele- ment of U. S. power a nd t he Nationa l Secu r it y In novation Base. The abilit y of the m ilita r y to surge in response to an emergency depends on our Nation’s ability to produce needed parts and systems, healthy and secure supply chains, and a skilled U.S. workforce. The erosion of American manufacturing over the last two decades, how- ever, has had a negative impact on these capa- bilities and threatens to undermine the ability of U.S. manufacturers to meet national security requirements. Today, we rely on single domes- tic sources for some products and foreign supply chains for others, and we face the possibili� of not being able to produce specialized components for

P I L L A R I I I : P R E S E R V E P E A C E T H R O U G H S T R E N G T H

Support for a vibrant

domestic manufacturing

sector, a solid defense

industrial base, and

resilient supply chains

is a national priori� .

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

the military at home. As America’s manufactur- ing base has weakened, so too have critical work- force skills ranging from industrial welding, to high-technology skills for cybersecuri� and aero- space. Support for a vibrant domestic manufactur- ing sector, a solid defense industrial base, and resil- ient supply chains is a national priority.

Priori� Actions

UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM: We will eva luate the strengths and weaknesses of our defense indus- trial base, including the identification of materi- als essential to national security, contingencies that could affect supply chains, and technologies that are likely to be critical for the future.

E NCOU R AG E HOM E L AN D INVE STM E NT: T he Un ited St at e s w i l l pr om ot e p ol ic ie s a n d i n c e nt ive s t h at ret u r n key n at ion a l se c u r it y i ndu s t r ie s to A mer ica n shores. W here possible, t he U. S . Government will work with industry partners to strengthen U.S. competitiveness in key technolo- gies and manufacturing capabilities. In addition, we will reform regulations and processes to facili- tate the export of U.S. military equipment.

PROTECT AND GROW CRITICAL SKILL S: The United States must maintain and develop skilled trades a nd h igh-tech nolog y sk i l ls th rough increased suppor t for tech n ica l col lege a nd apprent ice - sh ip progra ms. We w ill suppor t STEM effor ts, at the Federal and state levels, and target national security technology areas.

Nuclear Forces

Nuclear weapons have served a vital purpose in America’s National Security Strategy for the past 70 yea rs. They a re the foundation of our strat- egy to preserve peace and stability by deterring aggression against the United States, our allies, and our partners. While nuclear deterrence strat- egies cannot prevent all conf lict, they are essen-

tial to prevent nuclear a� ack, non-nuclear strategic attacks, and large-scale conventional aggression. In addition, the extension of the U.S. nuclear deter- rent to more than 30 allies and partners helps to assure their security, and reduces their need to possess their own nuclear capabilities.

Following the Cold War, the United States reduced investments in our nuclear enterprise and reduced the role of nuclear weapons in our strategy. Some parts of America’s strategic nuclear Triad of bomb- ers, sea-based missiles, and land-based missiles are over 30 years old, and much of our nuclear infra- structure dates to the World War II era. At the same time, however, nuclear-armed adversaries have expanded their arsenals and range of delivery sys- tems. The United States must maintain the credi- ble deterrence and assurance capabilities provided by our nuclear Triad and by U.S. theater nuclear capabilities deployed abroad. Significant invest- ment is needed to maintain a U.S. nuclear arsenal and infrastructure that is able to meet national securi� threats over the coming decades.

Priori� Actions

SUSTAIN U.S. NUCLEAR WEAPONS: The United States will sustain a nuclear force structure that meets our current needs and addresses unanticipated risks. The United States does not need to match the nuclear arsenals of other powers, but we must susta in a stockpile that ca n deter adversa ries, assure allies and partners, and achieve U.S. objec- t ives i f deter renc e fa i ls .

M O D E R N I Z E U . S . N U C L E A R F O R C E S A N D I N F R A -

STRUCTURE: We will modernize our nuclear enter- prise to ensure that we have the scientific, engi- neer ing , a nd ma nu factu r ing capabi lities nec- essa r y to ret a i n a n ef fect ive a nd sa fe nuclea r Tr i a d a n d r e s p on d t o f ut u r e n a t ion a l s e c u- r it y t h reat s. Moder n i z at ion a nd sust a i n ment requ i re i nvest i ng i n ou r ag i ng com ma nd a nd control system a nd ma inta in ing a nd g row ing

the highly skilled workforce needed to develop, m a nu f a c t u r e , a n d d e ploy nu cle a r we a p on s .

MAINTAIN STABLE DETERRENCE: To avoid miscalcu- lation, the United States will conduct discussions with other states to build predictable relation- ships and reduce nuclear risks. We will consider new arms control arrangements if they contribute to strategic stability and if they are verifiable. We will not allow adversaries to use threats of nuclear escalation or other irresponsible nuclear behav- iors to coerce the United States, our a llies, and our partners. Fear of escalation will not prevent the United States from defending our vital inter- ests and those of our allies and partners.

Space

The United States must maintain our leadership and freedom of action in space. Communications and fi nancial networks, military and intelligence systems, weather mon itoring, nav igation, a nd more have components in the space domain. As U.S. dependence on space has increased, other actors have gained access to space-based systems and information. Governments and private sector fi rms have the abili� to launch satellites into space at increasingly lower costs. � e fusion of data from imagery, communications, and geolocation ser- vices allows motivated actors to access previously unavailable information. � is “democratization of space” has an impact on military operations and on America’s abili� to prevail in confl ict.

Many countries are purchasing satellites to sup- port their own strategic military activities. Others believe that the abili� to a� ack space assets o� ers an asymmetric advantage and as a result, are pur- suing a range of anti-satellite (ASAT) weapons. The United States considers unfettered access to and freedom to operate in space to be a vital inter- est. Any harmful interference with or an attack upon cr it ic a l component s of ou r space a rch i- tecture that directly affects this vital U.S. inter-

est w ill be met w ith a deliberate response at a time, place, manner, and domain of our choosing.

Priori� Actions

ADVANCE SPACE AS A PRIORIT Y DOMAIN: America’s newly re - est abl ished Nat iona l Space Cou nci l, chaired by the Vice President, will review America’s long-range space goals and develop a strategy that integrates a ll space sectors to suppor t in nova- tion and American leadership in space.

PROMOTE SPACE COMMERCE: The United States will si mpl i f y a nd update reg u lat ion s for com mer- cial space activity to strengthen competitiveness. As the U.S. Government partners with U.S. com- mercia l space capabilities to improve the resil- iency of our space architecture, we will also con- sider extending national security protections to our private sector pa r tners as needed.

MAINTAIN LEAD IN EXPLORATION: To enable human exploration across the solar system and to bring back to Ea r t h new k nowledge a nd oppor t u n i- ties, we will increase public-private partnerships a nd promote ventu res beyond low Ea r th orbit with allies and friends.

Cyberspace

Malicious state and non-state actors use cyberat- tacks for extortion, information warfare, disinfor- mation, and more. Such a� acks have the capabili� to harm large numbers of people and institutions with comparatively minima l investment and a troubling degree of deniability. These attacks can undermine faith and conf idence in democratic i n st it ut ion s a nd t he g loba l econom ic s ystem .

Ma ny c ou nt r ie s now v iew c yb er c apa bi l it ie s as tools for projecting inf luence, and some use cyber tools to protect and extend their autocratic regimes. Cyberattacks have become a key feature of modern conf lict. The United States will deter,

P I L L A R I I I : P R E S E R V E P E A C E T H R O U G H S T R E N G T H

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

defend , a nd when necessa r y defeat ma l icious actors who use cyberspace capabilities against the United States. When faced with the opportunity to take action against malicious actors in cyber- space, the United States will be risk informed, but not risk averse, in considering our options.

Priori� Actions

I M P R O V E AT T R I B U T I O N , A C C O U N TA B I L I T Y, A N D

RESPONSE: We will invest in capabilities to sup- port and improve our ability to attribute cyber- at t a ck s , t o a l low for r a pid r e s p on s e .

E N H A N C E C Y B E R TO O L S A N D E X P E R TI S E : We w i l l improve our cyber tools across the spectrum of conf lict to protect U.S. Government assets and U. S. critica l in frastructu re, a nd to protect the integrit y of data a nd in formation. U.S. depa rt- m e nt s a n d a ge n c ie s w i l l r e c r u it , t r a i n , a n d reta in a work force capable of operating across this spectrum of activity.

