Question in (sociology of poverty)

Critically​ ​discuss​ ​how​ ​the​ ​New​ ​Racial​ ​Politics​ ​and​ ​Social​ ​Policy​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Nixon​ ​years​ ​(1970’s)​ ​and ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Reagan​ ​and​ ​Bush​ ​years​ ​(1980)​ ​affected​ ​women​ ​and​ ​people​ ​of​ ​color.​ ​​ ​Also,​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​factors ​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​that​ ​set​ ​the​ ​stage​ ​for​ ​the​ ​New​ ​Racial​ ​Politics. Nixon-​ ​Would​ ​allow​ ​unemployment​ ​to​ ​rise​ ​to​ ​counter​ ​inflation Impacts

1. Denies​ ​poor​ ​people​ ​from​ ​legally​ ​questioning​ ​the​ ​gov’t 2. Geared​ ​at​ ​the​ ​rich​ ​at​ ​the​ ​expense​ ​of​ ​the​ ​poor 3. Philadelphia​ ​plan

-All​ ​federal​ ​contractors​ ​to​ ​adopt​ ​numerical​ ​goals​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​desegregation,​ ​diverse populations​ ​of​ ​different​ ​ethnic​ ​groups -Unions​ ​were​ ​not​ ​in​ ​favor-​ ​contractors​ ​could​ ​bypass​ ​unions.​ ​Racist​ ​unions​ ​could control​ ​who​ ​would​ ​reach​ ​higher​ ​level​ ​jobs. -Civil​ ​Right​ ​organizations​ ​supported​ ​this,​ ​affirmative​ ​action -Moving​ ​Black​ ​people​ ​away​ ​from​ ​the​ ​Republican​ ​Party

4.​ ​EEOC​ ​Staff​ ​from​ ​359-​ ​1969,​ ​1972​ ​1,600 5.​ ​Developed​ ​AA​ ​action​ ​policies​ ​and​ ​regulations​ ​esp.​ ​In​ ​housing Include​ ​his​ ​acts 6.​ ​Black​ ​social​ ​movement​ ​is​ ​weakened​ ​by​ ​desegregation​ ​+​ ​Black​ ​wealth​ ​deserting​ ​by​ ​moving​ ​into suburbs..​ ​Blacks​ ​elected​ ​as​ ​leaders​ ​in​ ​the​ ​1950s​ ​and​ ​1960s​ ​+​ ​False​ ​sense​ ​of​ ​equality​ ​+​ ​increasing presence​ ​in​ ​electoral​ ​politics​ ​+Black​ ​community​ ​advocates​ ​became​ ​obsolete,​ ​replaced​ ​by​ ​Black politicians

- MLK​ ​+​ ​MX​ ​assassinations Reagan​ ​&​ ​Bush 1940s-1970s​ ​-”Golden​ ​Age​ ​of​ ​Capitalism”-​ ​WW2​ ​destroyed​ ​Europe,​ ​US​ ​assumed​ ​supremacy

- Cost​ ​of​ ​Vietnam​ ​War​ ​was​ ​supposed​ ​to​ ​be​ ​put​ ​into​ ​domestic​ ​development - Business​ ​wanted​ ​tax​ ​cuts​ ​&​ ​poor​ ​social​ ​policies - White​ ​people​ ​were​ ​concerned​ ​about​ ​position​ ​in​ ​labor​ ​market,​ ​economy​ ​mostly​ ​sustained​ ​by

temp​ ​low​ ​wage​ ​jobs,​ ​no​ ​benefits - Inflation,​ ​low​ ​employment​ ​+​ ​globalization​ ​markets - Used​ ​Black​ ​people​ ​as​ ​scapegoats​ ​for​ ​the​ ​economic​ ​issues - Private​ ​sectors​ ​limited​ ​the​ ​influence​ ​of​ ​unions,​ ​wanted​ ​to​ ​limit​ ​social​ ​programs​ ​bc​ ​high

taxes,​ ​turn​ ​back​ ​labor​ ​laws,​ ​defeat​ ​consumer​ ​protections​ ​and​ ​labor​ ​laws​ ​in​ ​general - Conservative​ ​Think​ ​Tanks​ ​developed,​ ​mobilized​ ​--​ ​linking​ ​race​ ​to​ ​violence,​ ​poverty,​ ​family

values

- Bush​ ​in​ ​election,​ ​used​ ​Willie​ ​Horton​ ​against​ ​opponent - Play​ ​on​ ​White​ ​fears​ ​of​ ​Black​ ​crime,​ ​exploited​ ​Black​ ​stereotype​ ​of​ ​Black​ ​people -

- CETA​ ​program​ ​replaced​ ​with​ ​job​ ​training - ​ ​Grants​ ​eliminated - 400.000​ ​people​ ​removed​ ​from​ ​stamps - Undid​ ​plans​ ​for​ ​subsidized​ ​housing - Raised​ ​required​ ​rental​ ​payment​ ​25-30% - Penalized​ ​the​ ​poor​ ​with​ ​major​ ​cuts​ ​in​ ​welfare

Results-​ ​fam​ ​w/​ ​kids​ ​during​ ​r/b​ ​era​ ​63%​ ​of​ ​the​ ​increase​ ​in​ ​poverty​ ​was​ ​attributed​ ​to​ ​gov’t​ ​policies.

