Effectiveness of the Training Given According to Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory in the Prevention of Peristomal Skin Complications.

NRSG 7400: Research to Improve Quality and Safety for Graduate Nursing Roles

Diann DeWitt, PhD, RN, CNE

Ottawa University

Qualitative Research Designs

Student Learning outcomes

Upon completion of the session, the student will:

Describe key elements of qualitative nursing research design

Discuss qualitative research designs

Differentiate between quantitative and qualitative research

Qualitative Research Methods

• Phenomenological research

• Hermeneutics

• Grounded theory research

• Ethnographic research

• Historical research

Ottawa University

Qualitative Research Characteristics

• Philosophical origin: naturalistic, interpretive, humanistic

• Focus: broad, subjective, holistic

• Reasoning: dialectic, inductive

• Basis of knowing: meaning, discovery, understanding

• Theoretical focus: theory development

Nature of Reality

• Quantitative

• External view

• Data that are verifiable & replicable

• Deductive

• Theory testing

• Qualitative • Based on perceptions

• Different for each person

• Changes over time

• Meaning in context

• Inductive

• Theory generating

Purpose of Qualitative Research

• To explore, describe, or expand knowledge about how reality is experienced

• Uses an inductive approach to knowledge generation

Phenomenological Studies

• Person can only be understood in the context of his or her world

• Lived experience

• Meaning of experience/perception of events

Ethnographic Studies

• Study of culture

• Seeks to understand ways of living

• Participation with subjects

Grounded Theory

• Developed by sociologists

• Explores patterns in social life; focuses on processes

• Theory development (using both inductive and deductive approaches)

Historical Research

• Understand impact of the past on the future

• Original sources used

Data Collection Methods

• Interview

• Open-ended

• Semi-structured

• Participant Observation

• Focus Groups

• Journals/Diaries

• Artifacts

Sample

• Usually small

• N < 50

• Data collection stops when no new information is obtained from the participants – called DATA SATURATION

Data Analysis

• Words vs numbers

• Content analysis

• Look for themes; develop categories

Triangulation

•Quantitative and qualitative

method used in the same study

Trustworthiness in Qualitative Research**

• Credibility – in place of internal validity

• Transferability – in place of external validity or generalizeability

• Dependability – in place of reliability

• Confirmability or relevance - in place of objectivity

** See Handout

PRACTICE OPPORTUNITY

• Research design is determined by the research question!

So now it is YOUR turn to practice identifying what research design is appropriate for the following research questions

Examples

Which research design is most appropriate for each of the following research questions?

 What is the type and intensity of sensations experienced by patients after open heart surgery during the removal of tubes (ETT, N/G, etc)?

 What is the lived experience of Afghanistan veterans returning home?

 Is there a correlation between anxiety and final examination scores of baccalaureate nursing students?

 Is there a difference in adjustment to returning home of Afghanistan veterans between Group A who received intensive counseling versus Group B who did not receive intensive counseling?

Examples with Answers

Research Questions:

 What is the type and intensity of sensations experienced by patients after open heart surgery during the removal of tubes (ETT, N/G, etc)? (quantitative study, descriptive design)

 What is the lived experience of Afghanistan veterans returning home? (qualitative study, phenomenological design)

 Is there a correlation between anxiety and final examination scores of baccalaureate nursing students? (quantitative study, correlational)

 Is there a difference in adjustment to returning home of Afghanistan veterans between Group A who received intensive counseling versus Group B who did not receive intensive counseling? (quantitative study, experimental or quasi-experimental)

General Comparison of Qualitative & quantitative research

Qualitative Quantitative

Keywords Complexity, contextual, inductive logic,

discovery, exploration

Experiment, random assignment, independent/dependent variable,

causal/correlational, validity, deductive logic

Purpose Understand a phenomenon Discover causal relationships or describe a

phenomenon

Sample Purposive sample, small Random sample, large

Data Focus groups, interviews, field observation Tests, surveys, questionnaires

Methods/Design

Phenomenological, grounded theory, ethnographic, case study, historical/narrative

research, participatory research, clinical research

Experimental, quasi-experimental, descriptive, methodological, exploratory, comparative,

correlational, developmental (cross-sectional, longitudinal/prospective/cohort, retrospective/ex

post facto/case control)

Qualitative and Quantitative Research, 2021

Reference

Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2021). Burns and Grove's The practice of nursing

research [9th Edition].Elsevier.