I M P R O V E I N T E G R AT I O N A N D A G I L I T Y : We w i l l improve the integration of authorities and pro- c e du r e s a c r o s s t h e U. S . G over n m ent s o t h at c yb er op erat ion s a ga i n s t advers a r ie s c a n b e conducted as requ ired . We w ill work w ith the Congress to address the challenges that continue to h inder timely intelligence a nd in for mation sharing, planning and operations, and the devel- opment of necessa r y cyber tools.

Intelligence

America’s ability to identify and respond to geo- strategic and regional shifts and their political, eco- nomic, military, and securi� implications requires that the U.S. Intelligence Community (IC) gather, analyze, discern, and operationalize information. In this information-dominant era, the IC must con- tinuously pursue strategic intelligence to antic- ipate geostrategic shifts, as well as shorter-term intelligence so that the United States can respond to the actions and provocations of rivals.

T he abi lit y of t he Un ited St ates to moder n i ze our militar y forces to overmatch our adversar- ies requires intelligence support. Intelligence is needed to understand and anticipate foreign doc- trine and the intent of foreign leaders, prevent tac- tical and operational surprise, and ensure that U. S . c apabi l it ies a re not comprom ised before they are f ielded. In addition, virtually all mod- ern weapon systems depend upon data derived from scientifi c and technical intelligence.

� e IC, as well as the law enforcement communi� , offer unique abilities to defend against and miti- gate threat actors operating below the threshold of open conf lict. Both communities have exception- ally strong liaison relationships throughout the world, allowing the United States to cooperate with allies and partners to protect against adversaries.

Priori� Actions

IMPROVE UNDERSTANDING: To prevent the theft of sensitive and proprietary information and main- tain supply chain integri� , the United States must increase our understanding of the economic pol- ic y pr ior it ies of ou r adversa r ies a nd i mprove our ability to detect and defeat their attempts to c om m it e c onom ic e s pion a ge .

HARNESS ALL INFORMATION AT OUR DISPOSAL: The United States will, in concert with allies and part- ners, use the information-rich open-source envi- ronment to deny the ability of state and non-state actors to attack our citizens, conduct offensive intel ligence activ ities, a nd deg rade A mer ica’s democrat ic i n st it ut ion s .

FUSE INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS: � e United States will fuse our analysis of information derived from the diplomatic, information, militar y, and eco- nomic domains to compete more effectively on the geopolitica l stage.

Diplomacy and Statecraft

Competitive Diplomacy

Across the competitive landscape, America’s dip- lomats are our forward-deployed political capa- bility, advancing and defending America’s inter- ests abroad. Diplomacy cata lyzes the politica l, economic, and societal connections that create America’s enduring a lignments and that build p os it ive net work s of r ela- t i o n s h i p s w i t h p a r t n e r s . D i p l o m a c y s u s t a i n s d i a - log ue a nd fos ters a re a s of c o op er at ion w it h c omp et- itors. It reduces the r isk of costly m iscom mu n ication .

D i p l o m a c y i s i n d i s p e n s - able to identif y a nd imple- m e n t s o l u t i o n s t o c o n - f l ic t s i n u n s t a ble r eg ion s of t he world shor t of m i l i- tary involvement. It helps to ga lva n i z e a l l ies for ac t ion a nd ma rsha l the collective r e s ou r c e s of l i k e -m i n d e d n a t i o n s a n d o r g a n i z a - tions to address shared problems. Authoritarian s t at e s a re e a ger to re plac e t he Un it e d St at e s where t he Un ited St ates w it hd raws ou r d iplo - mat s a nd closes ou r out post s.

We m u s t u p g r a d e o u r d i p l o m a t i c c a p a b i l i - ties to compete in the current environment and t o em brac e a c omp et it ive m i nd set . E f fe c t ive diplomacy requires the eff icient use of limited resources, a professional diplomatic corps, modern and safe facilities, and secure methods to commu- nicate and engage with local populations.

Priori� Actions

PRESERVE A FORWARD DIPLOMATIC PRESENCE: Our

diplomats must be able to build and sustain rela-

tionships where U.S. interests are at stake. Face-

to -face d iplomacy ca n not be replaced by tech-

n olog y. Rel at ion sh ip s , d e velop e d ove r t i m e ,

create trust and shared understanding that the

United States calls upon when confronting secu-

rit y th reats, respond ing to crises, a nd encour-

a g i n g ot h e r s t o sh a r e t h e

b u r d e n f o r t a c k l i n g t h e

world’s challenges. We must

e n a b l e fo r w a r d - d e p lo ye d

f ield work beyond the con-

fines of diplomatic facilities,

includ ing pa r tner ing w it h

m ilita r y colleagues in con-

f lict-affected states.

ADVANCE AMERICAN INTERESTS:

I n t h e o n g o i n g c o n t e s t s

fo r p owe r, ou r d i p lo m a t s

must bu i ld a nd lead coa l i-

t ion s t h at adva nce sh a red

i n t e r e s t s a n d a r t i c u l a t e

America’s vision in interna-

t ion a l for u m s, i n bi latera l

relationships, a nd at loca l levels within states.

Our diplomats need additional f lexibility to oper-

ate in complex con f lict-a ffected a reas.

CATALYZE OPPORTU NITIES: Diplomats must iden-

t i f y o p p or t u n it ie s for c om m e r c e a n d c o o p -

e r a t i o n , a n d f a c i l i t a t e t h e c u lt u r a l , e d u c a -

t ion a l , a n d p e ople -t o -p e ople exch a n ge s t h at

create the networks of current and future polit-

ica l, civil society, and educationa l leaders who

will extend a free and prosperous world.

P I L L A R I I I : P R E S E R V E P E A C E T H R O U G H S T R E N G T H

Diplomacy is indispensable to

identi� and implement solutions

to confl icts in unstable regions

of the world short of military

involvement. It helps to galvanize

allies for action and marshal the

collective resources of like-minded

nations and organizations

to address shared problems.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Tools of Economic Diplomacy

Ret a i n i ng ou r posit ion a s t he world’s preem i- nent economic actor strengthens our ability to use the tools of economic diplomacy for the good of Americans and others. Maintaining America’s centra l role in inter nationa l f ina ncia l for u ms enhances our security and prosperity by expand- ing a communi� of free market economies, defend- ing against threats from state-led economies, and protecting the U.S. and internationa l economy from abuse by illicit actors.

We want to create wealth for Americans and our allies and partners. Prosperous states are stron- ger security partners who are able to share the b u r d e n o f c o n f r o n t i n g c o m - m on t h r e at s . Fa i r a n d r e c ip - roca l t rade, i nvest ment s, a nd exchanges of knowledge deepen our alliances and partnerships, which are necessary to succeed in today’s competitive geopoliti- cal environment. Trade, export promotion, targeted use of for- eig n a ssist a nce, a nd moder n- ized development finance tools can promote stability, prosper- it y, a nd pol it ic a l refor m , a nd bu i ld new pa r tnersh ips based on the principle of reciprocity.

Economic tools—including sanctions, anti-mon- ey-laundering and anti-corruption measures, and enforcement actions—can be important parts of broader strategies to deter, coerce, and constrain adversaries. We will work with like-minded part- ners to build support for tools of economic diplo- macy aga inst sha red threats. Mu ltilatera l eco- nomic pressure is often more effective because it limits the ability of targeted states to circumvent measu res a nd conveys u n ited resolve.

Priori� Actions

R E I N F O R C E E C O N O M I C T I E S W I T H A L L I E S A N D

PARTNERS: We will strengthen economic ties as a core aspect of our relationships with like-minded s t at e s a nd u se ou r e c onom ic ex p er t ise , m a r- kets, and resources to bolster states threatened b y o u r c o m p e t i t o r s .

DEPLOY ECONOMIC PRESSURE ON SECURITY THREATS:

We will use existing and pursue new economic aut hor ities a nd mobi l i ze inter nationa l actors to i nc re a se pressu re on t h re at s to pe ac e a nd security in order to resolve confrontations short of m i l it a r y a c t ion .

