ethical issue

Normative Argumentation Argumentation theory the study of how conclusions can be reached through logical reasoning ○ Civil debate, dialogue, conversation and

persuasion

Principles of ArgumentationTheory Deductive Argumentation the premises are intended to provide strong support for the conclusion ○ If the premises are true, then it would be impossible for the conclusion to be false ○ An example of deductive argument: ○ I sunny in Singapore. If i sunny in Singapore, then he on be carrying an umbrella. So He on be carrying an mb ella

○ http://www.iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/

Principles of ArgumentationTheory Inductive argument ○ Reasoning uses specific information and makes a broader generalization that is considered probable ○ the intention of the arguer is strong enough that if the premises were to be true, then i unlikely

that the conclusion is false

○ Varying degrees of strength and weakness ○ Inductive arguments can be affected by acquiring new premises or evidence

○ Examples Bob is showing a big diamond ring to his friend Larry. Bob has told Larry that he is going to marry Joan. Bob has bought the diamond ring to give to Joan. Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-inductive- reasoning.html#7SxcR64B15HAHzym.99

DeductiveValidity An argument is valid if the premises can t all be true without the conclusion also being true.

An argument is valid if the truth of all its premises forces the conclusion to be true.

An argument is valid if it would be inconsistent for all its premises to be true and its conclusion to be false.

An argument is valid if its conclusion follows with certainty from its premises.

An argument is valid if it has no counterexample, that is, a possible situation that makes all the premises true and theconclusion false.

http://www.iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/

Argumentation byanalogy Draw conclusions based on comparison

An argument that says because two things are similar, what is true of one is also true of the other Analogies are not arguments but are sometimes used in arguments

Used to persuade people to take the idea seriously

Critical questions when using an analogy and if the analogy is to be considered sound, then all critical questions must be answered positively

Means- endArgumentation Kantian theory tells us that we should treat people as an end and not a mean to an end ○ This is a fundamental principle of morality

Does the action achieve the goal of the end

Are there any side effects from the action

Are there no other actions than are safer to achieve our goal

Atomic bomb

CausalityArgumentation A causal argument asserts a relationship between two events where one event effects the other ○ A causal link between an action and the outcome

You go to a party instead of studying for an exam, you might claim that the party caused you to receive an F

Critical Questions: ○ Will the action lead to the desired outcome? ○ Have we considered all issues that relate to the expected outcome?

Proof from theabsurd We refute the claim on the grounds that the idea is absurd Clearly the proposition would produce untenable consequences if we accept this claim

Critical questions: ○ Does the claim lead to an inconsistent set of statements

Fallacies Illogical reasoning The goal is to avoid them in an argument and recognize them when presented by others

Generalizations ○ To few or insufficient fac j mping to concl ion ○ Stereotyping