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Northouse8e_PPT_04.pptx
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Behavioral Approach
Chapter 4
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Overview
Behavioral Approach Perspective
Ohio State Studies
University of Michigan Studies
Blake and Mouton’s Leadership Grid
How Does the Behavioral Approach Work?
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Behavioral Approach Description
Emphasizes the behavior of the leader
Focuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Composed of two general kinds of behaviors
Task behaviors
Facilitate goal accomplishment: Help group members achieve objectives
Relationship behaviors
Help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, each other, and the situation
Perspective
Definition
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Ohio State Studies
Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ)
Identify number of times leaders engaged in specific behaviors
150 questions
Participant settings (military, industrial, educational)
Results
Particular clusters of behaviors were typical of leaders
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Ohio State Studies, cont’d.
LBDQ-XII (Stogdill, 1963)
Shortened version of the LBDQ
Most widely used leadership assessment instrument
Results--Two general types of leader behaviors:
Initiating structure--Leaders provide structure for subordinates
Task behaviors--organizing work, giving structure to the work context, defining role responsibility, and scheduling work activities
Consideration--Leaders nurture subordinates
Relationship behaviors--building camaraderie, respect, trust, and liking between leaders and followers
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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University of Michigan Studies
Exploring leadership behavior
Specific emphasis on impact of leadership behavior on performance of small groups
Results--Two types of leadership behaviors conceptualized as opposite ends of a single continuum
Employee orientation
Strong human relations emphasis
Production orientation
Stresses the technical aspects of a job
Later studies reconceptualized behaviors as two independent leadership orientations--possible orientation to both at the same time
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Blake and Mouton’s Grid
Historical Perspective
Leadership Grid Components
Authority-Compliance (9,1)
Country Club Management (1,9)
Impoverished Management (1,1)
Middle-of-the-Road Management (5,5)
Team Management (9,9)
Paternalism/Maternalism (1,9; 9,1)
Opportunism
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Historical Perspective Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Leadership Grid
Developed in early 1960s
Used extensively in organizational training & development
Designed to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes
Two factors
Concern for production
How a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks
Concern for people
How a leader attends to the members of the organization who are trying to achieve its goals
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Development
Purpose
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Authority-Compliance (9,1)
Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work such that human interference is minimal
Heavy emphasis on task and job requirements and less emphasis on people
Communicating with subordinates mainly for task instructions
Results driven--people regarded as tools to that end
9,1 leaders--seen as controlling, demanding, hard-driving, and overpowering
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Role Focus
Definition
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Country Club (1,9)
Thoughtful attention to the needs of people leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo
Low concern for task accomplishment coupled with high concern for interpersonal relationships
Deemphasizes production; leaders stress the attitudes and feelings of people
1,9 leaders--try to create a positive climate by being agreeable, eager to help, comforting, noncontroversial
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Definition
Role Focus
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Impoverished (1,1)
Minimal effort exerted to get work done is appropriate to sustain organizational membership
Leader unconcerned with both task and interpersonal relationships
Going through the motions, but uninvolved and withdrawn
1,1 leaders--have little contact with followers and are described as indifferent, noncommittal, resigned, and apathetic
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Role Focus
Definition
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Middle-of-the-Road (5,5)
Adequate organizational performance possible through balancing the necessity of getting work done while maintaining satisfactory morale
Leaders who are compromisers; have intermediate concern for task and people who do task
To achieve equilibrium, leader avoids conflict while emphasizing moderate levels of production and interpersonal relationships
5,5 leader--described as expedient; prefers the middle ground; soft-pedals disagreement; swallows convictions in the interest of “progress”
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Definition
Role Focus
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Team (9,9)
Work accomplished through committed people; interdependence via a “common stake” in the organization’s purpose, which leads to relationships of trust and respect
Strong emphasis on both tasks and interpersonal relationships
Promotes high degree of participation and teamwork, satisfies basic need of employee to be involved and committed to their work
9,9 leader--stimulates participation, acts determined, makes priorities clear, follows through, behaves open-mindedly and enjoys working
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Definition
Role Focus
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Paternalism/Maternalism
Reward and approval are bestowed on people in return for loyalty and obedience; failure to comply leads to punishment
Leaders who use both 1,9 and 9,1 without integrating the two
The “benevolent dictator”; acts gracious for purpose of goal accomplishment
Treats people as though they were disassociated from the task
Regards the organization as a family
Makes most of the key decisions
Rewards loyalty and punishes non-compliance
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Definition
Role Focus
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Opportunism
People adapt and shift to any grid style needed to gain maximum advantage
Performance occurs according to a system of selfish gain
Leader uses any combination of the basic five styles for the purpose of personal advancement
May be seen as ruthless and cunning
May also be seen as adaptable and strategic
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Definition
Role Focus
Leaders usually have a dominant grid style used in most situations and a backup style that is reverted to when under pressure
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How Does the Behavioral Approach Work?
Focus of behavioral approach
Strengths
Criticisms
Application
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Behavioral Approach
Primarily a framework for assessing leadership as behavior with a task and relationship dimension
Offers a general means of assessing the behaviors of leaders
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
Focus
Overall Scope
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Strengths
Behavioral approach marked a major shift in leadership research from exclusively trait focused to include behaviors and actions of leaders
Broad range of studies on leadership style validates and gives credibility to the basic tenets of the approach
At conceptual level, a leader’s style is composed of two major types of behaviors: task and relationship
The behavioral approach is heuristic--leaders can learn a lot about themselves and how they come across to others by trying to see their behaviors in light of the task and relationship dimensions
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Criticisms
Research has not adequately demonstrated how leaders’ styles are associated with performance outcomes.
No universal style of leadership that could be effective in almost every situation. Contextual factors such as team goals or cross functional team membership may require varied leadership styles.
Implies that the most effective leadership style is High-High style (i.e., high task/high relationship); research finding support is limited.
Most of the research comes from United States--centric perspective. Different cultures may prefer different leadership styles than those favored by current U.S. management practices.
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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Application
Many leadership training and development programs are designed along the lines of the style approach.
By assessing their own style, managers can determine how they are perceived by others and how they could change their behaviors to become more effective.
The style approach applies to nearly everything a leader does.
Northouse, Leadership 8e. © SAGE Publications, 2019.
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