S E V E R S O U R C E S O F F U N D I N G : We will deny reve- nue to terrorists, WMD proliferators, and other

illicit actors in order to constrain t hei r abi l it y to u se a nd move f u nd s to supp or t hos t i le ac t s and operations.

Information Statecraft

A mer ic a’s c omp et it ors we ap - onize information to attack the v a lu e s a n d i n s t it u t ion s t h a t u nder pin f ree societies, wh i le shielding themselves from out- side information. They exploit m a rket i n g t e ch n ique s to t a r - g e t i n d i v i d u a l s b a s e d u p o n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s , i n t e r e s t s ,

opi n ion s , a nd va lues . T hey d issem i n ate m is- i n f o r m a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a n d a .

Risks to U.S. national security will grow as com- petitors integrate information derived from per- sonal and commercial sources with intelligence collection and data ana ly tic capabilities based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learn- i ng. Breaches of U. S. com mercia l a nd gover n- ment organizations also provide adversaries with dat a a nd insig ht s into t heir t a rget aud iences.

America's competitors

weaponize information

to a� ack the values and

institutions that underpin

free societies, while

shielding themselves from

outside information.

P I L L A R I I I : P R E S E R V E P E A C E T H R O U G H S T R E N G T H

China, for example, combines data and the use of AI to rate the loyal� of its citizens to the state and uses these ratings to determine jobs and more. Jihadist terrorist groups continue to wage ideological infor- mation campaigns to establish and legitimize their narrative of hate, using sophisticated communica- tions tools to a� ract recruits and encourage a� acks aga i n st A mer ic a n s a nd ou r pa r t ners .

Russia uses information operations as part of its offensive cyber efforts to inf luence public opin- ion across the globe. Its infl uence campaigns blend covert intelligence operations and false online per- sonas with state-funded media, third-party inter- mediaries, and paid social media users or “trolls.”

U.S. e� orts to counter the exploitation of informa- tion by rivals have been tepid and fragmented. U.S. e� orts have lacked a sustained focus and have been hampered by the lack of properly trained profes- sionals. The American private sector has a direct i nterest i n suppor t i ng a nd a mpl i f y i ng voices that stand for tolerance, openness, and freedom.

Priori� Actions

P R I O R I T I Z E T H E CO M P E T I T I O N : We w i l l i mprove our understanding of how adversaries gain infor- mationa l a nd psychologica l adva ntages across a l l pol icies. T he Un ited St ates must empower a true public d iplomacy capabilit y to compete e� ectively in this arena.

DRIVE EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONS: We will craft and direct coherent communications campaigns to advance American infl uence and counter chal- lenges f rom t he ideolog ica l t h reat s t h at em a- nate from radical Islamist groups and competitor nations. � ese campaigns will adhere to American va lues a nd expose adversa r y propaga nda a nd disinformation.

ACTIVATE LOCAL NETWORKS: Local voices are most compelling and effective in ideological competi- tions. We must amplify credible voices and part- ner with them to advance alternatives to violent and hateful messages. Since media and Internet companies are the platforms through which mes- sages are transported, the private sector should len d it s c r e at iv it y a n d r e s ou r c e s t o pr omot- ing the va lues that inspire and grow a commu- nity of civilized groups and individuals.

S H A R E R E S P O N S I B I L I T Y: T he Un ited St ates w i l l u rge s t at e s where rad ic a l ism t h r ive s to t a ke g re ater res pon sibi l it y for cou nter i ng v iolent messaging and promoting tolerant and pluralis- t ic worldv iews .

U P G R A D E , T A I L O R , A N D I N N O V A T E : We w i l l reexa m ine legac y deliver y platfor ms for com- mu n icat i ng U. S. messages oversea s. We must consider more cost-effective and eff icient ways to deliver and evaluate content consistent with U.S. national security interests.

P I L L A R I V

Advance American Influence

“Above all, we value the digni� of every human life, protect the rights of every person, and share the hope of every soul

to live in freedom. � at is who we are.”

P R E S I D E N T D O N A L D J . T R U M P | J U L Y 2 0 1 7

O u r A mer ic a Fi rs t foreig n p ol ic y c el-e br a t e s A m e r ic a’s i n f lu e n c e i n t h e world as a positive force that can help set the conditions for peace and prosperity and for developing successf u l societies.

� ere is no arc of history that ensures that America’s free political and economic system will automati- cally prevail. Success or failure depends upon our actions. This Administration has the confidence to compete to protect our values and interests and the fundamental principles that underpin them.

During the Cold War, a totalitarian threat from the Soviet Union motivated the free world to cre- ate coalitions in defense of liberty. Today’s chal- lenges to f ree societies a re just as ser ious, but more d iverse. St ate a nd non-st ate actors proj- ect in f luence a nd adva nce t heir objectives by exploiting information, democratic media free- doms, and international institutions. Repressive leaders often collaborate to subvert free societies and corrupt multilateral organizations.

Around the world, nations and individuals admire what America stands for. We treat people equally a nd va lue a nd uphold the ru le of law. We have a democratic system that a llows the best ideas to f lourish. We know how to grow economies so that individua ls can achieve prosperity. These

qua lities have made America the richest coun- try on earth—rich in culture, talent, opportuni- t ies, a nd mater ia l wea lt h .

� e United States o� ers partnership to those who share our aspirations for freedom and prosperity. We lead by example. “The world has its eye upon America," Alexander Hamilton once observed. “� e noble struggle we have made in the cause of liber� , has occasioned a kind of revolution in human sen- timent. The inf luence of our example has pene- trated the gloomy regions of despotism.”

We a re not going to impose ou r va lues on oth- ers. Our alliances, partnerships, and coalitions are built on free will and shared interests. When the United States partners with other states, we develop policies t hat enable us to ach ieve ou r goals while our partners achieve theirs.

A llies a nd pa r tners a re a great strength of the Un ited States. They add d irectly to U.S. politi- ca l, economic, militar y, intelligence, and other capabilities. Together, the United States and our a llies a nd pa r tners represent well over ha lf of t he g loba l GDP. None of ou r adversa r ies h ave comparable coalitions.

We encourage those who want to join our com- mu n it y of l i ke -m i nded democrat ic st ates a nd

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

improve the condition of their peoples. By mod- ernizing U.S. instruments of diplomacy and devel- opment, we will catalyze conditions to help them achieve that goal. � ese aspiring partners include states that are fragile, recovering from conf lict, and seeking a path forward to susta inable secu r it y a nd eco - nomic growth. Stable, prosper- ous, and friendly states enhance A mer ica n secu r it y a nd boost U. S . econom ic oppor t u n it ies.

We w i l l c o n t i n u e t o c h a m - p i o n A m e r i c a n v a l u e s a n d of fer encou ragement to those s t r u g g l i n g f o r h u m a n d i g - n it y i n t hei r societ ies . T here ca n be no mora l equ iva lenc y between nations that uphold the r u le of law, empower women , a nd respect ind iv idua l r ights and those that brutalize and suppress their peo- ple . T h rou g h ou r word s a nd de e d s , A mer ic a demonstrates a positive a lternative to politica l a nd religious despotism .

Encourage Aspiring Partners Some of the greatest triumphs of American state- craft resulted from helping fragile and develop- ing countries become successful societies. These successes, in turn, created profitable markets for American businesses, allies to help achieve favor- able regional balances of power, and coalition part- ners to share burdens and address a varie� of prob- lems around the world. Over time, the United States has helped create a network of states that advance our common interests and values.

� is historical record is unprecedented and excep- tiona l. A merica n suppor t to aspiring pa r tners enabled the recovery of the countries of Western Europe under the Marsha ll Plan, as well as the

ongoing integration of Central and Eastern Europe i nto Wester n i n st it ut ion s a f ter t he Cold Wa r. In Asia, the United States worked with South Korea and Japan, countries ravaged by war, to help them become successful democracies and among the

mo s t pr o s p e r ou s e c onom ie s in the world.