QUESTION​ ​#4 Critically discuss President Clinton’s crime bill and its effects on people of color. Also discuss the failure of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and other Black organizations to oppose the crime bill. In the wake of Reagan’s identity politics. Transition from Conservative to Liberal- economic fear of White males, conservation of White men and White supremacy, “Whitelash”--- Blame is shifted onto minorities.​ ​Blacks​ ​become​ ​scapegoat​ ​Society​ ​becomes​ ​vulnerable​ ​to​ ​racism,​ ​sexism,​ ​creates​ ​division Policy stand of Clinton to win relection, distances himself from Blacks, women, union but to win their​ ​votes​ ​at​ ​the​ ​same​ ​time.​ ​Create​ ​Balance​ ​to​ ​win​ ​everyone.​ ​He​ ​does​ ​this​ ​by:

1. Crime​ ​Bill-​ ​establishes​ ​conservative​ ​credentials​ ​(show​ ​to​ ​White​ ​people) Partisan​ ​Views​ ​of​ ​Crime Democrats- Believe that crime is structural, crime was not the cause of unemployment, urban decay, homelessness, etc… inst. Racism and inequality makes general society problems worse for African Americans. “Black on Black Crime” is an indication of lack of opportunity. “Crime” becomes a coded word to discuss Black Americans becsue Crime because of its associated with Black people. Structural​ ​perspective Solutions- Preventative actions like: Education, job training, greater youth employment opportunity, more drug treatment programs, grants for anti-guns initiatives, protect civil liberties and​ ​freedom​ ​of​ ​speech Republicans- individualistic perspective- result of social pathology, irresponsibility, genetic predisposition.. Solutions- Responsibility of the individual to rehab themselves. Putative system, death​ ​sentences,​ ​youth​ ​persecutions

Clinton​ ​viewed​ ​as​ ​being​ ​soft​ ​on​ ​crime,​ ​needed​ ​to​ ​please​ ​both​ ​sided​ ​“tough​ ​but​ ​smart​ ​crime​ ​bill”​ ​A Crime​ ​bill​ ​of​ ​accommodations To​ ​set​ ​up​ ​bill​ ​strategies

1. Redefine​ ​crime​ ​as​ ​a​ ​gun-control​ ​problem,​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​police​ ​funding​ ​(⅔​ ​Americans​ ​supported strict​ ​gun​ ​control​ ​laws)

2. Challenge​ ​liberals​ ​over​ ​their​ ​support​ ​to​ ​civil​ ​liberties​ ​and​ ​republicans​ ​to​ ​their​ ​support​ ​of​ ​the death​ ​penalty

Bill​ ​Clinton​ ​aimed​ ​to​ ​be​ ​in​ ​the​ ​middle​ ​with​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​bill Criticism-​ ​CBC​ ​against​ ​Crime​ ​Bill,​ ​Republicans​ ​favored​ ​him​ ​because​ ​of​ ​this.​ ​All​ ​he​ ​had​ ​to​ ​do​ ​was keep​ ​quiet.​ ​CBC​ ​opposed​ ​it​ ​because​ ​bills​ ​30.2​ ​billion​ ​dollars​ ​over​ ​6​ ​years.​ ​Hire​ ​100,000​ ​more​ ​police officers.​ ​No​ ​regards​ ​for​ ​police​ ​brutality,​ ​discrimination,​ ​creates​ ​over​ ​policy Black​ ​organizations,​ ​political​ ​leaders,​ ​police​ ​Racial​ ​Justice​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​1994--​ ​Allowed​ ​accused​ ​to​ ​use statistical​ ​data​ ​showing​ ​that​ ​race​ ​was​ ​a​ ​factor​ ​in​ ​decision​ ​to​ ​use​ ​death​ ​penalty.​ ​Black​ ​interest groups​ ​failed​ ​to​ ​mobilized​ ​but​ ​opposed.​ ​Didn’t​ ​produce​ ​any​ ​new​ ​research.​ ​Didn’t​ ​utilize​ ​mass​ ​media or​ ​gain​ ​public​ ​attention.​ ​Contributed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​failure​ ​to​ ​defeat​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​bill. Expand​ ​prison​ ​system,​ ​Prison​ ​industrial​ ​complex​ ​develops,​ ​expanded​ ​penalty​ ​for​ ​federal​ ​crimes. Implements​ ​3​ ​strikes.​ ​“Federalizing​ ​Crime”--​ ​Banning​ ​19​ ​different​ ​kinds​ ​of​ ​assault​ ​weapons. Establishes​ ​limited​ ​appeals​ ​for​ ​debtor​ ​inmates. Criticism Since​ ​1996,​ ​40%​ ​of​ ​death​ ​penalty​ ​were​ ​AA..​ ​AA​ ​whose​ ​victims​ ​were​ ​white​ ​were​ ​more​ ​likely​ ​to receive​ ​the​ ​death​ ​penalty.​ ​No​ ​equal​ ​protection​ ​under​ ​the​ ​law.​ ​By​ ​1994,​ ​Republicans​ ​establishes Draconian​ ​policy.

