Most Valuable Discussions

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Followership

Chapter 12

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Overview

Followership Description

Followership Defined

Role-Based and Relational-Based Perspectives

Typologies of Followership

Theoretical Approaches

Followership and Destructive Leaders

How Does Followership Work?

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Followership Description

Followers play a central role in the leadership process.

Historically, leaders have captured most of our attention.

Leaders have been viewed as the causal agents for organizational change.

Today, researchers view leadership as a shared process. Leaders and followers are interdependent.

The world needs more followers, and less glorified leaders.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Followership Defined

Followership--is a process whereby an individual or individuals accept the influence of others to accomplish a common goal.

Followership has an ethical dimension; it is not morally neutral.

There are ethical consequences to followership; the character and behavior of followers have an impact on organizational outcomes.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Role-Based Perspective

Focus is on the typical roles followers enact while occupying a formal or informal position within a hierarchical system.

Followers’ behaviors affect the leader and organizational outcomes.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Relational-Based Perspective

Based on social constructivism: People create meaning about their reality as they interact with each other.

Followership is co-created by the leader and follower in a given situation through communication.

Leadership occurs as people exert influence on each other and respond to those influence attempts.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Four Typologies of Followership

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Zaleznik Typology (1965)

Psychological view of follower behaviors

Two axes of follower behaviors:

-dominance/submission

-passivity/activity

Four types of followers

- withdrawn (submissive/passive)

- masochistic (submissive/active)

- compulsive (dominance/passive)

- impulsive (dominance/active)

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Types represent followers’ responses to inner tensions regarding authority. Tensions may be unconscious but often come to the surface when interacting with the leader.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Kelly Typology (1992)

Most recognized followership typology

Followers are enormously valuable to organizations

Emphasizes the motivations of followers

What accounts for exemplary followership?

Two axes of follower behavior:

- independent critical thinking/dependent uncritical thinking

- active/passive

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Passive followers: Look to leader for direction and motivation

Conformist followers: On the leader’s side but still look for direction and guidance

Alienated followers: Think for themselves and exhibit negative energy

Exemplary followers: Active, positive, and offer independent constructive criticism

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Effective followers share same qualities:

They self-manage and think for themselves; exercise control, work without supervision.

They show strong commitment to organizational goals and well as personal goals.

They build their competence and master job skills.

They are credible, ethical, and courageous.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Chaleff Typology (1995, 2003, 2008)

Developed from WWI experience. Why do people follow toxic leaders like Hitler? What can be done to prevent this from recurring?

Followers serve a common purpose along with leaders.

Followers need to take a more proactive role.

Followers need to take more responsibility, feel more agency, and confidence in ability to influence others.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Prescriptive approach to making courageous followers:

Assume responsibility for the common purpose

Support the leader and organization

Constructively challenge the leader if the common purpose or integrity of the group is being threatened

Champion the need for change when necessary

Take a moral stand that is different from the leader’s to prevent ethical abuses

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Two axes of courageous followership:

- courage to support (low–high)

- courage to challenge (low–high)

Four styles of followership

- Resource (low support, low challenge)

- Individualist (low support, high challenge)

- Implementer (high support, low challenge)

- Partner (high support, high challenge)

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Kellerman Typology (2008)

Developed from perspective of political science

Leaders’ importance overestimated because they have more power, authority and influence; importance of followers is underestimated.

Followers are “unleaders” with less rank and who defer to leaders.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Followers differentiated on one attribute: Level of engagement (low–high)

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Five levels of followers:

Isolates are completely unengaged.

Bystanders are observers who do not participate.

Participants are partially engaged and willing to take a stand on issues.

Activists feel strongly about the leader and the leader’s policies and act on their own beliefs.

Diehards are totally dedicated to their cause; deeply committed to supporting the leader or opposing the leader.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

The Value of Typologies

Provide a starting point for research

Highlight many ways followers have been conceptualized

Share some commonalities among them

Provide labels for follower types which can assist leaders in effectively communicating with them

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Theoretical Approaches to Followership

Uhl-Bien (2014)--Followership is comprised of “characteristics, behaviors and processes of individuals acting in relation to leaders.”

Followership is a relationally-based process that includes how followers and leaders interact to construct leadership and its outcomes.

Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.

Follower characteristics

- attributes, traits, motivations, and perceptions

Leader characteristics

- attributes, power, perceptions, and affect

Followership and leadership behaviors

- Extent to which followers obey, defer to, or resist the leader

- How leader influences followers to respond

Followership outcomes

-Results that influence the follower, leader, their relationship, and the leadership process.

Two Theoretical Frameworks

Reversing the Lens

Focus on how followers affect leaders and organizational outcomes

Followers can be change agents

-Impact of follower characteristics on follower behavior

- Impact of follower behavior on leader perceptions and behaviors and vice versa

- Impact of both followers and leaders on followership outcomes

The Leadership Co-Created Process

One person’s leadership behaviors interact with another person’s followership behaviors to create leadership and its outcomes.

Leader behaviors are influence attempts.

Follower behaviors grant power to another, comply, or challenge.

New Perspectives on Followership Carsten, Harms, and Uhl-Bien, 2014

Followers get the job done

Followers work in the best interest of the organization’s mission

Followers challenge leaders

Followers support the leader

Followers learn from leaders

Followership and Destructive Leaders Lipman-Blumen: The Allure of Toxic Leaders (2005)

How Followership Works

Discussing followership elevates its importance and the value of followers

Followership is about how individuals accept influence of others to reach a common goal

Research helps us understand why harmful leadership occurs and sometimes goes unrestrained

Strengths

Recognizes followership as an integral part of the leadership equation

Forces a whole new way for people to think about leadership, and to focus on followers

Views leadership as co-constructed

Provides a set of basic prescriptions for what a follower should or shouldn’t’ do to be effective

Criticisms

Little methodical research ahs been done so far

Current followership literature primarily based on observation and anecdote

Leader-centric view of leadership may be too ingrained for followership to gain importance

Application

Followership is as important as leadership.

Learning about leadership can be useful for organizational training and development.

Leaders can learn how to understand followers and how to most effectively work with them.