These achievements were prod- uc t s of pat ient pa r t nersh ips with those who aspired to build prosperous societies a nd join the community of democratic states. They resulted in mutu- ally beneficial relationships in which the United States helped s t a t e s m o b i l i z e t h e i r o w n resources to achieve transitions to growth and stabili� . Working with these countries made the Un it e d St at e s we a lt h ier a nd

more competitive. This progress illustrates how e� ective foreign assistance programs should reach their natu ra l endpoint .

Today, the United States must compete for positive relationships around the world. China and Russia target their investments in the developing world to expand infl uence and gain competitive advantages against the United States. China is investing bil- lions of dollars in infrastructure across the globe. Russia, too, projects its inf luence economically, through the control of key energy and other infra- structure throughout parts of Europe and Central Asia. � e United States provides an alternative to state-directed investments, which often leave devel- oping countries worse off. The United States pur- sues economic ties not only for market access but also to create enduring relationships to advance common political and security interests.

The United States will promote a development model that partners with countries that want prog- ress, consistent with their culture, based on free market principles, fair and reciprocal trade, private

� ere is no arc of history

that ensures that America’s

free political and economic

system will automatically

prevail. Success or failure

depends upon our actions.

P I L L A R I V : A D V A N C E A M E R I C A N I N F L U E N C E

sector activity, and rule of law. The United States will shift away from a reliance on assistance based on grants to approaches that a� ract private capital and catalyze private sector activi� . We will empha- size reforms that unlock the economic potential of citizens, such as the promotion of formal proper� rights, entrepreneurial reforms, and infrastruc- ture improvements—projects that help people earn their livelihood and have the added benefi t of help- ing U.S. businesses. By mobilizing both public and private resources, the United States can help maxi- mize returns and outcomes and reduce the burden on U.S. Government resources. Unlike the state-di- rected merca ntilism of some competitors that can disadvantage recipient nations and promote dependency, the purpose of U.S. foreign assistance should be to end the need for it. � e United States seeks st rong pa r tners, not wea k ones.

U. S . d e v e l o p m e n t a s s i s t a n c e m u s t s u p p o r t America’s national interests. We will prioritize col- laboration with aspiring partners that are aligned with U.S. interests. We will focus on development investments where we can have the most impact— where local reformers are committed to tackling their economic and political challenges.

With in th is fra mework, the Un ited States w ill also assist fragile states to prevent threats to the U.S. homeland. Transnationa l threat organiza- tions, such as jihadist terrorists and organized cr ime, of ten operate f reely f rom f rag ile states and undermine sovereign governments. Failing st ates c a n dest abi l i z e ent i re reg ion s .

Across Africa, Latin America, and Asia, states are eager for investments and f inancing to develop t hei r i n f ra s t r uc t u re a nd prop el g row t h . T he United States and its partners have opportuni- ties to work w it h cou nt r ies to help t hem rea l- ize their potential as prosperous and sovereign states that are accountable to their people. Such states can become trading partners that buy more American-made goods and create more predict- able business environments that benefi t American

companies. American-led investments represent the most sustainable and responsible approach to development a nd of fer a s t a rk c ont ra s t to t he cor r upt , opaque, ex ploitive, a nd low- qua l- ity deals offered by authoritarian states.

Priori� Actions: Developing Countries

M O B I L I Z E R E S O U R C E S : T he Un ite d St ate s w i l l modernize its development finance tools so that U.S. companies have incentives to capitalize on opp or t u n it ie s i n developi n g c ou nt r ie s . Wit h these changes, the United States will not be left behind as other states use investment and proj- ect f ina nce to extend their in f luence. In add i- tion, the U.S. Government must not be an obsta- c le t o U. S . c om p a n ie s t h a t w a n t t o c on du c t business in the developing world.

CAPITALIZE ON NEW TECHNOLOGIES: We will incor- p orat e i n novat ive t e ch nolog ie s i n ou r d iplo - m at ic a nd development prog ra m s . For exa m- ple, digital technologies enable millions to access financial services through their cell phones and can connect farmers to markets. Such technol- og ie s c a n re duc e c or r upt ion , i nc re a se t ra n s- pa renc y, a nd help ensu re t hat money reaches its intended destination.

INCENTIVIZE REFORMS: The United States will use diplomacy and assistance to encourage states to ma ke choices that improve governance, rule of law, a nd susta inable development. We a lready d o t h i s t h r ou g h t h e M i l le n n iu m C h a l le n g e Cor porat ion , wh ich select s cou nt r ies t hat a re com m it ted to refor m a nd t hen mon itors a nd eva luates t hei r projec t s.

Priori� Actions: Fragile States

CO M M I T S E L E C T I V E LY: We w i l l g ive pr ior it y t o strengthening states where state weaknesses or failure would magnify threats to the American

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

h o m e l a n d . F o r i n s t a n c e , e n g a g e m e n t i n Afghanistan seeks to prevent the reemergence of terrorist safe havens.

WORK WITH REFORMERS: Political problems are at the root of most state fragility. The United States will prioritize programs that empower reform- minded governments, people, and civil socie� . As the United States designs its efforts, inputs from local actors improve the likelihood of enduring solutions, reduce costs, and increase accountabil- ity to the American taxpayer.

SYN CH RON IZ E AC TIO N S : T he Un ited States must use its diplomatic, economic, and military tools si mu lt a neously when a ssist i ng a spi r i ng pa r t- n e r s . We w i l l pl a c e a p r io r it y on e c on o m ic support that achieves local and macroeconomic stability, helps build capable security forces, and strengthens the rule of law.

Achieve Be� er Outcomes in Multilateral Forums The United States must lead and engage in the mu ltinationa l a r ra ngements that shape ma ny of the rules that affect U.S. interests and values. A competition for inf luence exists in these insti- tutions. As we participate in them, we must pro- tect American sovereign� and advance American interests and values.

A range of international institutions establishes the rules for how states, businesses, and individ- uals interact with each other, across land and sea, the Arctic, outer space, and the digital realm. It is vital to U.S. prosperi� and securi� that these insti- tutions uphold the rules that help keep these com- mon domains open and free. Free access to the seas remains a central principle of national security and economic prosperity, and exploration of sea and space provides opportunities for commercial gain and scientifi c breakthroughs. � e fl ow of data

and an open, interoperable Internet are insepara- ble from the success of the U.S. economy.

Authorita ria n actors have long recognized the power of multilateral bodies and have used them to advance their interests and limit the freedom of their own citizens. If the United States cedes leadership of these bodies to adversaries, oppor- t u n it ies to sh ape development s t h at a re posi- tive for the United States will be lost. All institu- tions are not equal, however. The United States will prioritize its efforts in those organizations t h at ser ve A mer ica n i nterest s, to en su re t h at t hey a re s t ren g t hene d a nd supp or t ive of t he United States, our allies, and our partners. Where existing institutions and rules need moderniz- ing, the United States will lead to update them. At the same time, it should be clear that the United States will not cede sovereign� to those that claim authority over American citizens and are in con- f lict with our constitutional framework.

Priori� Actions

EXE RCISE LE ADE RSHIP IN POLITICAL AND SECU RIT Y

BODIES: � e United States will strive for outcomes in political and security forums that are consis- tent with U.S. interests and values—values which are shared by our allies and partners. The United Nations can help contribute to solving many of the complex problems in the world, but it must be reformed and recommit to its founding princi- ples. We will require accountability and empha- size shared responsibility among members. If the United States is asked to provide a disproportion- ate level of support for an institution, we will expect a com mensu rate deg ree of in f luence over t he direction and efforts of that institution.

SHAPE AND REFORM INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL AND

TRADE INSTITUTIONS: � e United States will continue to play a leading role in institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and World Trade Organization (W TO), but will

P I L L A R I V : A D V A N C E A M E R I C A N I N F L U E N C E

improve their performance through reforms. � ese reforms include encouraging multilateral devel- opment banks to invest in high-quali� infrastruc- ture projects that promote economic growth. We will press to make the WTO a more e� ective forum t o a djud ic at e u n fa i r t ra de prac t ic e s .