QUESTION​ ​5 ​ ​Critically​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​background​ ​factors/conditions​ ​that​ ​led​ ​up​ ​to​ ​the​ ​1996​ ​Welfare​ ​Reform.​ ​​ ​Be ​ ​sure​ ​to​ ​also​ ​discuss,​ ​the​ ​stereotypical​ ​image​ ​of​ ​welfare​ ​recipients;​ ​the​ ​deficit;​ ​the​ ​Contract​ ​with America;​ ​tax​ ​expenditures​ ​for​ ​business​ ​and​ ​the​ ​hidden​ ​welfare​ ​for​ ​the​ ​affluent;​ ​coded​ ​messages,​ ​etc. Foreshadowed​ ​by​ ​1992​ ​Budget,​ ​deficit​ ​250​ ​Billion…​ ​impacts​ ​policy​ ​you​ ​can​ ​carry​ ​out.​ ​Shifted attention​ ​from​ ​merits.​ ​Leads​ ​to​ ​several​ ​cuts. Republicans​ ​took​ ​control​ ​of​ ​the​ ​house​ ​and​ ​senate.​ ​Set​ ​up​ ​new​ ​criteria​ ​to​ ​determine​ ​who​ ​gets what.​ ​In​ ​the​ ​contract,​ ​spending​ ​reductions,​ ​education,​ ​job​ ​training​ ​cut,​ ​housing​ ​cut,​ ​anti​ ​poverty programs​ ​cut. New​ ​Subsidies​ ​for​ ​American​ ​Dream…​ ​Middle+Upper​ ​Class Welfare​ ​Reform​ ​was​ ​not​ ​race​ ​neutral.​ ​Children​ ​were​ ​¾​ ​welfare​ ​recipients,​ ​more​ ​Whites​ ​received benefits​ ​than​ ​Whites.​ ​Stereotypical​ ​“Welfare​ ​Queen” “End​ ​Welfare​ ​as​ ​we​ ​know​ ​it”

Clinton​ ​establishes​ ​Draconian​ ​policy​ ​in​ ​Welfare..​ ​Max​ ​5​ ​years​ ​on​ ​Welfare.

Question​ ​6 Critically​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​1996​ ​Welfare​ ​Reform​ ​showing​ ​among​ ​other​ ​things​ ​that​ ​it​ ​was​ ​not​ ​“race neutral,”​ ​and​ ​the​ ​failure​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Congressional​ ​Black​ ​Caucus,​ ​Left​ ​Organizations,​ ​women​ ​and Latino​ ​Civil​ ​Rights​ ​Organizations​ ​to​ ​oppose​ ​it.​ ​Also​ ​discuss​ ​the​ ​effects​ ​of​ ​Welfare​ ​Reform​ ​on

women​ ​and​ ​people​ ​of​ ​color,​ ​recommendations​ ​to​ ​improve​ ​the​ ​conditions​ ​for​ ​women​ ​and​ ​people of​ ​color,​ ​etc.

