Effectiveness of the Training Given According to Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory in the Prevention of Peristomal Skin Complications.

NRSG 7400:RESEARCH TO IMPROVE QUALITY AND SAFETY FOR GRADUATE

NURSING ROLES Diann DeWitt, PhD, RN, CNE

NURSING RESEARCH DESIGN

Student Learning outcomes

Upon completion of the session, the student will:

Identify the types of research designs

Describe key elements of quantitative nursing research design

Discuss quantitative research designs

Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research

NURSING RESEARCH METHODS/DESIGNS*

Quantitative research

Qualitative research

OTTAWA UNIVERSITY

RESEARCH DESIGN Quantitative  Experimental & Quasi-

experimental  Non-experimental  Descriptive  Exploratory  Comparative  Correlational

Qualitative  Phenomenological  Grounded Theory  Historical  Ethnography  Hermeneutics

Case study

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS OR DESIGNS

Descriptive research

Correlational research

Quasi-experimental research

Experimental research

Some texts divide quantitative research into 2 categories:  Non-experimental  Experimental

(Or even add a third category of quasi-experimental)

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS

Philosophical origin: logical positivism

Focus: concise, objective, reductionistic

Reasoning: logistic, deductive

Basis of knowing: cause-and-effect relationships

Theoretical focus: tests theory

NATURE OF REALITY Quantitative • External view

• Data that are verifiable & replicable

• Deductive

• Theory testing

Qualitative  Based on perceptions

 Different for each person  Changes over time  Meaning in context

 Inductive

 Theory generating

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

Descriptive Correlational Quasi-experimental Experimental

Least Control

Most Control

OUTCOMES RESEARCH Gray and Grove (2021) maintain that outcomes research is a separate category of research; however, it truly falls in the Quantitative Research classification with a few distinctions.

Distinctions of Outcomes Research: 1. “Outcomes research in health fields is globally defined as research that investigates the outcomes of care, relating them to attributes of care delivery” (Gray & Grove, 2021, p. 358) 2. Focuses on the end results of patient care, under the umbrella of quality 3. Donabedian’s Theory of Quality describes the importance of structure, processes, and outcomes to determine quality health care – see next slide (Gray & Grove, 2021)

Structures  Educational preparation/skill mix, care protocols, staffing, size of the workforce

Processes  Technical care, practice style, speed with which care is instituted, standards of care, patient inclusion in care, efficacy, effectiveness, efficiency, optimality, patient teaching

Outcomes  Clinical end points, proximate end points, satisfaction, functional status, mortality, morbidity, well-being, total days hospitalized

STRUCTURE, PROCESS, AND OUTCOME IN CURRENT RESEARCH

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Performance Monitoring

All are concerned with OUTCOMES

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

Exploration and description of phenomena in real-life situations

New meaning is discovered and the description of concepts is accomplished

It helps to identify relationships

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

Looks at the relationship between two or more variables

Determines the strength and type of relationships

Explains what is seen

NO cause and effect

QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Examines cause-and-effect relationships

Less control by researcher than true experimental designs

Samples are not randomly selected

All variables in the study cannot be controlled by the researcher

Independent (IV) & Dependent Variables (DV) are to be identified

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Looks at cause-and-effect relationships

Highly controlled, objective, systematic studies

Involves the measurement of independent (IV) and dependent variables (DV)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV)

The or the variable that is thought to influence the dependent variable; in experimental research, the variable manipulated by the researcher.

DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV)

The variable; the variable that is influenced by the independent variable

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH (CONT’D) Main characteristics Controlled manipulation of at least one independent variable (IV) Uses experimental and control groups Random assignment of the sample to the experimental and control groups

REMEMBER -----

Nursing research results PROVE a relationship (e.g. cause and effect)

Rather

Nursing research results SUPPORT a relationship/position

PRACTICE OPPORTUNITY

Research design is determined by the research question!

So now it is YOUR turn to practice identifying what research design is appropriate for the following research questions

LET’S PRACTICE FINDING THE IV AND DV & POPULATION

1. What is the effect of daily exercise on glucose levels in adolescents with Type I diabetes?

2. What is the effect of heart failure self-management education on a patient’s knowledge level and readmission rate to the hospital?

3. For term, stable infants, is there a relationship between immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth and exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months of age?

ANSWERS 1. What is the effect of daily exercise on glucose levels in adolescents with Type I diabetes?

2. What is the effect of heart failure self-management education on a patient’s knowledge level and readmission rate to the hospital? (patients with heart failure)

3. For term, stable infants, is there a relationship between immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth and exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months of age?

Red words = independent variable Blue words = dependent variable Green words = population

GENERAL COMPARISON OF QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative Quantitative

Keywords Complexity, contextual, inductive logic, discovery,

exploration

Experiment, random assignment, independent/dependent variable,

causal/correlational, validity, deductive logic

Purpose Understand a phenomenon Discover causal relationships or describe a

phenomenon

Sample Purposive sample, small Random sample, large

Data Focus groups, interviews, field observation Tests, surveys, questionnaires

Methods/Design Phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic,

case study, historical/narrative research, participatory research, clinical research

Experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, methodological, exploratory, comparative,

correlational, developmental (cross-sectional, longitudinal/prospective/cohort, retrospective/ex

post facto/case control)

Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 2021

CONCLUSIONS There are two main research designs or methods:

 Quantitative (usually includes outcomes research)  Qualitative

Quantitative designs include: Descriptive; Correlational; Quasi-experimental; Experimental

Qualitative designs include: Phenomenological; Grounded Theory; Historical; Ethnography; Hermeneutics

Research never proves anything; rather, research offers support for a position

REFERENCES

Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2021). Burns and Grove's The practice of nursing research

[9th Edition]. Elsevier.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research. (2021, March 11). Stevenson University.

https://stevenson.libguides.com/c.php?g=41475&p=1601627