E N S U R E C O M M O N D O M A I N S

REMAIN FREE: � e United States w i l l prov ide le adersh ip a nd technolog y to shape and gov- ern common domains—space, c y b e r s p a c e , a i r, a n d m a r i - time—within the framework of international law. The United S t a t e s s u p p o r t s t h e p e a c e - f u l r e s o l u t i o n o f d i s p u t e s u nder i nter n at ion a l law but will use all of its instruments of power to defend U.S. inter- e s t s a nd t o en s u re c om mon domains remain free.

P R O T E C T A F R E E A N D O P E N

I N T E R N E T: T he Un ited St ates w i l l advocate for open , interoperable com mu- n ications, w ith m in ima l ba rriers to the globa l exchange of information and services. � e United States will promote the free f low of data and pro- tect its interests through active engagement in key organizations, such as the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), the UN, and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

Champion American Values The extraordinary trajectory of the United States from a group of colonies to a thriving, industrial- ized, sovereign republic—the world's lone super- power—is a testimony to the strength of the idea on wh ich ou r Nat ion is fou nded , n a mely t h at each of our citizens is born free and equal under

the law. America’s core principles, enshrined in the Declaration of Independence, are secured by the Bill of Rights, which proclaims our respect for fundamental individual liberties beginning with the freedoms of religion, speech, the press, a nd a ssembly. L iber t y, f ree enter pr ise, equ a l justice under the law, a nd the dign it y of ever y

human life are central to who w e a r e a s a p e o p l e .

� ese principles form the foun- d a t i o n o f o u r m o s t e n d u r - ing a lliances, and the United States will continue to cham- pion them. Governments that respect the rights of their cit- i z en s r e m a i n t h e b e s t veh i- cle for prosperity, human hap- piness, and peace. In contrast, gover n ment s t h at rout i nely abuse the rights of their citi- zens do not play constructive roles in the world. For example, governments that fail to treat women equa l ly do not a l low

their societies to reach their potentia l.

No nation can unilatera lly a lleviate a ll human suffering, but just because we cannot help every- one does not mea n that we shou ld stop tr y ing to help anyone. For much of the world, America’s liberties are inspirational, and the United States w i l l a lways s t a n d w it h t hos e who s e ek f r e e - dom . We w i l l rem a i n a beacon of l iber t y a nd opportunity around the world.

T he Un ited St ates a lso rema ins com m it ted to supporting a nd adva ncing religious freedom— A merica’s f irst f reedom . Ou r Fou nders u nder- stood religious freedom not as the state’s creation, but as the gift of God to every person and a funda- mental right for our f lourishing society.

And it is part of our culture, as well as in America’s interest, to help those in need and those trying to

For much of the world,

America’s liberties are

inspirational, and the United

States will always stand

with those who seek freedom.

We will remain a beacon

of liber� and opportuni�

around the world.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

build a be� er future for their families. We aid oth- ers judiciously, aligning our means to our objec- tives, but with a firm belief that we can improve the lives of others while establishing conditions for a more secure and prosperous world.

Priori� Actions

SUPPORT THE DIGNITY OF INDIVIDUALS: We support, with our words and actions, those who live under oppressive regimes and who seek freedom, indi- vidual dignity, and the rule of law. We are under no obligation to offer the benefits of our free and prosperous communi� to repressive regimes and human rights abusers. We may use diplomacy, sanctions, and other tools to isolate states and lead- ers who threaten our interests and whose actions run contrary to our values. We will not remain silent in the face of evil. We will hold perpetra- tors of genocide and mass atrocities accountable.

DEFEAT TRANSNATIONAL TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS:

T here ca n be no greater action to adva nce the rights of individuals than to defeat jihadist terror- ists and other groups that foment hatred and use violence to advance their supremacist Islamist ide- ologies. We will continue to join with other states to defeat this scourge of all civilized peoples.

E M P O W E R W O M E N A N D Y O U T H : S o c i e t i e s t h a t empower women to participate fully in civic and econom ic life a re more prosperous a nd peace- f u l . We w i l l suppor t ef for t s to adva nce wom- en’s equa lit y, protect the r ights of women a nd girls, and promote women and youth empower- ment programs.

P R O T E C T R E L I G I O U S F R E E D O M A N D R E L I G I O U S

MINORITIES: We will advocate on behalf of religious f reedom a nd th reatened m inorities. Religious minorities continue to be victims of violence. We will place a priority on protecting these groups and will continue working with regional partners to protect m inorit y com mun ities from attacks and to preserve their cultural heritage.

RE DUCE HUMAN SUFFE RING : � e United States will continue to lead the world in humanitarian assis- tance. Even as we expect others to share respon- sibility, the United States will continue to cata- lyze internationa l responses to man-made and natural disasters and provide our expertise and capabi lities to t hose in need . We w i l l suppor t food security and health programs that save lives a nd add ress the root cause of hu nger a nd d is- ease. We will support displaced people close to their homes to help meet their needs until they can safely and voluntarily return home.

The Str ategy in a Regional Context

The United States must tailor our approaches to different regions of the world to protect U.S. national interests. We require integrated regional strat- egies that appreciate the nature and magnitude of threats, the intensi� of competitions, and the promise of available opportunities, all in the context of local political, economic, social, and historical realities.

C hanges in a regional balance of power can have global consequences and threaten U. S . i nt er e s t s . M a rke t s , r aw m at er i- als, lines of communication, and human capital are located within, or move among, key regions of t he world . Ch ina a nd Russia aspire to proj- ect power worldwide, but they interact most with their neighbors. North Korea and Iran also pose the greatest menace to those closest to them. But, as destructive weapons proliferate and regions become more intercon nected , th reats become more difficult to contain. And regional balances that shift against the United States could combine to th reaten ou r secu r it y.

T he Un ited St ates must m a rsh a l t he w i l l a nd capabilities to compete and prevent unfavorable shifts in the Indo-Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East. Sustaining favorable balances of power will require a strong commitment and close cooper- ation with allies and partners because allies and partners magni� U.S. power and extend U.S. infl u- ence. They share our interests and responsibility for resisting authoritarian trends, contesting radi- cal ideologies, and deterring aggression.

In other regions of the world, instabili� and weak gover na nce th reaten U. S. interests. Some gov- ernments are unable to maintain security and meet t he ba sic need s of t hei r people, m a k i ng their country and citizens vulnerable to preda-

tors. Terrorists and criminals thrive where gov- ernments are weak, corruption is rampant, and faith in government institutions is low. Strategic competitors of ten exploit rather tha n d iscour- age cor r upt ion a nd st ate wea k ness to ex t ract resources and exploit their populations.

Regions aff licted by instability and weak govern- ments also offer opportunities to improve secu- ri� , promote prosperi� , and restore hope. Aspiring partner states across the developing world want to improve their societies, build transparent and e� ective governments, confront non-state threats, a nd strengthen their sovereignt y. Ma ny recog- nize the opportunities offered by market econo- mies and political liberties and are eager for part- nership with the United States and our allies. � e United States will encourage aspiring partners as they undertake reforms and pursue their aspira- tions. States that prosper and nations that tran- sition from recipients of development assistance to trading partners offer economic opportunities for American businesses. And stability reduces threats that target Americans at home.

Indo-Pacifi c A geop ol it ic a l c omp et it ion b et ween f ree a nd repressive visions of world order is taking place in the Indo-Pacifi c region. � e region, which stretches

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

from the west coast of India to the western shores of the United States, represents the most populous and economically dynamic part of the world. The U.S. interest in a free and open Indo-Pacifi c extends back to the earliest days of our republic.

Although the United States seeks to continue to cooperate with China, China i s u s i n g e c on om ic i n du c e - ment s a nd p en a lt ies , i n f lu- ence operations, and implied militar y threats to persuade other states to heed its political and security agenda. China’s i n f ra st r uc t u re i nvest ment s and trade strategies reinforce it s geopol it ic a l a s pi rat ion s . Its effor ts to bu ild a nd m ili- ta ri ze out posts in the South China Sea endanger the free fl ow of trade, threaten the sov- ereignty of other nations, and u nder m i ne reg ion a l s t abi l- ity. China has mounted a rapid military modern- ization campaign designed to limit U.S. access to the region and provide China a freer hand there. Ch ina presents its a mbitions as mutua lly ben- ef icial, but Chinese dominance risks diminish- ing the sovereignty of many states in the Indo- Pacific. States throughout the region are calling for s u s t a i ne d U. S . le a der sh ip i n a c ol le c t ive response that upholds a regional order respect- f u l of sovereig nt y a nd i ndependence.