Accountability​ ​Act​ ​of​ ​1996,​ ​replaced​ ​AFDC--​ ​Replaced​ ​by​ ​TANF AFDC-​ ​welfare​ ​recipients​ ​received​ ​cash,​ ​requirements​ ​of​ ​adults​ ​to​ ​work,​ ​must​ ​participate​ ​in educational​ ​training​ ​programs,​ ​or​ ​do​ ​community​ ​service.​ ​There​ ​are​ ​time-limits,​ ​max-5​ ​years… The​ ​state​ ​could​ ​extend​ ​you​ ​but​ ​the​ ​federal​ ​gov’t​ ​would​ ​not​ ​cont​ ​to​ ​pay…​ ​Teenage​ ​parents​ ​must live​ ​with​ ​adults.​ ​States​ ​established​ ​family​ ​caps.​ ​Childcare​ ​was​ ​not​ ​guaranteed.​ ​Legal​ ​immigrants benefits​ ​were​ ​reduced​ ​or​ ​didn't​ ​qualify.​ ​States​ ​requires​ ​drug​ ​testing,​ ​could​ ​demand​ ​comm service,​ ​could​ ​deny​ ​assistance​ ​to​ ​mothers. “Individual​ ​Responsibility​ ​Plan”​ ​adult​ ​recipient​ ​to​ ​come​ ​up​ ​with​ ​a​ ​plan​ ​+​ ​recipient​ ​has​ ​to​ ​plan​ ​way to​ ​get​ ​off​ ​of​ ​welfare.​ ​If​ ​you​ ​don’t​ ​follow​ ​the​ ​plane,​ ​you​ ​are​ ​penalized. Black​ ​Grants-​ ​Set​ ​up​ ​to​ ​Aid​ ​families​ ​w/​ ​children​ ​+​ ​reduce​ ​dependency​ ​on​ ​government​ ​+ Encouraged​ ​marriage​ ​to​ ​boost​ ​“personal​ ​responsibility” Economic​ ​contraction--​ ​No​ ​jobs​ ​available 24​ ​billion​ ​cuts​ ​food​ ​stamps 7​ ​supplementary​ ​income 3​ ​billion-​ ​childcare 2.5​ ​billion​ ​social​ ​service Welfare​ ​recipients​ ​-​ ​burdened​ ​to​ ​work​ ​and​ ​take​ ​care​ ​of​ ​children,​ ​working​ ​without​ ​education, training,​ ​no​ ​childcare​ ​etc Attacked​ ​women​ ​in​ ​welfare​ ​system,​ ​was​ ​not​ ​gender​ ​neutral Women’s​ ​responsibility​ ​to​ ​take​ ​care​ ​of​ ​children…​ ​If​ ​paternity​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​established,​ ​women don’t​ ​qualify​ ​for​ ​child​ ​support. Didn’t​ ​make​ ​concessions​ ​for​ ​addicts Reform​ ​not​ ​race​ ​neutral,​ ​no​ ​gains​ ​were​ ​made +Recommendations

Question​ ​#7

What​ ​is​ ​new​ ​about​ ​today’s​ ​globalization-​ ​especially​ ​the​ ​technology​ ​of​ ​production, communication​ ​and​ ​distribution?​ ​How​ ​does​ ​this​ ​impact​ ​our​ ​lives-​ ​the​ ​political​ ​economy​ ​of​ ​the wages,​ ​market​ ​system;​ ​culture,​ ​ideology​ ​and​ ​the​ ​media:​ ​politics​ ​and​ ​structures​ ​of​ ​social​ ​control and​ ​domination? Globalization​ ​and​ ​Technology​ ​has​ ​always​ ​been​ ​there​ ​technology,​ ​production,​ ​communication, culture,​ ​ideology,​ ​media,​ ​politics,​ ​social​ ​structures,​ ​economy Not​ ​static,​ ​many​ ​continuous​ ​changes​ ​+​ ​Evolutions 3​ ​major​ ​eras Mercantile​ ​Age Industrial/Financial​ ​Age -Labor​ ​creates​ ​value,​ ​maximization​ ​of​ ​profit,​ ​goods​ ​and​ ​services​ ​produces,​ ​commodities​ ​to​ ​be sold -shift​ ​from​ ​mass​ ​labor​ ​to​ ​elite​ ​labor​ ​due​ ​to​ ​technology​ ​+​ ​automation​ ​example​ ​of​ ​self​ ​check-out -human​ ​labor​ ​disappears Electronic​ ​Age -Rise​ ​of​ ​the​ ​laborless​ ​economy,​ ​introduction​ ​of​ ​new​ ​sophisticated​ ​technology​ ​and​ ​information -Changes​ ​work​ ​and​ ​relationship​ ​to​ ​work,​ ​less​ ​need​ ​for​ ​human​ ​labor -Tech​ ​shrinks​ ​role​ ​of​ ​gov’t

-Transnational​ ​Corporations​ ​become​ ​increasingly​ ​important,​ ​supercede​ ​influence​ ​of nation-states

-Counteract​ ​idea​ ​of​ ​technology​ ​as​ ​merely​ ​computers…​ ​permeates​ ​every​ ​aspect​ ​of​ ​life and​ ​living Expansion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​world​ ​economy Leaves​ ​proletariat​ ​behind.​ ​Cannot​ ​get​ ​a​ ​job,​ ​find​ ​income. Political​ ​leaders​ ​choose​ ​to​ ​make​ ​concessions​ ​or​ ​not. All​ ​eras​ ​focus​ ​on​ ​market​ ​economy--​ ​Key​ ​aspect Failure--​ ​creation​ ​of​ ​capitalism​ ​+​ ​sales