In Northeast Asia, the North Korea n regime is rapidly accelerating its cyber, nuclear, and bal- l i s t ic m i s s i le p r og r a m s . Nor t h K or e a’s p u r - suit of these weapons poses a global threat that requ i res a g loba l respon se. Cont i nued provo - cations by Nor th Korea w ill prompt neighbor- ing countries a nd the Un ited States to fur ther strengthen security bonds and ta ke additiona l mea su res to protect t hem selves. A nd a nucle - a r-a rmed North Korea cou ld lead to the prolif-

eration of the world’s most destructive weapons across the Indo-Pacifi c region and beyond.

U.S. a llies are critica l to responding to mutua l threats, such as North Korea, and preserving our mutual interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Our alliance and friendship with South Korea, forged

by the trials of history, is stron- ger t h a n ever. We welc ome and support the strong lead- ership role of our critical ally, Japa n . Aust ra l ia ha s foug ht a longside us in ever y sign if- ic a n t c on f l ic t s i n c e World War I, and continues to rein- force economic and security arrangements that support our shared interests and safeguard d e m o c r a t i c v a l u e s a c r o s s t he reg ion . New Z e a la nd is a key U. S . p a r t ner c ont r ib - ut i ng to peace a nd secu r it y across the region. We welcome

India’s emergence as a leading global power and stronger strategic and defense partner. We will seek to increase quadrilateral cooperation with Japan, Australia, and India.

In Southeast Asia, the Philippines and Thailand r e m a i n i m p o r t a n t a l l i e s a n d m a r k e t s f o r Americans. Vietnam, Indonesia, Ma laysia, and Singapore a re grow ing securit y a nd econom ic partners of the United States. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation (APEC) remain centerpieces of the Indo-Pacifi c’s regional architecture and plat- forms for promoting an order based on freedom.

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: Our vision for the Indo-Pacifi c excludes no nation. We will redouble our commitment to est ablished a l lia nces a nd pa r tnersh ips, wh i le expanding and deepening relationships with new

Sustaining favorable balances

of power will require a

strong commitment and close

cooperation with allies and

partners because allies and

partners magni� U.S. power

and extend U.S. infl uence.

T H E S T R A T E G Y I N A R E G I O N A L C O N T E X T

partners that share respect for sovereign� , fair and reciprocal trade, and the rule of law. We will rein- force our commitment to freedom of the seas and the peaceful resolution of territorial and maritime disputes in accordance with internationa l law. We will work with allies and partners to achieve complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclear- i zation on the Korea n Pen insu la a nd preser ve the non-proliferation regime in Northeast Asia.

E CO N O M I C : T he Un it e d St at e s w i l l enc ou ra ge regional cooperation to maintain free and open seaways, transparent infrastructure f inancing practices, unimpeded commerce, and the peace- ful resolution of disputes. We will pursue bilateral trade agreements on a fair and reciprocal basis. We will seek equal and reliable access for American exports. We will work with partners to build a net- work of states dedicated to free markets and pro- tected from forces that would subvert their sover- eign� . We will strengthen cooperation with allies on h igh- qua lit y in f rastr uctu re. Work ing w ith Australia and New Zealand, we will shore up frag- ile partner states in the Pacific Islands region to reduce their v u lnerabilit y to econom ic f luctu- at ion s a nd n at u ra l d isa s t ers .

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will maintain a forward military presence capable of deterring and, if nec- essary, defeating any adversary. We will strengthen ou r long-st a nd i ng m i l it a r y relat ion sh ips a nd encourage the development of a strong defense net- work with our allies and partners. For example, we will cooperate on missile defense with Japan and South Korea to move toward an area defense capabili� . We remain ready to respond with over- whelming force to North Korean aggression and will improve options to compel denuclearization of the peninsula. We will improve law enforce- ment, defense, and intelligence cooperation with Southeast Asian partners to address the growing terrorist threat. We will maintain our strong ties with Taiwan in accordance with our “One China” policy, includ ing ou r com m itments u nder the

Taiwan Relations Act to provide for Taiwan’s legit- imate defense needs and deter coercion. We will expand our defense and securi� cooperation with India, a Major Defense Partner of the United States, and support India’s growing relationships through- out the region. We will re-energize our alliances with the Philippines and � ailand and strengthen ou r p a r t n e r sh ip s w it h Si n g a p or e , V ie t n a m , I ndonesia , Ma laysia , a nd ot hers to help t hem become cooperative maritime partners.

Europe A strong and free Europe is of vital importance to the United States. We are bound together by our shared commitment to the principles of democracy, individual liber� , and the rule of law. Together, we rebuilt Western Europe after World War II and cre- ated institutions that produced stabili� and wealth on both sides of the Atlantic. Today, Europe is one of the most prosperous regions in the world and our most signifi cant trading partner.

A lthough the menace of Sov iet com mun ism is gone, new threats test our will. Russia is using subversive me a su res to we a ken t he c red ibi l- ity of America’s commitment to Europe, under- mine transatlantic unity, and weaken European i n st it ut ion s a nd gover n ment s . Wit h it s i nva- sion s of Georg ia a nd U k ra i ne, Russia demon- strated its willingness to violate the sovereignty of states in the region. Russia continues to intim- idate its neighbors w ith th reaten ing behav ior, such as nuclear posturing and the forward deploy- ment of offensive capabilities.

China is gaining a strategic foothold in Europe by expanding its unfair trade practices and invest- ing in key industries, sensitive technologies, and i n f ra st r uc t u re . Eu rope a lso fac es i m med iate threats from violent Islamist extremists. Attacks by ISIS and other jihadist groups in Spain, France, Ger ma ny, Belg iu m , t he Un ited K i ngdom , a nd

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

other countries show that our European partners continue to face serious threats. Instability in the Middle East and Africa has triggered the movement of millions of migrants and refugees into Europe, exacerbating instabili� and tensions in the region.

� e United States is safer when Europe is prosper- ous and stable, and can help defend our shared interests and ideals. The United States remains fi rmly commi� ed to our European allies and part- ners. The NATO a llia nce of free a nd sovereign states is one of our great advantages over our com- petitors, and the United States remains commit- ted to Article V of the Washington Trea� .

European allies and partners increase our strate- gic reach and provide access to forward basing and overf light rights for global operations. Together we con front sha red th reats. Europea n nations are contributing thousands of troops to help fi ght jihadist terrorists in Afghanistan, stabilize Iraq, and f ight terrorist organizations across Africa and the greater Middle East.

� e NATO alliance will become stronger when all members assume greater responsibility for and pay their fair share to protect our mutual interests, sovereig nt y, a nd va lues .

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: � e United States will deepen collabora- tion with our European allies and partners to con- front forces threatening to undermine our com- mon values, securi� interests, and shared vision. The United States and Europe will work together to counter Russian subversion and aggression, and the threats posed by North Korea and Iran. We will continue to advance our shared princi- ples and interests in international forums.

ECONOMIC: The United States will work with the European Union, and bilaterally with the United Kingdom and other states, to ensure fair and recip- roca l trade practices and eliminate barriers to

growth. We will encourage European foreign direct investment in the United States to create jobs. We will work with our allies and partners to diver- si� European energy sources to ensure the energy secu r it y of Eu ropea n cou ntr ies. We w i l l work with our partners to contest China’s unfair trade and economic practices and restrict its acquisi- tion of sensitive technologies.

M I LITA RY A N D S E C U R IT Y: T he Un ited St ates f u l- fills our defense responsibilities and expects oth- ers to do the same. We expect our European allies to increase defense spending to 2 percent of gross domestic product by 2024, with 20 percent of this spending devoted to increasing m ilita r y capa- bilities. On NATO’s easter n f la n k we w il l con- tinue to strengthen deterrence and defense, and cat a ly ze f ront l i ne a l l ies a nd pa r t ners’ ef for t s to better defend themselves. We will work with NATO to i mprove it s i nteg rated a i r a nd m is- sile defense capabilities to counter existing and projected ba l listic a nd cr u ise m issi le t h reats, particularly from Iran. We will increase counter- terrorism and cybersecuri� cooperation.

Middle East T he Un ited St ates seeks a M idd le Ea st t hat is not a safe haven or breeding ground for jihadist terrorists, not dominated by any power hostile to the United States, and that contributes to a stable globa l energ y ma rket .

For years, the interconnected problems of Iranian ex p a n s ion , s t at e c ol l ap s e , ji h a d i s t id e olog y, socio-economic stagnation, and regiona l riva l- ries have convulsed the Middle East. The United States has learned that neither aspirations for dem- ocratic transformation nor disengagement can insulate us from the region’s problems. We must be realistic about our expectations for the region without allowing pessimism to obscure our inter- ests or vision for a modern Middle East.

T H E S T R A T E G Y I N A R E G I O N A L C O N T E X T

� e region remains home to the world’s most dan- gerous terrorist organizations. ISIS and al-Qa’ida thrive on instabili� and export violent jihad. Iran, the world’s leading state sponsor of terrorism, has taken advantage of instability to expand its inf lu- ence through partners and proxies, weapon prolif- eration, and funding. It continues to develop more capable ballistic missiles and intelligence capa- bilities, and it undertakes malicious cyber activ- ities. These activities have continued unabated since the 2015 nuclear deal. Iran continues to per- petuate the cycle of violence in the region, caus- ing grievous harm to civilian populations. Rival states are f illing vacuums created by state col- lapse a nd prolonged regiona l con f lict.

Despite t hese ch a l lenges, t here a re emerg i ng opportunities to advance American interests in the Middle East. Some of our partners are working together to reject radical ideologies, and key lead- ers are calling for a rejection of Islamist extrem- ism a nd v iolence. Encouraging politica l st abi lit y a nd sust a in- able prosper it y wou ld contr ib - ute to dampening the conditions that f uel secta r ia n g r ieva nces.

F o r g e n e r a t i o n s t h e c o n - f l i c t b e t w e e n I s r a e l a n d t h e Pa le s t i n i a n s h a s b e en u n d e r - s t o o d a s t h e p r i m e i r r i t a n t p r e v e n t i n g p e a c e a n d p r o s - p e r i t y i n t h e r e g i o n . To d a y, t h e t h r e at s f r om ji h a d i s t t e r - r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e threat from Iran are creating the realization that Israel is not the cause of the region’s problems. States have increasingly found com mon inter- ests with Israel in confronting common threats.

Today, the United States has the opportunity to catalyze greater economic and political cooper- ation that will expand prosperity for those who want to partner with us. By revitalizing partner- ships with reform-minded nations and encour-

aging cooperation among partners in the region, the United States can promote stability and a bal- ance of power that favors U.S. interests.

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: We will strengthen partnerships, and form new ones, to help advance security through stability. Whenever possible, we will encourage gradual reforms. We will support e� orts to counter violent ideologies and increase respect for the dig- ni� of individuals. We remain commi� ed to help- ing our partners achieve a stable and prosperous region, including through a strong and integrated Gulf Cooperation Council. We will strengthen our long-term strategic partnership with Iraq as an independent state. We will seek a se� lement to the Syrian civil war that sets the conditions for refu- gees to return home and rebuild their lives in safe� . We will work with partners to deny the Iranian

r eg i m e a l l p at h s t o a nucle a r weapon and neutra lize Iranian m a l ig n i n f luenc e . We rem a i n committed to helping facilitate a comprehen sive pe ace ag ree - ment that is acceptable to both Israelis and Palestinians.

E C O N O M I C : T h e Un it e d St a t e s will support the reforms under- way that begin to add ress core inequ ities t hat ji had ist ter ror- ists exploit. We w ill encourage st ates i n t he reg ion , i nclud i ng

Egy pt and Saudi Arabia, to continue moderniz- ing their economies. We will play a role in catalyz- ing positive developments by engaging economi- cally, supporting reformers, and championing the benef its of open markets and societies.

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will retain the neces- sary American military presence in the region to protect the United States and our allies from ter- rorist attacks and preserve a favorable regional

Terrorists and criminals

thrive where

governments are weak,

corruption is rampant,

and faith in government

institutions is low.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

ba la nce of power. We will assist regiona l pa rt- ners i n s t ren g t hen i n g t hei r i n s t it ut ion s a nd capabi lities, includ ing in law en forcement , to conduc t cou nter ter ror ism a nd cou nter i n su r- genc y ef for t s . We w i l l help pa r t ners proc u re interoperable m issi le defense a nd ot her capa- bilities to better defend aga inst active m issile threats. We will work with partners to neutral- ize Iran’s malign activities in the region.

South and Central Asia With over a quarter of the world’s population, a fi fth of all U.S.-designated terrorist groups, several fast-growing economies, and two nuclear-armed states, South and Central Asia present some of the most complicated nationa l security cha llenges and opportunities. The region spans the terrorist threats emanating from the Middle East and the competition for power unfolding in Europe and the Indo-Pacific. The United States continues to face threats from transnational terrorists and mili- tants operating from within Pakistan. � e prospect for an Indo-Pakistani military conf lict that could lead to a nuclear exchange remains a key concern requiring consistent diplomatic a� ention.

U.S. interests in the region include countering ter- rorist threats that impact the security of the U.S. homeland and our allies, preventing cross-border terrorism that raises the prospect of military and nuclear tensions, and preventing nuclear weap- ons, technology, and materials from falling into the hands of terrorists. We seek an American pres- ence in the region proportionate to threats to the homeland and our allies. We seek a Pakistan that is not engaged in destabilizing behavior and a stable and self-reliant Afghanistan. And we seek Central Asian states that are resilient against domination by rival powers, are resistant to becoming jihad- ist safe havens, and prioritize reforms.

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: We will deepen our strategic partner- ship with India and support its leadership role i n Ind ia n Ocea n secu r it y a nd t h roug hout t he broader region. We will press Pakistan to inten- sif y its counterterrorism efforts, since no part- nership can survive a country’s support for mil- itants and terrorists who target a partner’s own service members and officials. The United States will also encourage Pakistan to continue demon- st rat i ng t h at it is a respon sible stewa rd of it s nuclear assets. We will continue to partner with Afghanistan to promote peace and securi� in the region. We will continue to promote anti-corrup- tion reform in Afghanistan to increase the legit- imacy of its government and reduce the appeal of violent extremist organizations. We will help South Asian nations maintain their sovereign� as China i nc re a ses it s i n f luence i n t he reg ion .

ECONOMIC: We will encourage the economic inte- g rat ion of Cent ra l a nd Sout h Asia to promote prosperity and economic linkages that will bol- ster connectivity and trade. And we will encour- age I nd ia to i ncrea se it s econom ic a ssist a nce in the region . In Pa k ista n, we w ill bu ild trade and investment ties as security improves and as Pakistan demonstrates that it will assist the United St ates i n ou r cou nter ter ror ism goa ls.

M I L I TA R Y A N D S E C U R I T Y : We a re com m it ted to supporting the Afghan government and security forces in their fi ght against the Taliban, al-Qa’ida, ISIS, a nd ot her ter ror ist s. We w i l l bolster t he f ighting strength of the Afghan security forces to convince the Taliban that they cannot win on the battlefield and to set the conditions for diplo- matic efforts to achieve enduring peace. We will insist that Pakistan take decisive action against militant and terrorist groups operating from its soil. We will work with the Central Asian states to guarantee access to the region to support our counterterrorism efforts.

T H E S T R A T E G Y I N A R E G I O N A L C O N T E X T

Western Hemisphere St able, f r iend ly, a nd prosperou s st ates i n t he Western Hemisphere enhance our security and b enef it ou r e c onomy. Democ rat ic s t ate s c on- nected by shared values and economic interests will reduce the violence, drug tra� cking, and ille- gal immigration that threaten our common secu- rit y, a nd will lim it opportun ities for adversa r- ies to operate from areas of close proximity to us.

In the last half century, parts of this hemisphere were marred by dictatorships and insurgencies that k illed tens of thousa nds of people. Today, this region stands on the cusp of prosperity and peace, built upon democracy and the rule of law. U.S. trade in the region is thriving and market opportunities for American goods and services, energy and infrastructure projects, and foreign direct investment continue to expand.

Challenges remain, however. Transnational crim- inal organizations—including gangs and cartels— perpetuate violence and corruption, and threaten the stability of Central American states includ- ing Guatema la , Hondu ras, a nd El Sa lvador. In Venezuela and Cuba, governments cling to anach- ron istic lef tist author ita r ia n models that con- tinue to fail their people. Competitors have found o p e r a t i n g s p a c e i n t h e h e m i s ph e r e .

China seeks to pull the region into its orbit through state-led investments and loans. Russia contin- ues its failed politics of the Cold War by bolster- ing its radical Cuban allies as Cuba continues to repress its citizens. Both China and Russia sup- port the dictatorship in Venezuela and are seek- ing to expand military linkages and arms sales across the region. The hemisphere’s democratic states have a shared interest in confronting threats to t hei r sovereig nt y.

Ca nada a nd t he Un ited St ates sha re a u n ique strategic a nd defense pa rtnersh ip. The Un ited States a lso has impor ta nt a nd deepen ing rela-

tions with key countries in the region. Together, we will build a stable and peaceful hemisphere that increases econom ic oppor tu n ities for a ll, improves governance, reduces the power of crim- inal organizations, and limits the malign inf lu- ence of non-hemispheric forces.

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: We will catalyze regional e� orts to build securi� and prosperi� through strong diplomatic engagement. We will isolate govern ments that refuse to act as responsible partners in advancing hemispheric peace and prosperi� . We look forward to the day when the people of Cuba and Venezuela can enjoy freedom and the benefi ts of shared pros- perity, and we encourage other free states in the hem isphere to suppor t t h is sh a red endeavor.

ECONOMIC: We will modernize our trade agree- ments a nd deepen ou r econom ic ties w it h t he region and ensure that trade is fair and reciprocal. We will encourage further market-based economic reforms and encourage transparency to create con- ditions for sustained prosperity. We will ensure the U.S. fi nancial system does not serve as a haven or tra nsit point for crim ina l proceeds.

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will build upon local efforts and encourage cultures of lawfulness to reduce crime and corruption, including by sup- porting local efforts to professionalize police and other security forces; strengthen the rule of law and undertake judicial reform; and improve infor- mation sharing to target criminals and corrupt leaders a nd d isr upt i l licit tra f f ick ing.

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

Africa Africa remains a continent of promise and endur- ing challenges. Africa contains many of the world’s fastest growing economies, which represent poten- t ia l new m a rket s for U. S . good s a nd ser v ices. Aspiring partners across the continent are eager to build market-based economies and enhance sta- bili� . � e demand for quali� American exports is high and will likely grow as Africa’s population and prosperi� increase. People across the continent are demanding government accountability and less corruption, and are opposing autocratic trends. � e number of stable African nations has grown since the independence era as numerous countries have emerged from devastating confl icts and undergone democratic transitions.

Despite this progress, many states face political turbulence and instability that spills into other regions. Corruption and weak governance threaten to u nder m i ne t he pol it ic a l benef its that should emerge from new economic opportu- n ities. Ma ny A f r ica n states a r e b at t leg r ou n d s for v io - lent ex t r em i s m a n d ji h a d- ist terrorists. ISIS, al-Qa’ida, a n d t h e i r a f f i l i a t e s o p e r - a t e o n t h e c o n t i n e n t a n d h ave i n c r e a s e d t h e le t h a l- ity of their attacks, expanded into new areas, and targeted U. S . cit i z en s a nd i nterest s. African nations and regional orga n i zations have demon- st rated a com m it ment to con f ront t he t h re at from jihadist terrorist organizations, but their s e c u r i t y c a p a b i l i t i e s r e m a i n w e a k .

Ch ina is expa nd ing its econom ic a nd m ilita r y presence in Africa, growing from a small inves- tor in the continent two decades ago into Africa’s largest trading partner today. Some Chinese prac-

tices undermine Africa’s long-term development by corrupting elites, dominating extractive indus- tries, and locking countries into unsustainable a nd opaque debt s a nd com m it ment s .

The United States seeks sovereign African states that are integrated into the world economy, able to provide for their citizens’ needs, and capable of managing threats to peace and securi� . Improved governa nce in these states suppor ts econom ic development and opportunities, diminishes the a� raction of illegal migration, and reduces vulner- abili� to extremists, thereby reducing instabili� .

Priori� Actions

POLITICAL: The Un ited States will pa rtner with governments, civil society, and regional organi- zations to end long-run n ing, v iolent con f licts. We will encourage reform, working with prom- ising nations to promote effective governa nce,

improve the rule of law, and develop institutions account- a ble a nd re s p on s ive t o c it- i z en s . We w i l l c ont i nue t o r e s p o n d t o h u m a n it a r i a n n e e d s w h i le a l s o work i n g with commi� ed governments a nd reg iona l orga n i zations to address the root causes of hu m a n su f fer i ng. I f nec es- sary, we are prepared to sanc- t ion gove r n m e n t of f ic i a l s a n d i n s t it ut ion s t h at pr e y on t hei r c it i z en s a nd c om- mit atrocities. When there is

no alternative, we will suspend aid rather than s e e it e x ploit e d b y c or r u p t el it e s .

ECONOMIC: We will expand trade and commercial ties to create jobs and build wealth for Americans and Africans. We will work with reform-oriented governments to help establish conditions that can transform them into trading partners and improve

We will encourage reform,

working with promising nations

to promote e� ective governance,

improve the rule of law, and

develop institutions accountable

and responsive to citizens.

T H E S T R A T E G Y I N A R E G I O N A L C O N T E X T

their business environment. We will support eco- nomic integration among African states. We will work with nations that seek to move beyond assis- tance to partnerships that promote prosperity. We will offer American goods and services, both because it is profi table for us and because it serves as an alternative to China’s often extractive eco- nomic footprint on the continent.

MILITARY AND SECURITY: We will continue to work with partners to improve the ability of their secu- rity ser vices to counter terrorism, human traf- ficking, and the illegal trade in arms and natural resources. We will work with partners to defeat terrorist organizations and others who threaten U.S. citizens and the homeland.

Conclusion

� is National Securi� Strategy sets a positive strategic direction for the United States that is meant to reassert America’s advantages on the world stage and to build upon our country’s great strengths. During the Trump Administration, the American people can be confi dent that their securi� and prosperi� will always come fi rst. A secure, prosperous, and free America will be strong and ready to lead abroad to protect our interests and our way of life.

America’s renewed strategic conf idence is a nchored in ou r recom m it ment to the principles inscribed in our found- ing documents. The National Security Strategy c elebr at e s a n d pr ot e c t s wh at we hold de a r — individual liberty, the rule of law, a democratic system of government, tolerance, and opportuni� for all. By knowing ourselves and what we stand for, we clari� what we must defend and we estab- lish guiding principles for our actions.

T h i s s t r a t e g y i s g u i d e d b y p r i n c i p l e d r e a l - ism . It is re a l ist bec au se it ack nowledges t he c e n t r a l r ole of p owe r i n i n t e r n a t ion a l p ol i- tics, a ff ir ms that sovereig n states a re the best hope for a peacef u l world , a nd clea rly def ines our nationa l interests. It is principled because it is g rou nded i n t he k nowledge t h at adva nc-

i n g A m e r ic a n pr i n c iple s s pr e a d s p e a c e a n d pr os p er it y a r ou n d t he g lob e . We a r e g u ide d by our va lues and disciplined by our interests.

� is Administration has a bright vision of America’s future. America’s va lues and inf luence, under- wri� en by American power, make the world more f ree , sec u re , a nd pros p erou s .

Our Nation derives its strength from the American people. Every American has a role to play in this grand, national effort to implement this America First National Securi� Strategy. Together, our task is to strengthen our families, to build up our com- munities, to serve our citizens, and to celebrate American greatness as a shining example to the world. We will leave our children and grandchil- dren a Nation that is stronger, be� er, freer, prouder, a nd g reater t h a n ever before .

N A T I O N A L S E C U R I T Y S T R A T E G Y

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